Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 13.
: 372Ae385.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
372Ae385
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Local knowledge of bird species and socio-economic, cultural, and ecological functions of birds and their various disturbances in the rural ecosystem of the Cisokan Watershed.
West Java Juliati Prihatinia.
Sidik Permanab.
Johan Iskandarc.
Salma Rizkya Kinasihd a Economic Development and Community Empowerment Program Study.
Institute Government of Home Affairs (IPDN).
Sumedang, 45363.
Indonesia [ 62 8122114.
b Alumni of Master of Environmental Science Program (PSMIL).
Graduate School.
Padjadjaran University.
Bandung, 40115.
Indonesia c Graduate Program in Environmental Science (PSMIL and DIL).
Graduate School, and Researcher of Center for Environment and Sustainability Science (CESS).
Universitas Padjadjaran.
Bandung, 40115.
Indonesia [ 62 85860222.
d Alumni of Anthropology Program Study.
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences.
Universitas Padjadjaran.
Sumedang, 45363.
Indonesia [ 62 81212793.
Article Info:
Received: 13 - 12 - 2022 Accepted: 26 - 01 - 2023 Keywords:
Birds.
Cisokan Watershed, local knowledge, rural people Corresponding Author:
Juliati Prihatini Economic Development and Community Empowerment Program Study.
Institute Government of Home Affairs.
Phone: 628122114286 Email:
julie_pri@ipdn.
Abstract.
In the past, the rural areas of West Java had rich various bird Local rural communities have Local Knowledge or Traditional Ecological Knowledge of birds because, in their daily lives, they are close to interacting with various birds in rural ecosystems.
However, currently, the bird population in rural ecosystems in West Java has been declining due to various factors, including damage or loss of bird habitats, pesticide disturbances, and hunting of birds for trade both in villages and towns.
This study aimed to elucidate local knowledge of the nomenclature and classification of birds of the villagers, the functions of socio-economic-culture and ecology of birds based on the village community, and various disturbances to bird species in the village area.
Study was undertaken in Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi Village.
Rongga District.
West Bandung.
Cisokan Watershed.
West Java.
The method used was the qualitative method with an ethnoornithological approach.
The result of the study showed that the rural communities of the Upper Cisokan watershed still have quite deep local knowledge of various bird species.
Bird species are important in socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological functions.
Disturbance to bird populations, among others, due to the construction of the Cisokan hydropower project, and intensively hunted by the rural people for trading both in villages and urban areas.
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR.
Local knowledge of bird species and socio-economic, cultural, and ecological functions of birds and their various disturbances in the rural ecosystem of the Cisokan Watershed.
West Java.
JPSL 13.
: 372Ae http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
372Ae385.
INTRODUCTION
In the past, rural areas of West Java had rich in bird species (Iskandar and Iskandar 2.
Many factors, including a lot of various appropriate bird habitats and a temporary stopover area for migratory birds from both the north hemisphere, such as Siberia.
China, and Alaska, and from the south hemisphere, namely Australia and New Zealand had caused rural areas of West Java owned rich avifauna (Iskandar 2017.
Bird species that live in rural ecosystems have many ecological and socio-economic functions, including assisting natural plant Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385 seed dispersal, agricultural pest control, environmental changes indicators, animal protein sources, pets, and animal trading commodities (Iskandar 2015, 2017b.
Iskandar et al.
Iskandar and Iskandar 2.
Traditionally, rural people of West Java utilization of birds have been based on Local Knowledge (LK) or Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and beliefs (Iskandar 2.
TEK may be defined as Aua cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and beliefs, evolving by adaptive process and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationships of living beings .
ncluding human.
with one another and with their environmentAy (Berkes 2.
Since rural people utilize various birds in rural ecosystems based on beliefs, the birds can be utilized by a sustainable system.
For instance, some raptors, including the eagle of Accitripidae Family and the falcons of Falconidae Family were traditionally forbidden to be killed by In addition, some village sacred forests had been prohibited to disturb.
As a result, some rural birds have been traditionally conserved by rural people (Iskandar 2.
Nowadays, however, the bird population in the rural ecosystem of West Java has decreased.
Many factors, including bird habitat destruction or habitat loss, intensive pesticide use, and a large number of poaching of bird species for trade in both villages and urban bird markets, have caused decreasing bird population in the rural ecosystem of West Java.
For instance, it has been documented that a lot of birds in the rural ecosystem of Karangwangi Village.
Cianjur (Iskandar et al.
Citarum watershed villages (Iskandar et al.
Upper Citarum.
Bandung West Java (Hakim et al.
Madani 2.
, and Ciletuh Geopark areas of Sukabumi (Iskandar et al.
, and upper Cisokan.
West Java (Permana et al.
have been intensively hunted by local people.
In addition, rural people's knowledge and perception of wild animals have changed due to modernization.
For example, some traditional beliefs and prohibitions against killing rare or sacred animals have disappeared in rural communities (Permana et al.
Therefore.
It is generally argued that changes in the socio-economic factors of West Java's rural people may cause biophysical factors, including bird species, and vice versa (Iskandar 2.
Recently some ecosystems of Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi Village.
Rongga District.
West Bandung, have been dramatically changed due to the establishment of the project of the Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant (UCPS PLTA) of the Electric Company (PLN).
Consequently, some socio-economic local rural communities and biophysical aspects have changed (Choir et al.
In general, studies on the knowledge of villagers about bird species in relation to various disturbances to the socio-economic changes of the villagers and the consequences of project activities such as the Hydroelectric Power plants are still rare.
The three main objectives of this study must be answered.
Firstly, how is the local knowledge of nomenclature and classification of birds of the villagers at the study site? Secondly, according to the village community in the study area, what are the functions of socio-economic-culture and ecology of birds? Thirdly, what are the various disturbances to bird species in the study area? METHOD Location and Research Time The case studies were conducted on rural communities in Bojongsalam Village and Sukaresmi Village.
Rongga District.
West Bandung.
Cisokan Watershed.
West Java (Figure .
The study was conducted from early February to early March 2022.
Data Collection Method This study used a qualitative method with an ethnoornithological approach (Albuquerque et al.
Pam Iskandar 2.
Some techniques, including observation, observation, observation-participation, and semi-structured interviews, were employed in this study.
Observation techniques are used to observe the diversity of bird species in their habitats, such as swidden fields .
, wet-rice fields, mixed gardens, dry fields, mature forests .
euweung geledega.
, and riverbanks.
Participation observations were carried out, among others.
By the way, researchers got involved and asked informants who happened to be during the Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR research when an informant made and installed traditional traps in gardens, forests, and swidden fields (Puri In addition, researchers and informants are also involved in social activities, exploring forests, gardens, and swidden fields.
Meanwhile, semi-structured interviews were conducted on purposively selected informants based on their competencies by considering the categorization of variations in gender, age, and occupation The informants selected in this study were the village head and village officials.
bird keepers.
and groups of bird hunters, such as net users, gun shooters, users of traditional jiret and pitangkep traps, as well as the use of plant sap adhesives .
, and catching birds in their nests using torch lights .
during the night.
Data Analysis Method Qualitative data analysis was carried out from the time the data collection took place in the field until the end of the fieldwork.
At the time of research in the field, researchers always check the data The next stage is to summarize the data and synthesize data, as well as to sort the data into certain categories, patterns, themes, or groups that are relevant to the research problem (Newing 2011.
Iskandar 2018.
Iskandar and Iskandar 2.
The data has been categorized as interpreted by paying attention to the consistency of two perspectives, namely, the perspective of the informant .
and the analysis of the researcher .
(Iskandar 2.
Then the data that has been grouped and interpreted is presented in the form of narratives, tables, and pictures.
In order to identify the variety of birds known to the informants.
MacKinnon et al.
used the guidebook on bird species in the field from MacKinnon et al.
Figure 1 Map of research location in Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi Village.
Upper Cisokan Watershed.
West Java.
Source: Pernana et al.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Local Knowledge of Bird Nomenclature Based on interviews with informants in the villages of Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi, 74 species of birds were documented.
The vernacular term bird in Sundanese is usually called manuk.
According to the folk classification, based on the model of Berlin et al.
Brown .
, and Hunn and Brown .
rural Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385 people recognize 3 levels of bird classification.
At the highest level .
nique beginne.
, village people can categorize between wild animals .
and various kinds of pets .
ngon-ingo.
The life form level is at the lower level, known as the bird group .
At a lower level .
it is known as a group of birds, such as manuk cangkurileung .
arious races of cangkurileung or cangkurileung-cangkurileunga.
Under specific/species, there are known varietal .
ird race.
, as known 3 races of cangkurileung, namely cangkurileung hejo .
he color of their feathers is more greenis.
, cangkurileung kapas .
he color of their feathers is cleaner and white.
, and cangkurileung batu .
he color of their feathers is dirtie.
(Table .
Table 1 Classification of birds* based on rural people of Upper Cisokan Watershed.
West Java Level Vernacular name English common name Rank Sato and ingong-ingon Wild animals and domesticated animals Unique beginner Manuk Bird Life form CangkurileungBulbuls Generic Sooty-headed Bulbul Cangkurileng Specific/species Cangkkurileung hejo Greenish Sooty-headed Bulbul Sub-varietal Cangkurileung kapas Whites Sooty-headed Bulbul Cangkurileung batu Blackish Sooty-headed Bulbul *Adapted from Berlin et al.
and Brown .
Based on the folk classification, bird diversity in the Cisokan watershed village.
West Java can be grouped into 4 groups based on body size, body feather color, habitat type, and living habits (Table .
According to the bird's body size, rural residents distinguish small, medium, and large body sizes.
Several species are included in the category of small body size, such as piit (Lonchura leucogaste.
, manintin (Amandava amandav.
, mononot/sriti (Collocalia linch.
, and ciblek (Prinia familiari.
The species of birds in the category have medium size, including anis macan (Zoothera s.
, anis kembang (Zoothera interpre.
, anis cacing (Zoothera citrin.
, and anis bingbin (Cyornis banyuma.
While the species of birds categorized by the population, namely have large sizes, such as kasintu/cangehgar (Gallus gallu.
, heulang ruyuk (Spilornis cheel.
, and heulang hideung (Ictinaetus malayensi.
On the basis of the color of the bird's body feathers, according to the rural people, for example, it is known as the species of birds that have a dominant color, green, such as cicak daun/hijau daun (Chloropsis sonnerat.
species of birds have black colors, such as elang hitam/elang hideung (Ictinaetus malayemsi.
, and the purple/blue bird species, anis bimbin or anis biru (Cyornis banyuma.
In addition, according to the rural community, bird species can be grouped based on the type of habitat, where the bird species live.
For example, known Aoforest birdAo species, such as walik kiara or punai kiara (Treron vernan.
, kasintu/cangehgar (Gallus gallu.
, and Elang/ Heulang Jawa (Nisaetus bartels.
The categories of Aopaddy birdAo species known by the rural community, such as hayam-hayaman (Gallicrex cinere.
, tilil (Tringa hypoleuco.
, beker/mandar padi (Galliralus striatu.
, and kokondangan (Ixobrychus cinnamomeu.
In addition, there are also categories of bird species that are commonly found or live in various habitats, such as fields, rice fields, swidden-fields, and gardens, including perkutut (Geopelia striat.
and tikukur (Streptopelia chinensi.
Meanwhile, based on their habits of life, the species of birds are grouped based on bird behavior, namely living in groups and not living in groups, but usually in pairs or even solitary.
Various species of birds usually live in groups, including piit (Lonchura leucogastroide.
, manintin (Amandava amandav.
, and manuk kaca mata/siki nangka (Zosterops palpebrosu.
In contrast, various species of birds are grouped by rural communities as unusual birds in groups, such as the heulang ruyuk (Spilornis cheel.
, heulang hideung (Ictinaetus malayensi.
, and klaces (Arachnothera longirostr.
(Table .
Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR Table 2 Local knowledge of rural community of Upper Cisokan Watershed.
West Java on various bird
Scientific name and Family name
ACCIPITRIDAE
Haliaetus leucogaster Icinaetus malayensis Nisaetus bartelsi Vernacular name Body size Feather color Habitat type Behavior Heulang bodas Heulang hideung Heulang/Elang Jawa Heulang ruyuk Big Big Big White Black Gray Forest Forest Forest Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pair Big Spot Forest Solitary or in pair Cipeuw Small Green.
White.
Yellow Many habitat Solitary or in pair Manuk hurang Cakakak Cekahkeh/Cekakak Small Big Big Blue.
Orange Blue Blue.
White Wet rice-field Wet rice-field Wet rice-field Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Kapinis Mononot/Sriti Small Samll Brown Black.
White Many habitats Many habitats In flock In flock Kokondangan Big Red brown Solitary or in pairs Kukuak/Kowak Big White.
Black Wet rice-field.
River Many habitats Murai api/Sepah Small Black.
Blue.
Red.
Yellow Forest.
Garden.
Talun
In flock
Cicak daun/Hejo Big
Green
Forest
In flock
COLUMBIDAE
Streptopelia chinensis Tikukur Big Grey In flock Chalcophaps indica Ducula aenea Limbukan Walik kadanca Big Big Geoplelia striata Perkutut/Titiran Medium Green.
Gray Green.
Brown.
Gray Grey.
Brown.
Black Dry land.
Wetrice field.
Swidden field Forest Forest Treron vernans Walik kiara/Punai Big Green.
Yellow.
Blue Saeran ilong Big Black greenish Many habitats Solitary or in pair Uncuing Big Black Solitary or in pairs Dudut kolotok Big Dudut candung Big Red.
Brown.
Black Red Brown.
Black Forest.
GardenTalun
Forest
Forest
Solitary or in pairs Spilornis cheela
AEGITHINIDAE
Aegihina tiphia
ALCEDINIDAE
Alcedo meninting Halcyon cyanoventris Todiramphus chloris APODIDAE
Apus sp
Collcalia linchi
ARDEIDAE
Ixobrychus
Nycticorax nycticorax
CAMPEPHAGIDAE
Pericrocotus
CHLOROPSEIDAE
Chloropsis sonnerati CORVIDAE
Crypsirina temia
CUCULIDAE
Cacomantis Centropus Centropus sinensis Dry land.
Wetrice field.
Swidden field.
Garden Forest Solitary or in pairs In flock Soliatry or in In flock Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385 Scientific name and Family name Centropus sinensis Vernacular name Body size Feather color Habitat type Behavior Dudut rackrak Big Forest Solitary or in pairs Tuweuw Big Red Brown.
Black Black.
Bllue Solitary or in pairs Kuwiwi/Kedasi Big Black Forest.
GardenTalun Many habitats Saeran gunting Big Black Solitary or in pairs Saeran rambay Big Black Forest.
Gardentalun Forest.
GardenTalun Piit Small Brown.
White Wet rice-field.
Swidden field Soiltary or in pairs Heulang alapalap/Dadali Big Spot Forest Solitary or in pairs Manintin Samll Red Wet rice-field.
Swidden field.
Dry land In flock Toyd/Byntyt kelabu Big Gray.
Brown Many habitats Solitary or in pairs Cangcarang Medium Green Forest Solitary or in pairs Anis bingbin Medium Blue Forest Solitary or in pairs Beureum/Kolibri sepah raja Beureum/Kolibri Beureum/Kolibri Klacys Small Red.
Blue Solitary or in pairs Small Green Small Green Small Green Forest.
GardenTalun Forest.
GardenTalun Forest.
GardenTalun Many habitats Beureum/Kolibri Jyit/Sriganti Small Green.
Red.
Blue Solitary or in pairs Small Grren.
Blue Forest.
GardenTalun Many habitats Puyuh gonggong Big Red.
Brown
Solitary or in pairs Coturnix chinensis Puyuh batu
Small
Gallus gallus
PICIDAE
Dendrocopos macei Kasintu/Cangyhgar Big Brown.
Blue.
Spot Red.
Black Dry land.
Swidden field Dry land Forest Solitary or in pairs Caladi kotok Samll Forest Solitary or in pairs Dinopium javanense Caladi kundang Big Spot.
Grey.
Yellow Yellow.
White Black.
Red Forest Soliatry or in pairs Paok Big Black.
Yellow.
Brown Forest.
GardenTalun
Solitary or in pairs Eudynamis Surniculus lugubris DICRURIDAE
Dicrurus
Dicrurus remifer ESTRILDIDAE
Lonchura
FALCONIDAE
Falco moluccensis FRINGILIDAE
Amandava amandava
LANIIDAE
Lanius schach
MEGALAMIDAE
Megalaima arimilaris MUSCICAPIDAE
Cyornis banyumas NECTARINIIDAE
Aethopyga siparaja
Anthreptes singalensis Anthreptes sp
Arachnothera
Leptocoma sperata
Nectarinia/Cinnyis PHASIANIDAE
Arborophila javanica
PITTIDAE
Pitta guajana Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR
Scientific name and Family name
PSITTACIDAE
Loriculus pusillus
PYCNONOTIDAE
Alophoixus bres
Pycnonotus aurigater Pycnonotus aurigaster Pycnonotus aurigaster Pycnonotus goiavier
RALLIDAE
Amaurornis Galicrex cinerea
Galliralus striatus
SCOLOPACIDAE
Tring hypoleucos STRIGIDAE
Ketupa ketupu Otus bakkamoena
Tyto alba
STURNIDAE
Aplonis panayensis Acridotheres SYLVIIDAE
Prinia familiaris TURDIDAE
Copsychus saularis Myophoneus
Zoothera interpres Zoothera citrina
Zoothera sp
Zoothera sp
TURNICIDAE
Turnix suscitator ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops palpebrosus Vernacular name Body size Feather color Habitat type Behavior Syrynyt/Serindit Jawa Small Green.
Yellow Forest.
GardenTalun In flock Korys Cangkurileung Cangkurileung Cangkurileung Jogjog/Merbah Cerucuk Big Medium Brown.
Green Green Many habitats Many habitats Solitary or in pairs In flock Medium White Many habitats In flock Medium Green.
Gray Many habitats In flock Medium Brown.
White Many habitats In flock Karyo/Karyo padi Big Black.
White Solitary or in fair Hahayaman Bykyr/Mandar padi Big Big Black.
Gray Redish.
White Wet rice-Field.
River Wet rice-field Wet rice-field Tilil Small Brown.
White Forest Solitary or in pairs Hingkik Big Brown.
Spot Soliatry or in pairs Bueuk Koryak/Burung hantu putih Big Big Grey Brown.
White Forest.
GardenTalun.
Wet ricefield Many habitats Many habitats Geuri Medium Black In flock Jalak/Kyrak Big Black Forest.
GardenTalun Wet rice-field Cinitnit/Ciblek.
Prynjak Small Brown Garden-Talun.
Swidden field.
Wet rice-field In flock Haur/Murai Medium Black.
White Solitary or in pairs Ciung Big Brownish black Anis kembang Anis cacaing Anis macan Anis bongkok Medium Medium Medium Medium Red.
Spot Red.
Orange Spot Red Forest-Garden.
Talun Forest.
Gardentalun Forest Forest Forest Forest Puyuh bebency Small Brown.
White Dry land Solitary or in pairs Kacamata/Siki Small Green yellow Many habitat Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs In flock Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs In flock Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Solitary or in pairs Soliatry or in pairs Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385
Scientific name and Family name
UNIDENTIFIED
UNIDENTIFIED
UNIDENTIFIED
UNIDENTIFIED
Vernacular name Body size Feather color Habitat type Behavior Manuk Bayonah/Cedor Unidentied Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Dutok Legug Tengtelang Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Undiedentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified In general, the bird classification system which is perceived by rural communities in the Upper Cisokan Watershed.
West Java, is based on morphology, such as body shape and color, and beak shape, and nonmorphology, such as habitat type, behavior, namely living in groups and not in groups, almost similar to the results of studies on ethnic Sundanese.
In other rural areas, and even across other ethnic groups globally in the world across cultures (Ellen 1993.
Tidemann and Whiteside 2010.
Ng'weno 2010.
Ross and Revilla-Minaya Iskandar et al.
Partasasmita et al.
Functions of Socio-economic-culture and Ecology Based on the rural community of the Upper Cisokan Watershed.
West Java, various species of birds have socio-economic, cultural, and ecological functions.
Various types of birds have value for trade.
Some birds are also believed as a sign of a culture.
Thus, bird populations in their habitats are inseparable from the relationship between humans and nature, as we find below:
Socio-economic Function According to the rural community of the upper Cisokan watershed, various bird species have a socioeconomic function.
For example, various bird species such as perkutut or titiran (Geopelia striat.
, tikukur (Streptopelia chinensi.
, jogjog (Pycnonotus goiavie.
, cangkurileung (Pycnonotus aurigaste.
, walik kadanca (Ducula aene.
, walik kiara (Treron vernan.
, puyuh (Turnix suscitato.
, piit (Lonchura leucogastroide.
, manuk beureum/kolibri, paok (Pitta guajan.
, saeran, toed (Lanius schac.
, prenjak/ciplek (Prinia familiari.
, jalak/kerak (Acridotheres javanicu.
, burung anis macan (Geokichla doherty.
, anis kembang (Zootera interpre.
, anis bingbin (Cyornis rubeculoide.
, anis bongkok (Zootera erythronot.
, anis cacing (Geokichla citrin.
, and manuk haur (Copsychus saulari.
, are considered by villagers as common cage birds .
iingu or dikuku.
, slaughtered and consumed .
, and traded .
(Figure .
Figure 2 Several bird species, including.
Cangkurileung (Pycnonotus aurigaste.
, .
Jogjog (Pycnonotus goiavie.
, .
Toed (Lanius schac.
, .
Perkutut (Geopelia striat.
are commonly kept in the cages of a village community Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR Among the various bird species in the Upper Cisokan Watershed, such as tikukur, perkutut, jogjog, cangkurileung, and toed are the birds that are commonly kept .
by the rural people.
In addition, other bird species, including manuk paok, prenjak, kerak, and anis are commonly kept in cages.
These birds have social functions, namely reason for entertainment by rural people to enjoy the beauty of their feathers, the uniqueness of their behavior, and the melodious chirping sound.
In addition, these bird species are commonly slaughtered, used as food, and a source of animal protein in the household.
Meanwhile, in order for the villagers to earn money, various bird species are also commonly traded.
For family food consumption, several bird species, including the tikukur, are usually slaughtered and consumed by the villagers.
According to informants, tikukur bird meat has the most delicious culinary taste.
In addition, other bird species, kolibri is also considered to have a good taste, as delicious as the meat of These two species of birds and other species, including piit, puyuh, walik kadanca, walik kiara, and toed are also commonly slaughtered for consumption in the family.
In fact, the toed bird, apart from being eaten by the flesh, is believed by the rural people to be able to act as a medicine so that children can speak smartly like a toed bird that sings a lot .
People catch or hunt bird species by shooting them with air rifles, which are meant for species of birds for consumption.
Meanwhile, catching birds alive by taking their young from their nests or catching them using various traditional traps is intended for the species of birds they catch to be kept and sold.
There are several ways for the rural people of the Upper Cisokan watershed to hunt birds in their village, such as by shooting birds using an air rifle .
, directly catching bird species in their nests at night using torches .
, catching using bird traps, such as jiret, and trap of pitangkeb, as well as using tree sap .
The traditional jiret device resembles a fishing rod, the trap is made of a type of bamboo.
The best bamboo to use for this tool is bambu gombong (Gigantochloa verticilat.
Jiret trap is commonly used to catch birds, such as tikukur, walik, anis, ciblek, manuk haur, ciung, kores, and perkutut.
While the pitangkeb trap is primarily used to catch hedgehogs, it can also be used to catch tikukur, walik, anis, and so on.
This trap is rectangular in shape and can function to cover the ground if a bird enters the trap.
In general, birds will come and eat bait in the form of worms, crickets, and seeds.
Then if there is a bird pulling the bait that is installed under the pitangkreb.
Then, the pitangkreb will close automatically.
In order for the birds that are trapped in the pitangkreb traps not to be squeezed by the pitangkreb, usually on the surface of the ground under the pitangkreb, an indentation is made in the ground.
Meanwhile, to catch birds by dileugeut, the method is to use plant sap, such as rubber tree sap, jackfruit, and teureup attached to twigs or tree branches (Iskandar and Iskandar 2.
Around the place where the leugeut is installed, tame birds are usually kept, as a lure so that birds in nature come closer to the decoy birds.
If a bird approaches and lands on a twig that has been affixed with wood sap .
, then the bird is deceived, clinging to the leugeut, unable to fly anymore.
Many people of the Upper Cisokan Watershed sell various birds, usually through the urban bird market or people .
who come to look for birds in the village.
Based on information obtained from informants, the price of cangkurileung and jogjog birds that are adults and have beautiful chirping sounds, the price ranges from Rp30,000.
00Ae Rp50,000.
00 in 2022.
Meanwhile, cangkurileung and jogjog juvenil usually sell for around Rp10,000.
00AeRp15,000.
The price of the perkutut/titiran sells for around Rp100,000.
00, ciplek/prenjak around Rp200,000.
Other bird species, including saeran, sell for around Rp200,000.
00, anis bingbin Rp700,000.
00Ae1,000,000.
00, manuk haur between Rp800,000.
00Ae1,000,000.
00, toed Rp200,000.
However, for a toed that is tame and has a good song, it can be sold for up to Rp300,000.
00AeRp400,000.
These species of birds are sometimes not for sale but are also intended for friends or neighbors in need.
So, the bird is usually exchanged for a pack of cigarettes of a certain brand that is commonly consumed by rural communities.
For example, cangkurileung and jogjog are often exchanged for a pack of cigarettes.
general, the results of this study are almost similar to the results of studies in other places, such as in Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385 Karangwangi.
South Cianjur, and the Outer Baduy area.
Kanekes Village.
South Banten, where species of birds in rural areas are usually used as food for consumption .
, kept .
, and traded .
(Iskandar et al.
Iskandar and Iskandar 2.
Cultural Functions In addition to having socio-economic functions, several bird species also have socio-cultural functions for rural people.
For example, according to the rural people of the Upper Cisokan Watershed, several bird species, such as the uncuing (Cacomantis sepulcrali.
, bueuk (Otus bakkamoen.
, kuwiwi (Surniculus lugubri.
, and tuweuw (Cuculus canoru.
, puyuh bybyncy (Turnix suscitato.
are culturally believed to be species.
Birds that have a relationship with spirits or things that are supernatural.
According to the rural people's belief that, the sound of the uncuing bird continuously in a village is usually used as a sign that someone will die soon or a disaster in the village.
In addition, the presence of bueuk and the sound of the kuwiwi bird in a place is believed to be a sign of the presence of spirits in that place.
In addition, if there is a bueuk bird flying on its back through a village while making a squeaky sound, it is usually believed by the population as a sign of an outbreak of The tuweuw bird is also believed by rural people to be the incarnation of ancestors .
So, based on the people's beliefs, the consequence is that some species of birds, such as uncuing, bueuk, kuwiwi, and tuweuw are birds that should not be disturbed.
The reason is these species of birds are very scary and related to spirits.
In addition, specifically, the kuwiwi and tuweuw birds are traditionally sacred.
The reason is that the village's ancestors have mandated not to disturb the two types of birds.
Another bird species that the locals have signaled is puyuh bybyncyl.
According to local beliefs, the sound of puyuh bybyncy at night is believed to be a sign of the arrival of thieves in the village.
The population's beliefs, in general, are the same as the results of studies elsewhere in rural West Java (Iskandar 2018.
Partasasmita et al.
Mulyanto et al.
Iskandar and Iskandar 2021, 2.
Not only that, according to the belief of the people of the Upper Cisokan Watershed that the caladi kundang (Dinopium javanens.
can be used as a medicine for shortness of breath, and is believed to be a sacred bird 'hud-hud' as stated in the text of the holy book Al-Quran.
In the holy book of the Qur'an, for example, it is narrated that when Prophet Sulaiman sent a letter of invitation to Queen Bilqis to embrace the religion of monotheism by using the Hud-hud Bird.
Then Queen Bilqis also sent a reply letter to Prophet Sulaiman through the bird.
Therefore, the caladi kundang is seen as a Hud-hud Bird that has strength, so its blood can be used as an ingredient mixed with japaron oil to make amulets .
in the form of Arabic script so that a wish is In addition, traditionally bird species can be used as a source of inspiration to make rhymes or jokes.
Pantun or rhymes related to the cangkurileung describe someone who has no money, longing for someone, and the humor commonly used by young people who are in love.
For example, an expression that use birds are as follows:
cangkurileung anakna piit ditalian ku tali calana culang-cileung teu boga duit cangkurileung-cangkurileung eunteup dina tangkal awi, abdi nineung-abdi nineung kanu kamari cangkurileung cangkurawok, heunceut hideung panjang baok .
itujukan untuk perempua.
cangkurileung cangkurawok abdi nineung kanu rewok Based on this ethnoornithological study, it can be seen that, in general, in many global community groups across cultures in the world, birds have become part of people's daily lives.
The melodious chirping of birds of various kinds is often a companion to the daily routine of farmers, fishermen, and herders (Ng'weno 2.
Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR Behind the chirping sound of birds, in their daily life, people always interact reciprocally with various species of birds based on their cultural perceptions.
These cultural perceptions/views determine the use or treatment of various species of birds by humans (Iskandar 2017b.
Iskandar 2.
The results of ethnoornithological studies in many societies in the world also show that bird diversity is seen as having various functions, namely, as a source of food, economy, culture, and ecology (Purnama and Indrawan 2010.
Tidemann and Whiteside Forth 2010.
Hunn 2011.
Iskandar et al.
Iskandar et al.
For example, people in Kenya.
East Africa, view the ostrich (Struthio camelu.
as a source of food.
Ostrich, apart from being used as a food source, is also commonly used in ceremonies (Ng'weno 2.
In the Citarum Watershed.
West Java, besides being eaten, puyuh (Turnix suscitato.
is associated with the myth of the presence of thieves at night (Iskandar and Iskandar 2021, 2.
As applies to many communities in West Java and the world in general, the Upper Cisokan people also view birds as having important socio-economic, cultural, and ecological functions.
Ecological Function In addition to having socio-economic and cultural functions, some species of birds in the Upper Cisokan are perceived by rural people as having ecological functions, namely, functioning as plant seed dispersal, agricultural pest control, and plant-pollinator.
Bird species are classified as plant seed dispersers because when they eat fruit seeds or droppings containing fruit seeds, they fall to the ground and grow into new plants (Tabur and Ayvaz 2010.
Iskandar 2017.
For example, according to rural people, tikukur (Streptopelia chinensi.
play a role in spreading the seeds of the Katepos Tree.
Cangkurileung (Pycnonotus aurigaste.
and jogjog (Pycnonotus goiavie.
as dispersers of seeds of cabe, cengek, papaya, katepos, kanyere, kiara, and kisalam.
While the species of birds that often come and eat the fruits of caringin/beringin, kiara, darangdan, huni, hamerang, sobsi, and kanyere trees, can play an important role in spreading the seeds of these plants.
Manuk kacamata (Zosterops palpebrou.
and dutok are believed by rural people to play a role in dispersing fruit seeds.
Similarly, the walik kiara (Treron vernan.
and walik kadanca (Ducula aene.
are considered by the rural people as dispersers of the seeds of the kiara, caringin, darangdan, and katepos trees.
While the Cangcarang Bird (Megalaima armillari.
can play a role in dispersing the seeds of the huni and kiara trees.
In addition, various species of birds of prey are also considered by rural people to act as beneficial This is because the species of wild birds like to eat animals that disturb or damage various species of plants in the fields, rice fields, and gardens of rural people.
A variety of fruit-eating birds, such as cangkurileung and jogjog, apart from being known as fruit seed dispersers, are also considered by residents as pest control.
The reason is, these bird species often eat caterpillars and grasshoppers, which are pests for In addition, the ciblek/cinitnit (Prinia familiari.
, toed (Lanius schac.
, kerak (Acridotheres javanicu.
, geuri (Aplonis payanensi.
, and paok (Pitta guajan.
are considered to be ecologically beneficial because they like to eat caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets and ant.
In addition, the heulang ruyuk (Spilornis cheel.
often preys on mice, snakes, and squirrels.
Similar to heulang ruyuk, bueuk (Otus bakkamoen.
also likes to prey on rats and snakes.
Uncuing (Cacomantis sepulcrali.
, saeran gunting (Dicrurus macroceceu.
, saeran rambay (Dicrurus leucophaeu.
, caladi kundang (Dendrocopos mace.
, caladi kotok (Dendrocopos molluccensi.
, cipeuw (Aegithina tiphi.
, serenet (Loriculus pusillu.
, kokondangan (Ixobrychus cinnamomeu.
, and manuk siki nangka (Zosterops palpebrou.
often eat In addition, beker (Galliralus striatu.
and kakareo (Amaurornis phoenicuru.
, are known as birds that eat caterpillars, worms, and anjing tanah or sesorok .
Meanwhile, other bird species, including manuk kaca mata (Zosterops palpebrou.
, all species of birds from the Nectariniidae Family, such as kolibri or cuit (Cinnyris jugulari.
, and kalaces (Arachnothera affini.
are considered ecologically beneficial because they can help pollinate various plant species.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 372Ae385 Bird Disturbances Along with the construction of the upper Cisokan hydropower project, the habitat and movement space for various wildlife, including various species of birds, have become increasingly narrow.
For example, a forest area that was originally a habitat for various species of birds with the construction of an access road has resulted in habitat narrowing (Permana et al.
Megantara et al.
In addition, an access road makes it easier for hunters from outside to do their hunting.
Market economic pressures have caused rural people to expand their swiddem cultivation practices .
gahuma or berladan.
, with the average land tenure of fields or gardens through a profit-sharing system ranging from 3Ae12 gawang .
gawang = 400 m.
, both on land owned by Perhutani and private property.
In addition to reducing bird habitat, market economic pressures also cause rural people to hunt various species of birds for sale because they are economically profitable.
Another change in the physical environment is the conversion of forest/garden land into a residential area.
The results of the study by Permana et al.
showed that Kampung Babakan Bandung in Sukaresmi Village before it was opened as a settlement around 2015, was originally Kampung Babakan Bandung, in the form of a mature and dense forest (Leuweung Hieu.
, a place for grazing livestock and habitat for wild animals, including bird species.
Meanwhile, at first.
Cangkuang Hamlet of Bojongsalam Village is a forest area/garden-talun which is only occupied by four heads of families .
, now, 35 families inhabit it.
As a result, bird habitat narrowing is caused by the construction of access roads and expansion of farming The change in the function of forest land into settlements has resulted in various species of birds losing their habitat.
Therefore, with these various habitat changes, it is unsurprising that the villagers now consider the heulang ruyuk (Spilornis cheel.
and heulang hideung (Icnaetus malayensi.
birds as pests.
The reason is that wild bird likes to prey on pet chicken of rural people.
In addition, now tikukur (Streptopelia chinensi.
, perkutut (Geopelia striat.
, and piit (Lonchura leucogastroide.
are also considered pests because they like to eat rice in both wet-rice .
and swidden field .
Another change is the change in the behavior of the younger generation in treating birds in rural areas.
For example, in the past manuk uncuing (Cacomantis sepulcrali.
was considerd as Aosraced birdAo that people should not disturb.
Nowadays, however, this bird has commonly shot or killed because its sound is considered scary.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, it can be concluded that the rural communities of the Upper Cisokan Watershed still have quite deep local knowledge of various species of birds.
It revealed that the rural community has recognized 74 species of birds.
The various birds are classified by rural people based on body size, body feather color, type of habitat where the birds live, and their behavior, particularly the living habits of birds in groups or not in groups.
In addition, it can also be concluded that bird species have socio-economic, cultural, and ecological functions.
Regarding population bird disturbances, the construction of the Cisokan hydropower project has caused habitat destruction and losses.
Consequently, the bird population has rapidly decreased.
Moreover, the impact of the Cisokan hydropower project has also caused socio-economic and cultural changes in the rural community.
For example, the construction of new roads has provided various benefits, such as causing moregood access for transportation between urban and village areas.
However, in addition to that, the increase in good transportation has also led to the rapid penetration of the market economic system into rural areas and resulted in rampant hunting of various species of birds for trading commodities.
Consequently, various species of birds that are hunted intensively by the rural people, can threaten the extinction of bird species in nature.
So, if the diversity of birds is extinct, it can also cause the function of various birds as socio-economic, cultural, and ecological to be extinct.
Therefore, for the conservation of various bird species in rural areas, it is necessary to pay attention to the socio-cultural factors of rural Prihatini J.
Permana S.
Iskandar J.
Kinasih SR
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank all the informants in Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi.
Rongga Sub-district.
Bandung Barat District.
Cisokan Upper Watershed.
West Java, who participated in the interview.
We would also like to thank the Village Head of both Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi, who gave permission for us to conduct a study in the Bojongsalam and Sukaresmi areas.
REFERENCES