Comparison of Leaves and Bark Mangkokan (Nothopanax
scutellarium) Extracts Against the Death of House Flies (Musca
domestica)
Darmadi1, Harni Sepriyani1
1

Department of Medical Laboratory
Technology, Faculty of Health,
Universitas Abdurrab, Riau,
Indonesia
Correspondence:
Darmadi,
Jl. Riau Ujung No. 73, Tampan, Air
Hitam, Payung Sekaki, Air Hitam,
Payung Sekaki, Pekanbaru City,
Riau, Indonesia
Zip Code : 28291
Email: darmadi@univrab.ac.id
Received: June 29, 2020
Revised: July 8, 2020
Accepted: August 20, 2020

Abstract
Flies (Musca domestica) are vectors of disease that can
transmit to humans. Generally, these flies controlled by
using chemical insecticides. Excessive use of insecticide
causes resistance and environmental pollution. The
alternative way in fly control is to use natural ingredients
from the extract of mangkokan stem bark and leaves
(Nothopanax scutellaria). This study aims to determine the
ratio of fly mortality after administration of ethanol extract
of bark and methanol extract of mangkokan leaves (N.
scutellarium). The method used in this study is a post-test
only control group design. The average mortality rate of
house flies using ethanol extract of mangkokan stem bark
(N. scutellarium) was 5 for 55 minutes while methanol
extract of mangkokan leaves (N. scutellarium) was 5 for 135
minutes with a p-value of 0.374 (p>0.05). It concludes that
there is no significant difference in fly mortality with the
ethanol extract of stem bark and methanol extract of
mangkokan leaves (N. scutellarium). Result of this study
shows that the ethanol extract of stem bark and mangkokan
leaf extract (N. scutellarium) are equally potential natural
insecticides.
Keywords
Nothopanax scutellaria, leaves ethanol extract, barks
ethanol extract, Musca domestica

INTRODUCTION
Flies (Musca domestica) are one of the

and waste. Flies also interfere in terms of
calm and cleanliness (1).

common insects that are easy to found in a

In general, flies are a vector of disease

clean or dirty environment. Flies easily to

that could transmit to humans. Transmission

found in homes, markets, livestock, landfills,

occurred when flies carried diseases from
dirty sources, for examples are garbage,

68

Darmadi, et al.

faeces,

household

waste

and

animal

above, the researcher was interested in the

waste. M. domestica as a vector meaning that

comparison between leaves and barks ethanol

flies carry and transfer disease from one place

mangkokan

to another place. Flies transmitted disease

mortality.

extract

to

M.

domestica

from the mouth or other body parts such as
contaminated feet and alight on human food
or animal food (2).
Flies controlled by chemical insecticides.
This method of control would cause
environmental

pollution.

Therefore,

an

alternative way to fly control is to use natural
ingredients. Natural insecticides toxicity is
low, so it did not have a negative effect and
safe (3). Some plants could use as a natural
insecticide, one of them is leaves and bark
ethanol extract of mangkokan (Nothopanax
scutellarium).
Mangkokan leaves extract used as

Fig 1. Bark Mangkokan
(Nothopanax scutellarium)

larvacide, which given mortality effect
on Culex

sp, reported

by Ahdiah

and

Purwani (4). Marina and Astuti (5), have
been added that mangkokan and pandan
leaves extract as a repellent in Aedes
albopictus was able

to reject

it. The

utilization leaves and barks mangkokan
extract used as a natural insecticide on
several insects. The compound of leaves and
barks mangkokan extract were tannins,
saponins, and flavonoids. Research carried
out by Darmadi and Anita (6), Lancium
domesticum corr methanol extract containing
were flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids
at 5, 10, 15% concentration as a natural

Ina J Med Lab Sci Tech 2020; 2(2): 68-75

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted at the
researcher's home because the COVID
(Corona Virus Disease) pandemic of research
could not carry out in the Micropar

69

insecticide for flies. Based on the background

Fig 2. Leaves Mangkokan
(Nothopanax scutellarium)

Darmadi, et al.

Laboratory of Abdurrab University for one

pieces and blended. The 250 grams for each

month. Research is an experiment in

sample

laboratory and Post Test Only Control Group

procedures in ethanol for 3 x 24 hours. The

Design.

extract was filtered and separated between

was

extracted

by

maceration

The population for this research was M.

residue and filtrate. The filtrate put into the

domestica from a farm field in Pekanbaru,

evaporator to separated between extract and

Indonesia. Samples were 75 M. domestica,

solvent. Furthermore, viscous extract put in

five flies for each extract and three times for

Erlenmeyer flask. The result of thick extract

each extract.

diluted to be 10, 20, and 30% extract

The equipment was analytical scales,

concentration (7).

knives, measuring flasks, measuring cups,
stopwatches, Erlenmeyer, spray bottles,

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

Formula of extract (%) = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 x 100%

breeding boxes, research boxes, blenders,
evaporators and dark bottle. While, the

The preparation of various concentration

phytochemical test equipment is dropper

of extract has conducted by adding 0.5 g; 1 g;

pipette, drip plate, spatula, test tube, test tube

and 1.5 g of extract then diluted in 5 mL of

rack, volume pipette, suction ball, filter

aquadest to produce a concentration 10%;

paper, cotton.

20% and 30% of the extract, respectively.

The ingredients were leaves and barks

Transfultrin 0.1% (v/v) used as a positive

mangkokan, magnesium, hydrochloric acid,

control. Meanwhile, aquadest applied as

FeCl3 1 b/v%, chloroform, sulfuric acid,

negative control.

major

Extract test

reagents,

Lieberman

Burchard

reagents.
Musca domestica preparation

Samples extract and control put in spray
bottles. As much as five test boxes were

M. domestica was taken from the farm

prepared and in each box were added by five

field. The characteristics of the flies caught

flies. In addition, extract was sprayed as

were observed to ensure that they were M.

much as 8 – 10 spray with a distance of

domestica to be put in the box.

approximately 10 cm for each concentration.

Leaves and barks mangkokan extract

Observation every box for 30 minutes and

preparation

calculated died flies and mortality time.

Leaves and barks mangkokan washed

70

and dried by aerated, then chopped into small

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Darmadi, et al.

RESULTS
Musca domestica mortality for barks extract (Nothopanax scutellarium)

Fig 3. Positive control Musca domestica died

Fig 4. Negative control of
Musca domestica is still alive

Fig 5. Musca domestica die
at a concentration of 10%

Fig 6. Musca domestica die
at a concentration of 20%

Ina J Med Lab Sci Tech 2020; 2(2): 68-75

71

Fig 7. Musca domestica die at a concentration of 30%

Darmadi, et al.

72

Musca domestica mortality for leaves extract (Nothopanax Scutellarium)

Fig 8. Positive control Musca Domestica died

Fig 9. Negative control of
Musca domestica is still alive

Fig 10. Musca domestica die
at a concentration of 10%

Fig 11. Musca domestica die
at a concentration of 20%

Fig 7. Musca domestica die at a concentration of 30%
Ina J Med Lab Sci Tech 2020; 2(2): 68-75

Darmadi, et al.

Observation result
Based on observation of barks extract on

for 30 minutes, at 20% concentration of dead

M. domestica mortality, the result of research

5 flies for 45 minutes and at 10%

presented on Table 1. Based on table 1, M.

concentration for 5 flies for 1 hour. For

domestica mortality for barks ethanol extract

negative control (–) there were no flies that

at a concentration of 30% with 5 flies’ deaths

died.

Tabel 1. Musca domestica mortality for barks extract
No

Concentration

1
2
3
4
5

10%
20%
30%
Control (+)
Control (–)

Musca domestica mortality
I
II
III
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
0

Average

Death time

5
5
5
5
0

1 hour
45 minutes
30 minutes
1 minutes
0 minutes

Based on research of leaves extract on M.

for 10 minutes, at 20% concentration of dead

domestica mortality, the result of research

5 flies for 20 minutes and at 10%

presented on table 2. Based on table 2, M.

concentration for 5 flies for 25 hours. For

domestica mortality for leaves ethanol extract

negative control (–) there were no flies that

at a concentration of 30% with 5 flies’ deaths

died.

Tabel 2. Musca domestica mortality for leaves extract
Musca domestica mortality
No
Concentration
I
II
III
1
10%
5
5
5
2
20%
5
5
5

Average

Death time

5

25 minutes

5

20 minutes

3

30%

5

5

5

5

10 minutes

4

Control (+)

5

5

5

5

2 minutes

5

Control (–)

0

0

0

0

0 minutes

DISCUSSION

Based on data indicated that the death
of M. domestica using ethanol extract from

there was five (5) death M. domestica at a

mangkokan barks and leaves have the same

concentration of 10%, 20% and 30% with a

effect as using insecticide, even though the

total duration of 135 minutes for barks extract

death time varies within 1 hour. Death of flies

and 55 minutes for leaves extract.

caused by the presence of secondary

Ina J Med Lab Sci Tech 2020; 2(2): 68-75

73

Based on this research, it showed that

Darmadi, et al.

metabolite compounds found in the ethanol

In addition to flavonoid compounds,

mangkokan extract. Based on research

saponin is one of the secondary metabolites.

conducted by Eden, et al. (5) on the

Saponins are compounds that are toxic to

phytochemical test of leaves methanol

insects because they can enter the body of

mangkokan

insects which can be toxic to the stomach,

extract

contain

secondary

metabolites of flavonoids and saponins.

which

causes

decrease

absorption

of

While the leaves ethanol mangkokan extract

digestive enzyme activity and can interfere

contains flavonoid compounds, saponins,

with the body's metabolic processes (9).

tannins and alkaloids (8).

Saponin compounds also interfere with the

The two extract types have differences

physical exterior (cuticles) that are similar to

content of secondary metabolites. Leaves

detergent properties. This content can disrupt

ethanol mangkokan extract contains more

the process of changing the skin (moulting)

secondary metabolites when compared with

and can reduce the surface tension of the skin

bark extract. Based on those contents, it

so it damages the surface of the skin and can

concluded

cause death in insects (10).

that

ethanol

extract

from

mangkokan leaves has the highest death rate

Tannin is the highest content after

of M. domestica rather than the bark extract.

Alkaloids.

Tannins

are

The total duration of death time is 55 minutes

compounds

that

form

for ethanol mangkokan leaves extract while

compounds with tannin proteins which

the bark extract has a period of death time of

cannot be digested by the stomach and have

135 minutes.

a binding ability to protein, carbohydrates,

can

polyphenol
complex

The mechanism of flavonoid compounds

vitamins, and minerals. Tannins can interfere

action is by attacking the respiratory tract and

with insects in digesting food because tannin

metabolic system in insects. Respiratory

will bind to proteins in the digestive system

organs that are attacked in the form of

that are needed by insects for growth, it

spiracles on the surface of the body and will

predicted that the digestion process of flies

cause wilting of the nerves, and damage to

(M. domestica) becomes disrupted due to

spiracles so that the insects cannot breathe

these tannins (4).

and eventually die (3). Also, flavonoid

74

compounds

will

damage

cell

wall

CONCLUSIONS

permeability and inhibit the work of enzymes

The conclusion of this research is there

that affect the metabolic system that

was five (5) death M. domestica at a

interferes with eating activity and can act as

concentration of 10%, 20% and 30% with a

a stomach poison in insects (9).

total duration of 135 minutes for barks extract
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Darmadi, et al.

and 55 minutes for leaves extract. There is no
significant difference in the death of M.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

domestica by added barks and leaves ethanol

There are no conflicts of interest.

mangkokan extract. Given those points, the
extract of mangkokan leaves and barks are
both capable as natural insecticides.

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