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ISSN: 0852-0682 | E-ISSN: 2460-3945
Research article Enhancing Urban Livability in District 22 of Tehran: A Study on the Impact of Efficient Fuels Using Fuzzy Delphi and Cross-Impact Analysis Methods Majid Akbari1.
Atefeh Fuladi2.
Ali Shamsoddini3.
Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri4,5,6*.
Hamed Bidel7 Department of Geography and Urban Planning.
Payame Noor University.
Tehran.
Iran Department of Geography and Urban Planning.
University of Isfahan.
Iran Associate Professor.
Department of Geography.
Islamic Azad University.
Shiraz Branch.
Shiraz.
Iran Environmental Resilience and Sutainability.
Malaysia-Japan International of Technology.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur.
Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra.
Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia Disaster Preparedness & Prevention Centre.
Malaysia-Japan International of Technology.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur.
Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra.
Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia Department of Geographical Sciences.
Faculty of Geography and Urban planning.
Kharazmi University.
Human Sciences building 4th floor.
Tehran 14911 Ae 15719.
Iran Environmental science and engineering.
Water and Environment Research Institute.
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Mashhad.
Iran Correspondence: space.
kamran@gmail.
Citation:
Abstract Akbari.
Fuladi.
Shamsoddini.
Urban livability is a crucial measure of sustainable urban development.
This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the livability of Tehran's 22nd metropolitan area using the Human City approach, the Fuzzy Delphi method, and structural analysis.
Theoretical data was collected through documentary research, while experimental data was gathered through surveys using the Delphi technique.
A total of 20 urban experts were sampled, and 41 propellant forces across five dimensions were identified.
These propellants were categorized into economic, social, cultural, physical, environmental, managerial, and legal factors.
The data was analyzed using Fuzzy Delphi and Cross Impact Analysis Methods in MICMAC software.
The results revealed significant relationships among key propellants, indicating their strong influence.
The analysis also showed a complex and interconnected network of propellant forces, with some clustering in specific areas.
Seven key factors were identified as crucial for improving Job opportunities.
Citizen participation.
Public transport.
Affordable housing.
Public spaces.
Walkability.
Ghalehteimouri.
, & Bidel.
Enhancing Urban Livability in District 22 of Tehran: A Study on the Impact of Efficient Fuels Using Fuzzy Delphi and Cross-Impact Analysis Methods .
Forum Geografi.
, 395-412.
Article history:
Received: 9 September 2024 Revised: 15 December 2024 Accepted: 15 December 2024 Published: 20 December 2024 Keywords: Livability.
Delphi fuzzy.
structural analysis.
Sustainable development.
District 22.
Tehran metropolitan area.
Introduction Cities have been occupied by huge human modifications and they are vital centers of modern societies, embodying social, economic, and cultural progress.
Therefore, the concentration of numerous activities has decreased and depleted valuable natural resources, resulting in pollution and changes in land use and land cover (Sodiq et al.
, 2019.
Green et al.
, 2.
The fast growth of urbanization and the rise in urban population have resulted in environmental issues becoming key challenges (Beatley, 2012.
Ghalehteimouri et al.
, 2.
One strategy to tackle these challenges is to improve livability, which involves striking a balance between urban expansion and environmental preservation (Newman & Jennings, 2.
The human city approach, as a comprehensive and broad perspective, can play a significant role in enhancing urban livability (Tayebeh et al.
, 2023.
Rahimzadeh and Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri.
Schindler and Dionisio, 2.
In Iran, urbanization has seen rapid growth, particularly over the last four decades, with the urbanization growth rate exceeding 3.
2 times in 2016 (Iran Statistics Center, 2.
However, urbanization is often seen as a sign of progress.
in Iran, the surge in urban population has primarily concentrated in major metropolitan cities like Tehran .
hich accounted for 7.
14% of the population in 2.
(Iran Statistics Center, 2.
Copyright: A 2024 by the authors.
Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license .
ttps://creativecom- The rapid increase in Tehran's urban population has led to economic prosperity.
however, it has also imposed significant human and environmental costs, resulting in unfavorable living conditions (Shamaei and Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, 2.
District 22, spanning around 6,000 hectares, has been impacted by the rapid urbanization and development in Tehran.
The area has garnered attention from urban planners and experts due to its bio-environmental capabilities, varied land structure, and relatively untouched natural surroundings, especially when compared to other parts of Tehran with non-standard density and architecture (Ghalehteimouri et al.
, 2024.
Ghasemi.
Due to its unique characteristics, natural surroundings, and location in the capital area.
Tehran is expanding towards District 22, emerging as a new city in terms of spatial development pattern (Remenyik et al.
, 2021.
Ghalehteimouri et al.
, 2021.
Bagheri and Soltani, 2.
org/licenses/by/4.
0/).
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District 22 of Tehran municipality is seen as a model of sustainable development within the city.
It was the first urban district designed with the aim of sustainable development.
A plan was established for the area in 1999, with the initial goal of having the area span between 6 and 10 thousand hectares, with at least 51% designated as green and open spaces (Hosseini et al.
, 2022.
Zarie et al.
, 2024.
Khaliji and Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, 2.
However, the plan underwent complete revision.
The area boasts trans-regional and transnational elements and amenities, such as Chitgar Lake.
Chitgar Park.
Azadi Stadium.
Botanical Garden, various research institutes.
Olympic Village.
Sharif University.
Iran Mall, and Hezaro Yek Shab Cities (Akhshik et al.
, 2022.
Yekta et al.
, 2.
Moreover, the area is intersected by key highways of Tehran city and is serviced by Tehran Metro Line 5.
Over the past few decades, significant changes have taken place in the structure of District 22 due to urban expansion, attracting residents from various Districts, and its distance from pollution issues.
Nevertheless, the rapid development of the area and the absence of urban development plans have resulted in several challenges, including inadequate public transportation, high population density, violations in sales density, issues related to land and housing exchanges, unplanned construction, unregulated high-rise buildings, water scarcity, declining service standards, limited access to various centers in Tehran, lack of business activity, migration, and weak social connections (Amini et al.
, 2.
In the past four decades, decision-making in District 22 has been influenced by market demand, prioritizing car-oriented development over sustainable initiatives.
The future livability of District 22 in Tehran is a pressing concern, and addressing its complexities and advancements will pose To navigate this intricate landscape, new complementary paradigms and approaches for enhancing livability, such as the human city concept, must be embraced.
Implementing the human city approach to enhance livability in Tehran's 22nd district is crucial for sustainable development.
This study utilizes structural analysis and Delphi Fuzzy to identify the key factors and influences shaping livability with the human city approach in District 22.
The study seeks to address two main questions: .
What factors are driving livability with the human city approach in District 22?) What is the clustering system of key factors impacting livability with the human city approach in District 22? Theoretical foundations and research background Livability is a widely used term, but it lacks a clear and unified definition.
This lack of consensus is attributed to ambiguities in the field, and Hillen suggests that differences in opinion are normal due to the diverse scientific backgrounds of researchers (Heylen, 2.
According to Veenhoven .
, livability is the degree to which a living environment fits the adaptive repertoire of a When applied to human society, it denotes the fit of institutional arrangements with human needs and capacities.
Livability theory explains observed differences in happiness in terms of need-environment fit.
The term 'livability' is widely used but lacks a universally accepted definition.
In the UK, "livable" is the preferred spelling, while in the US, "livable" is gaining global As a noun, "livability" refers to "the quality of being livable," while as an adjective, "livable" means suitable for human living.
Livability is influenced by community-specific values and context, which are shaped by economic, social, and cultural factors, as well as residents' personal feelings.
In the US, livability is related to quality of life and wellbeing, while in the UK, it focuses on cleanliness, safety, and the presence of plants in the local area (Javdan et al.
, 2023.
Maran, 2024.
Ashley et al.
, 2.
Academic discussions often use terms like "vitality," "liveliness," and "sense of belonging," but these are qualities of a livable place rather than synonyms for livability.
Livability is the measure of people's contentment with their environment and how they engage with it.
It is shaped by elements such as economic well-being and societal harmony.
Livability is primarily determined by the specific conditions in urban areas that improve overall quality of life and happiness.
This encompasses access to amenities and services like education, healthcare, and housing.
Effective urban planning and design play a key role in fostering livability (Vogt et al.
, 2020.
Sheikh and van Ameijde, 2022.
Abdel-Razek et al.
, 2.
Urban planning and design are crucial in promoting livability.
Understanding livability involves assessing the subjective experience of living in different places and considering behavioral patterns in urban environments (Zanella et al.
, 2015.
Ahmed et al.
, 2019.
Movahed and Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, 2019.
ZaharijeviN, 2023.
Butcher and Sircar, 2023.
Syrycy and Yalyn, 2.
While some proponents claim that it is possible to define livability and identify consistent characteristics, others argue that livability varies significantly among different population groups and spaces.
Livability is not only a result of favorable urban conditions but is also influenced by people's perceptions of urban life, making it challenging to provide a definitive definition (Stevens, 2.
Therefore, there is still no consensus among researchers on the definition of "livability," a concept that varies across cultures and social values.
Akbari et al.
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Livability is a concept that has global relevance (Balsas, 2.
, but its realization depends on local circumstances (Wang & Miao, 2.
It encompasses environmental quality, sustainability, quality of life, and well-being, and is connected to specific strategies for creating and managing public spaces.
The theory of livability was originally rooted in Abraham Maslow's work on human needs (Radcliff, 2.
and has been further developed in subsequent research (Akbari, 2.
Table 1.
Tracing the conceptual relationship between livability and the human city.
Human City The local or regional scale gives priority to local activities.
The location is related to the human scale.
It gives priority to local activities.
Encouraging behavioral changes at the micro Micro-level application of small-scale geographic conditions and behavior Short term.
Direct impact on people, neighborhoods, and cities Instantaneous.
Direct effects on the people of the Locally defined through civic engagement Definition through empathy, cooperation and full participation of citizens Scale Livability Weighing with local concerns and values.
Consider the tastes of local stakeholders The potential Background1 It is dynamic and allows for changes over Supporting all aspects of human life in accordance with the local environment and context to respond to the needs of local stakeholders.
Dynamism and allowing for changes over time.
Different weights are assigned to measures depending on the context.
Similarities Recognizing the legitimacy of the current situation and the inadequacy of the individual to find a Taking legitimacy from the current situation.
Changing behavior is essential Supplement Contradictions Livability requires a human city approach to carefully examine the interests of the stakeholders.
A forward trend that requires the formulation of an immediate The human city needs a livability approach so that the relevant local conditions can influence people's behavior change.
Who or an institution should define these concepts and who should benefit from Collective translation of the defined concept into a common Choice-based recommendations and informed assumptions about social justice Livability requires a human city approach to ensure that equity, economy and environment are considered in local tastes.
Dynamic and flexible to changes Similar overarching goals are shared through perceptions and needs are identified.
Stakeholders are clearly The solution to promote indicators Stakeholders are directly The roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders are clear.
Direct motivation by those who benefit and those who are burdened.
Interests or concerns through those who benefit Relatively easy to understand An attractive and easy to understand concept Both seek common recognition among Facilitate political support.
Promote loyal Responsible for planning and political decisions Being receptive to design and planning interventions, reacting to the transactional relationship between people and place Planning and design based on contextual approach Support for incremental, ultimately local development is allowed Local development in accordance with the principles of human-centered It requires organized actions and accountability to respond to political decisions.
It requires coordinated action and responsibility: accountability for planning and decisions A human city needs livability to be relevant to specific stakeholders.
The human city needs livability to ground actions and investments for future changes.
The human city needs livability to demonstrate its relevance and operational potential for change on a human scale.
What results of interventions and planning are considered relevant? 1The context emphasizes that each paradigm responds to the values of its stakeholders and how each adapts to changing circumstances and tastes.
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Livability can be examined and assessed using various approaches, reflecting the broad meaning of the concept.
Given the complexity of urban challenges and the scope of livability assessment, it is important to develop complementary approaches to assess livability, including the human city in urban planning literature.
Leby et al.
, .
defined a livable city as one that considers the needs of all its residents, regardless of age or ability, and emphasizes the importance of each Krasny and Tidball .
introduced the livable city as one that is justice-oriented and humane, providing self-reliance and economic capability while emphasizing resources, health, and vitality.
Vinhoven also emphasized the importance of human-oriented urban planning in creating a livable society (Movahed and Ghalehteimouri, 2.
The concept of a livable city is often associated with a human-centered approach, focusing on the health, happiness, and well-being of its residents (Sheikh and Ameijde, 2.
A livable city is one that provides choice and variety in amenities within a short distance, promoting accessibility and convenience for its residents (Wheeler, 2.
Understanding the relationship between the human city approach and livability can help urban planners and policymakers address both short-term demands and long-term sustainable development goals (Sharifi et al.
, 2.
There has been a growing interest in the concept of livability and the human city in urban planning This has created an opportunity to improve policy communication and gain political support, as these concepts are now seen as measures of success based on local political realities and the preferences of local residents.
Livability and the human city focus on creating walkable neighborhoods with safe public spaces, and local organizations and planners play a crucial role in shaping the environment based on the needs and desires of the people at a local and human scale.
Livability and the human city are interconnected, and many livability indicators include elements that are considered indicators of the human city, such as a mix of uses, suitable housing, and security of public open spaces.
These concepts are dynamic, and change based on the context and values of society, aiming to align the communication of stakeholders and decision makers towards sustainable goals.
The concept of livability within the human city approach encompasses the three pillars of the sustainability pyramid: environmental, economic, and social issues, along with physical considerations (Chen et al.
, 2022.
Russo and Cirella, 2020.
Croes et al.
, 2.
In this approach, environmental concerns are given priority and encompass other aspects.
The key to creating livable cities lies in meeting the common needs of city residents, and if these needs are addressed on a human scale, a "good urban territory" can be established.
Livability criteria, including economic, social, physical, and particularly environmental factors, should be aligned to tackle the challenges faced by humans.
Environmental resources are a fundamental and essential prerequisite for livability, and any disruption in the proper functioning of these areas can lead to a rapid deterioration of human settlements, resulting in a decline in the elements of the human city and giving rise to poverty, social conflict, and environmental problems.
Therefore, livability reflects how the city system operates on a human scale.
The coordination among the city's subsystems enhances the livability of the city and ultimately contributes to the development of human cities.
The future livable city is one that is based on scenarios that revolve around and interact with human presence.
Before delving into the research methodology and findings, a brief overview of the study's background can shed light on the topic and the research gaps.
Amini et al.
, .
identified ten key factors that will affect the future livability of Mahabad city, including the quality of the road network, access to public transportation, and the amount of air Paul .
developed methods to evaluate the livability potential of dense urban areas in Calcutta.
India, and found that socio-cultural factors are more important than economic factors in making an area livable.
Yang et al.
, .
studied the driving factors of urban livability in the Yangtze River Delta and suggested strengthening inter-city relations and developing relevant policies to improve the urban environment.
Meshkini et al.
, .
analyzed the livability of different areas of Tehran metropolis and found that access to biological services is not equitably distributed.
Bao et al.
, .
assessed livability in Anhui province of China and found a high positive correlation between the quality of urban settlement environments and the level of urban social and economic status.
Materials and methods of research This section describes the research method employed in the study, focusing on the preparation of theoretical and experimental data, the selection of experts, and the validation and reliability of the Akbari et al.
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Research Method This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach with practical applicability.
Descriptive analytics is a statistical analysis of historical data to identify patterns and relationships, aiming to describe events, phenomena, or outcomes.
It helps track trends by summarizing data points to reveal patterns in recent and past data.
Descriptive research methods, such as surveys or case studies, collect qualitative or quantitative data to provide insights for future research.
Urban planning and environmental studies utilize descriptive research to understand how different demographics react to behaviors or services, such as studying how target markets respond to competitor housing quality to infer their behavior (Taherdoost, 2022.
Ghalehteimouri and Khaliji, 2024.
Mousavi et al.
, 2.
Theoretical data is gathered through the documentary method, while experimental data is obtained using the survey method.
The preparation of development propellants involves the use of documentary study and empirical data from the Delphi method.
Expert Selection A The Delphi team is selected through the snowball sampling method.
Criteria for expert selection include theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness, ability to participate, and access.
The number of experts is determined to ensure comprehensive views.
Identification of Propellant Forces A The study identifies 41 primary propellants affecting the future livability of Tehran's 22nd district, categorized into economic, social and cultural, physical, environmental, and managerial/legal forces.
The identification process involves homogenizing findings from various sources and interviews.
Expert Panel and Fuzzy Delphi Method The first expert panel seeks opinions on propellants and refines them for the 22nd district using the fuzzy Delphi method.
A closed-ended (Liker.
questionnaire is designed based on Delphi method rounds, involving 17 experts selected through snowball sampling.
Questionnaire Validation and Reliability A The questionnaire design undergoes validation checks, with experts examining and correcting potential defects and misinterpretations.
Results indicate a common understanding among experts, validating the questionnaire's A Reliability is confirmed through Cronbach's alpha value .
, exceeding the threshold Data Processing Methods A MICMAC and SPSS software are employed for data processing.
Fuzzy Delphi and Cross Impact Analysis (CIA) methods are used in conjunction.
This research method section provides a clear breakdown of the approach, expert selection, propellant identification, questionnaire design, and data processing methods used in the study (Hoseinpour et al.
, 2.
Results and Discussion The scope of the study In 2015.
Region 22 had a population of 175,398, resulting in a population density of around 30 people per hectare, which is approximately one-fifth of the average population density of Tehran in 2015 .
people per hectar.
Region 22 is notable for its landmarks such as Tehran's Azadi Stadium.
Chitgar Forest Park.
Khargush darreh.
Chitgar lake.
The Kan River.
Iran's National Botanical Garden, research and university centers, major medical facilities, commercial and recreational complexes, and the intersection of important highways of Tehran city as well as the Tehran Akbari et al.
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Metro line 5.
This area was included in the comprehensive urban plan of Tehran city .
pproved in 1.
within the city limits of Tehran.
District 22 acts as a gateway to the west and north of the country, with connections to TehranKaraj.
Azadegan.
Tehran-North, and Kharazi freeways.
Currently, the 22nd district of Tehran comprises 12 neighborhoods and 4 districts.
However, assessments have revealed that the spatial structure and organization of region 22 have not been adequately developed so far, due to factors such as the delayed release of military lands, the incomplete development of Chitgar lake, and the alteration of some key points due to flaws in the design criteria.
Approximately 65% of the land in region 22 is designated for urban development, while 35% of the area remains undeveloped natural land (Figure .
Figure 1.
Geographical location of District 22 of Tehran metropolitan.
Finding and Discussion The environmental scanning and screening process of key propellants using the fuzzy .
Delphi method involved evaluating the importance of various propellants based on the opinions of the Delphi group.
By comparing the de-phased values of the questions to the average of the questionnaire spectrum .
hreshold inde.
, significant propellants were identified.
Propellants with de-phased values equal to or greater than the threshold index were deemed important and influential, while those with values below the average were considered less effective and subsequently Akbari et al.
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Summary of Expert Responses to the First Question In the assessment of the first question, none of the participants selected very low .
, low .
, or medium .
However, three experts chose a value of .
for the first question, as indicated by the number 3 associated with it.
Additionally, 14 experts selected the highest range .
for the first question (Table .
Table 2.
Compilation of experts' fuzzy Delphi questionnaire.
Range of importance Akbari et al.
too high .
In your opinion how much propellant of having a good job and income contributed to the livability of Tehran's 22nd district with a human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of affordable and accessible housing play a role in the livability of Tehran's 22nd district with a human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of existence of various job opportunities in the neighborhood contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant variety of commercial uses play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of willingness of residents to invest in the neighborhood contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of having job security play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of respect and social inclusion play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of social cohesion and integration play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of strengthening the sense of belonging to a place play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of creating a sense of security and comfort contribute to the livability of District 22 with a human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of access to cultural and religious spaces contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of strengthening of public trust between citizens contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of protection of cultural heritage play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of supporting existing communities contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant o creation of active public spaces contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of increasing walkability contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of mixing of uses and local services contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of increasing the optimal density in the context contribute to the livability of the 22nd District with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the improvement of public transportation contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the improvement of educational services contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of improvement of health services contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of improving the quality of roads and squares contribute to the livability of District 22 with a human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of access to recreational and leisure spaces play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of access to technology and communication play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the organization of the image and urban landscape play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of compactness and optimal use of space contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of considering construction design considerations play a role in the livability of District 22 with a human city approach? low .
Questions very low .
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Table 2.
(Continue.
Range of importance too high .
In your opinion how much propellant of the preservation and development of green spaces contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the support of environmental resources play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of access to clean and healthy air contribute to the livability of District 22 with a human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of access to safe drinking water play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the reduction of types of pollution .
ir, sound, water, etc.
contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the collection of sewage and surface water contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the use of clean energy contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of improving neighborhood health contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of attention to environmental hazards play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of democracy and citizens' participation play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of benefiting from the high level of presence of expert personnel contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of reducing traffic contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of the use of an efficient information system contribute to the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? In your opinion how much propellant of public education and the application of incentive policies play a role in the livability of District 22 with the human city approach? medium .
Questions low .
very low .
Rank Table 3.
Fuzzy value and defuzzification value of the third questionary.
Questions Fuzzy value questions Diphasic The status of the Weight Consensus Having a decent job and income Accepted Affordable and accessible housing Accepted There are various job opportunities in the neighborhood Accepted Variety of commercial uses Accepted Residents' willingness to invest in the Accepted Having job security Accepted Respect and social inclusion Accepted Social cohesion and integration Accepted Strengthening the sense of place Accepted Create a sense of security and comfort Accepted Access to cultural and religious spaces Accepted Strengthening public trust among citizens Accepted Protection of cultural heritage Accepted Support existing communities Accepted Akbari et al.
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Table 3.
(Continue.
Fuzzy value questions Diphasic Questions The status of the Weight Consensus Creating active public spaces Accepted Increase walkability Accepted Mixing local uses and services Accepted Increasing the optimal density in the Accepted Improving public transportation Accepted Promotion of educational services Accepted Promotion of health services Accepted Improving the quality of roads and Access to recreational and leisure Access to technology and communication Organizing the image and urban landscape Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Compactness and optimal use of space Accepted Consideration of construction design Preservation and development of green Accepted Accepted Protection of environmental resources Accepted Access to clean and healthy air Accepted Access to safe drinking water Accepted Reducing types of pollution .
ir, noise, water, etc.
Accepted Collection of sewage and surface water Accepted Use of clean energy Accepted Improving neighborhood health Accepted Attention to environmental hazards Accepted Democracy and citizen participation Accepted Benefiting from the high level of presence of specialist staff Accepted reduction of traffic Accepted Use of efficient information system Accepted Public education and implementation of incentive policies Accepted Sum of values Table 3 displays the findings of the calculations for the third period.
It is clear that the majority of the research questions are less clear than the average value of the spectrum .
Thus, it can be inferred that the questions in the third questionnaire concerning the future livability in the 22nd district of Tehran metropolis with the human city approach are important and impactful.
Furthermore, similar to the previous period, no new questions have been suggested by the experts.
Identifying the importance of each of the questions .
rimary propellant.
After determining the fuzzy value of the questions, the significance of each primary propellant can be established by using the average value of the spectrum .
Expert opinions suggest that questions .
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are deemed important for the structural analysis method (Cross Impact Analysi.
, while questions .
with a fuzzy value lower than the average value of the spectrum .
are considered less important.
Therefore, question 1 .
mployment and adequate incom.
among economic propellants, with the highest de-phased value .
, is the most crucial question, while question 13 .
rotection of cultural heritag.
among socio-cultural propellants, with the lowest dephased value .
, is considered the least important.
Examining the consensus condition of the questions Table 4 shows the experts' consensus levels for each question, calculated by dividing the number of experts who chose a specific option by the total number of experts .
and multiplying by 3 .
he average weight of each expert's opinio.
To meet the initial agreement criterion, at least 60% of the experts had to select the same answer for each question.
About 51% of the questions .
met this criterion, while the other 49% .
did not.
Table 4.
The table of consensus or expert agreement for each question.
Consensus Criteria Propellants Economic Having a decent job and income Sociocultural .
Administrativeinstitutional Rank Code Var1 Affordable and accessible housing Var2 There are various job opportunities in the neighborhood Var3 Having job security Var4 Strengthening the sense of place Var5 Create a sense of security and comfort Var6 Strengthening public trust among citizens Var7 Creating active public spaces Var8 Increase walkability Var9 Mixing local uses and services Var10 Improving public transportation Var11 Promotion of educational services Var12 Promotion of health services Var13 Improving the quality of roads and squares Var14 Access to technology and communication Var15 Access to clean and healthy air Var16 Reducing types of pollution .
ir, noise, water, etc.
Var17 Collection of sewage and surface water Var18 Use of clean energy Var19 Improving neighborhood health Var20 Democracy and citizen participation Var21 Analysis of the cross effects of propellants affecting the livability of the 22nd district of Tehran metropolis with the human city approach In the second step, 21 key propellant forces were identified out of the 41 primary propellant forces calculated using the fuzzy Delphi method.
These key propellant forces will play a crucial role in determining the future livability of the 22nd district of Tehran metropolis with a human city approach.
The cross-effect method (Cross Impact Analysis (CIA)) in MICMAC software was then utilized to map out the connections and interactions among these propellants.
Table 5.
Initial analysis of the matrix data of the mutual effects Indicator The size of the matrix The number of repetitions Number Number Number Number Total degree of filling % 72/32 Akbari et al.
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The results of the mutual effects of the 21 livability factors, represented in a 21x21 matrix across five main dimensions.
The table shows a 70.
32% filling degree and a repetition number of 2, indicating a significant impact of the selected propellants on each other.
Out of the 308 possible relationships in the matrix, 133 have a value of zero, meaning no influence between the propellant There are 112 relationships with a value of 1, indicating a weak influence, 113 relationships with a value of 2, suggesting a relatively strong influence, and 83 relationships with a value of 3, signifying a very high and significant influence among the key propellants (Table .
The matrix of this research has 100% desirability and optimization based on statistical propellants with 2 rotations, which indicates the high validity of the questionnaire and its answers (Table .
Table 6.
Degree of desirability and optimization of the matrix.
being influenced Rotation Evaluation of the impact plan and effectiveness of livability propellants with the approach of human city in the 22nd district of Tehran metropolitan city The distribution pattern of livability propellants in the 22nd district of Tehran metropolis, as observed on the scatter plane using the human city approach, indicates the level of stability or instability of the system.
The structural interaction analysis method with MIC MAC software identifies two general dispersion models: stable and unstable systems.
In the stable system model, the dispersion of variables is in the form of L, where some variables have high effectiveness and some are less affected.
In unstable systems, the situation is more complicated, with propellant forces scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane, resulting in an intermediate state of influence and effectiveness, making it difficult to identify the key propellants.
Y represents influential scale and X dependant scale as they shown (Figures 2 and .
Figure 2.
Stable system.
Figure 3.
Unstable system.
Figure 5 illustrates the distribution pattern of livability propellants using the human city approach.
This dispersion pattern generally indicates an unstable system.
The viability drives, with the exception of a few propellants that have a high impact on the system, are generally situated in a similar manner around the diagonal axis (Figure .
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Figure 4.
Distribution of drivers of livability with the human environment of district 22.
Clustering propellants of livability with a human city approach in the 22nd district of Tehran Five types of unstable state propellants have been identified, including influential, two-faceted .
isk and targe.
, regulatory, influential, and independent propellants.
These propellants are listed in order of their effects.
According to the distribution of propellants in Figure 4 categories of propellants can be identified.
Determining or influencing propellants: These propellants play a crucial role in the viability system, with a significant impact that goes beyond their effectiveness.
They are located in the northwest District of the dispersion plane, and the stability of the system heavily depends on them.
They are seen as key drivers and determinants of system behavior.
The lower concentration of propellants in this area indicates the system's instability and its potential impact on the future livability of District 22 with a human city approach.
Factors such as having a decent job and income, democracy and citizens' participation, integrating local uses and services, improving neighborhood health, and enhancing walkability are all important drivers of the livability system in District 22 with a human city approach.
Two-faceted propellants: These propellants function in a highly effective and impactful manner They are situated in the northeastern section of the diagram.
The nature of these propellants is characterized by a combination of instability, as any action or change in them leads to a reaction and change in other propellants.
These propellants can be categorized into two groups: risk propellants and target propellants.
The propellants related to job security, enhancing public transportation, creating vibrant public spaces, the presence of diverse job opportunities in the neighborhood, strengthening the sense of belonging, and increasing the sense of security and comfort are located in this area.
Two-sided propellants consist of two components: risk and target Risk propellants: As depicted in the diagram, these propellants are positioned above the diagonal line in the northeastern area and have the potential to become key players in the system.
One propellant is located in this section.
Target propellants: These propellants are situated below the northeastern diagonal area of the they represent the evolutionary outcomes of the system and signify the potential objectives within a system.
By manipulating and making changes to these propellants, the evolution of the program system and its objectives can be achieved.
No propellant is located in this area.
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Table 7.
The amount of direct and indirect effects of the propellants on each other.
Influence Variable Variable Rank Being influenced Variable Being influenced Indirect Having a decent job and Democracy and citizen Affordable and accessible housing Strengthening the sense of place belonging Democracy and citizen Having a decent job and Democracy and citizen participation Increasing the sense of security and comfort Mixing local uses and services Having security job Improving public Affordable and accessible housing Improving public transportation Creation of active public spaces Having job security Creation of active public spaces Affordable accessible Improving public transportation various job opportunities in the Having job security Creation active public There are various job opportunities in the Creation of active public Increasing Walkability Increasing Walkability Increasing Walkability Mixing local uses and services There are various job opportunities in the Increasing sense of security and comfort Increasing sense of security and comfort Increasing Walkability Improving public transportation Having security job Improving neighborhood health Increasing sense of security and Improving neighborhood health Various job opportunities in the neighborhood Affordable accessible Strengthening the sense of place belonging Having job security Strengthening the sense of place belonging Promotion of educational services Collection of sewage and surface water Promotion of educational services Improving neighborhood Collection of sewage and surface water Improving neighborhood health Collection of sewage and surface water Use of energies clean Use of energies clean Use of clean energies Improving the quality of roads and fields Improving quality of roads and fields Strengthening the sense of place belonging Improving quality of roads and Improving health services Access to clean and healthy air Mixing local uses and Having job security Use of clean energies Promotion of educational Improving health services Access to clean and healthy air Strengthening public trust among citizens Improving health services Improving the quality of roads and fields Improving health Mixing local uses and Reducing all types of pollution Strengthening public trust among citizens Reducing all types of pollution Reducing all types of Variable Influence Direct Akbari et al.
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Table 7.
(Continue.
Access to technology and Access to technology and communication Strengthening public trust among citizens Access to technology and communication Rank Variable Access to clean and healthy air Being influenced Variable Influence Strengthening public trust among citizens Variable Being influenced Variable Indirect Influence Direct Access to clean and healthy air Access to technology and communication Influenced propellants or results: These propellants are situated in the southeastern section of the chart.
They have minimal impact but are influenced by others.
As a result, they are highly responsive to the development of efficient and bimodal propellants.
They are output propellants, and there are no other propellants located in this area.
Independent propellants: These propellants have a low impact and are not easily influenced by other factors.
They are located in the southwest part of the propellant dispersion plane and do not cause reactions in other propellants.
The propellants related to improving educational services, enhancing health services, using clean energy, collecting sewage and surface water, providing affordable and accessible housing, ensuring access to clean and healthy air, improving the quality of roads and fields, reducing various types of pollution .
ir, noise, water, etc.
), strengthening public trust among citizens, and access to technology and communication are in this area.
However, two categories of propellants require attention in this area:
"Secondary leverage" propellants: These propellants have a significant influence but are not easily influenced by others.
They are located in the southwest part of the diagram and above the diagonal line.
No propellant is located in this area.
"Adjusting" propellants: These propellants are located near the center of gravity of the diagram and can act as "secondary leverage," "weak targets," and "secondary risk propellants" in succession.
No propellant is located in this area.
Figures 5 and 6 depict the graphic representation of development propellants, specifying the direct and indirect effects of the propellants on other propellants in the system, ranging from weakest to strongest effects.
Selection of key propellants effective on the future state of the livability of District 22 with a human city approach Figure 5.
Direct relationships between variables .
rom very weak to very stron.
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As mentioned earlier, the opinions of experts were used to identify the propellant forces affecting the future livability of District 22 with the human city approach, using the Delphi method.
In the end, out of the total of 21 influential factors, 7 factors are having a job and adequate income, democracy and citizen participation, mixing of uses and local services, improving public transportation, affordable and accessible housing, creating active public spaces and increasing walkability.
They were selected as the key propellants affecting the future state of the system, and most of these propellants were repeated in both direct and indirect influencing methods (Figures 5 and Figure 6.
Indirect relationships between variables .
rom very weak to very stron.
Examining the values of the indirect relationships of the key propellants in Table 6 indicates that the rank values of the direct effects of the key propellants have been repeated in the indirect effects with little changes (Table .
Table 8.
Direct and indirect Key propellants affecting the future state of the livability.
Rank Direct Propulsion Propulsion Indirect Having a decent job and income Affordable and accessible housing Democracy and citizen participation Democracy and citizen participation Mixing local uses and services Improving public transportation Improving public transportation Having job security Affordable and accessible housing Various job opportunities in the neighborhood Creation of active public spaces Increasing the Walkability Increasing the sense of security and comfort Creation of active public spaces Mixing local uses and services Increasing the Walkability Conclusions District 22 in Tehran is known for its environmental attractions, such as a forest park, hills, a lake, and a river, making it one of the greenest parts of the city.
Initially planned as a tourist destination, the area was set to feature projects like the Tehran Waterfall.
Javanmardan Park.
Persian Gulf Lake, and the Thousand City Project.
However, illegal construction and pollution have harmed Akbari et al.
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the ecological balance of district 22, leading to the destruction of natural areas and parks.
The lack of an urban sewage network is a common issue in the neighborhoods, exacerbating environmental Land subsidence, water depletion, pollution from factories, extensive construction, and traffic congestion are all contributing to environmental degradation.
Future highway development is expected to bring additional challenges to the district.
In summary, the emphasis on urbanization rather than urban development, along with poor spatial organization, inadequate distribution of residential services, and a car-centric approach, has negatively impacted the quality of life in District 22, leaving it in a less desirable state.
This study examines the livability factors of the 22nd district of Tehran metropolis using the human city approach.
The research findings highlight the significant influence of key livability factors, with 3 out of 83 relationships identified in the overall system environment analysis.
The mutual effects analysis reveals a complex dispersion of propellant forces, with a concentration of independent propellants in the clustering system.
Seven factors, including job and adequate in Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all parties who contributed to the completion of this research.
The constructive feedback from the editors and reviewers is also greatly appreciated.
Author Contributions Conceptualization: Akbari.
Fu- ladi.
, & Ghalehtei-mouri.
methodology: Akbari.
Fuladi, investigation: Akbari.
Shamsoddini.
Ghalehteimouri, writingAioriginal draft preparation: kbari.
Fuladi.
, &
Ghalehtei-mouri.
writingAireview and editing: Akbari.
Fuladi.
, & Ghalehtei-mouri.
visualization: Akbari.
Fuladi, .
Ghalehtei-mouri.
, & Bidel.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the Conflict of interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Data availability Data is available upon Request.
Funding This research received no external Akbari et al.
come, democracy and citizen participation, mixing of uses and local services, improving public transportation, affordable and accessible housing, creating active public spaces, and increasing walkability, have been identified as crucial for development.
The research suggests that the development of the 22nd district has been market-driven rather than planned for sustainable urban development, resulting in an imbalance in investment between local and regional services and This has led to most residents seeking employment and income outside the district, exacerbated by economic sanctions and a lack of facilities.
As a result, the economic participation rate of the district decreased from 39% to 37.
1% between 2010 and 2015.
The majority of the population in this area belongs to the middle or lower middle classes and is engaged in service According to the 2015 census and housing population statistics of Tehran city, this District has the third-highest unemployment rate, with 5 percent of the population being unemployed, following Districts 21 and 2.
Additionally, in terms of the tendency to rent a residence in Tehran, district 22 ranks second after district 15, with more than 45.
1% of residents renting their homes.
In 2015, it had the lowest share of ordinary resident households and a group with property ownership among all households in Tehran, at less than 45%.
The housing prices in this area grew by 327% from September 2012 to August 2018, and 60% of the income and savings of the area's tenants are spent on rent.
Currently, the scattered and uneven growth of District 22 does not align with the indicators of human-oriented cities, including social participation and cohesion, walking orientation, security, the concept of neighborhood, and spirituality, due to the development of new parts of this area such as Sharif University Town.
Sarvazad, and Havaniro.
Despite the existing urban plans and the focus on improving car mobility in the area, the social and human-centered aspect of urban space has been neglected.
Challenges such as high levels of immigration, limited communication between high-rise residential buildings and other neighborhoods, inadequate security measures, and a decline in the social quality of urban spaces, particularly in newly developed areas, have resulted in a lack of cohesion in the community.
The emphasis on the central highway has further diminished social gathering spaces and human interaction in the district.
To create a more livable environment with a focus on people, it is essential to involve the community in decision-making processes and address issues such as public transportation, green spaces, cultural and recreational facilities, and infrastructure improvements.
The haphazard development and lack of organization in the district have exacerbated these challenges, along with feasibility and legal issues hindering the provision of local services.
As a result, the livability of District 22 does not align with the principles of a human-centered city, leading to carcentric rather than people-centric neighborhoods.
A comprehensive plan for the district should prioritize these concerns to enhance the quality of life for residents.
References