International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2013, pp. 762~769
ISSN: 2088-8708



762

Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by
Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Biogas from Municipal
Solid Waste
Seno D. Panjaitan1, Yandri1, Sukandar2, Berlian Sitorus3
* Department of Electrical Engineering, Tanjungpura University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University
1

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

This paper presents a comparative study in terms of power quality and fuel
consumption in electricity generation using three kinds of fuel: gasoline,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogas from anaerobic digestion of
municipal solid waste. The electrical parameters measured and compared are
voltage, current, frequency, active power, apparent power, reactive power,
power factor, displacement power factor, current harmonics, voltage
harmonics, transient, sags and swell. From the experiment, resistive loads
(100 W bulb and 2 x 100 W bulbs) and resistive-inductive load (125 W water
pump) were used as loads of generator set. It can be seen that in general, the
power quality among those three fuels shows almost the similar performance.
The problem on using combustible gases, either LPG or biogas, significantly
appears at the frequency with greatly difference to the standard (i.e. 50 Hz).

Received Jul 17, 2013
Revised Oct 1, 2013
Accepted Oct 25, 2013
Keyword:
Biogas
Bio-energy
Power quality
Municipal solid waste
Electricity generation

Copyright © 2013 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Seno D. Panjaitan,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Tanjungpura University,
Prof. Hadary Nawawi Street, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
Email: senopanjaitan@gmail.com

1.

INTRODUCTION
Energy supply systems are facing significant changes in many countries around the world. There are
many intensive researches and publications on different types of renewable energy sources in order to
prepare the migration from conventional energy conversion source using fossil fuels to the renewable sources
which are environmental friendly. In the path on this migration, combining energy sources between
conventional and the renewable ones is one of the solutions that has been taken, because there many
considerations to produce high power level of electricity such as efficiency, costs, expertise, regulation and
culture. Combination of two different energy sources described in [1] regarding the simulation result of a
hybrid system between solar system using photovoltaics and wind energy. Another paper [2] described the
use of fuel cell to produce the energy powered air diffused aeration system. There are still many examples
that can be found related to the hybridization. Furthermore, migration from gasoline to gaseous fuel as the
experimental study can be found in [3].
In developing countries, such as in Indonesia, still many people using gasoline-fuel generator set.
This phenomenon appears since the unreliability supply of electricity in many areas, then people have to be
ready for the blackout, or even some areas are very lack of electricity. Another problem is rising since the
price of gasoline increases which cause the price of electricity becomes high.
On the other hand, the use of gas for generating electricity brings a high attention nowadays since it
produces lower emission in the conversion process. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is combustible gas that

Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE

IJECE

ISSN: 2088-8708



763

could be used as fuel in the electricity generation system. The LPG is a mixture of propane and butane in
liquid form with a pressure of 2-20 bars. Propane (C3H8) is the main constituent of LPG as it is a single,
relatively simple compound, so engines could have a clean combustion process. It can be stored at
atmospheric pressure and avoid evaporative losses.The LPG nowadays exists abundantly and inexpensively
in the developing countries such as in Indonesia.
Another combustible gas namely biogas canbe produced from anaerobic digestion.Many previous
researches on biogas-powered electricity generation presented in [4-7]. Qualitative and quantitative analysis
on biogas generation system using an induction motor-based generator set is presented in [8]. General
qualitative analysis of biogas from landfill was briefly presented in [10] without technical data. Furthermore,
some analysis of biogas process through modeling, numerical or simulations are presented in [9, 10, 11, 12].
In this presented paper, the biogas from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is taken into
account, from which the pollutant (solid waste) could harm the environment once they are casted out without
further treatment.
The main advantage of using combustible gases as fuel compared to gasoline is a cleaner gas
emission after combustion, while the output power seemed similar. Therefore, using organic solid waste as
source of electrical generation system by converting them into biogas will bring two benefits: renewable
energy source and environmental friendly technology.
This paper purposes to convey the experimental study results by comparing the quality electrical
parameters among gasoline, LPG and biogas from MSW. The comparison is based on the power quality
analysisand fuel consumption in electricity generation using three kinds of fuel: gasoline, liquefied
petroleumgas (LPG) and biogas from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Materials and Method to Produce the Biogas from MSW
For the experiment, there were three sources of fuel for generator set: gasoline, LPG and biogas.
Gasoline and LPG could be easily bought at the local market. For the biogas, an anaerobic digester was built
to produce the gas from MSW. Detail of biogas production process can be seen in the previous research in
[13] and the potency of biogas from MSW to generate electricity has been investigated in [14].
The waste fed in digester were taken based on grab sampling method from a nearby traditional
market in Pontianak city with a composition of ± 80 % vegetable waste and ± 20% fruit wastes. The total
waste weight was 160 kg and mixed manually during the feeding. The feeding was carried out for two weeks.
The starter using in this research was an inoculum from cow rumen and mixed with the wastes just before the
digester was closed. Chemical analysis of initial waste and bioreactors slurry was performed using standard
methods.
There are different types of reactors used for energy recovery from solid wastes, including batch
reactors, one stage and two stage reactors [7]. In this research, a single stage fed-batch anaerobic digester was
used with total volume of 9m3 contained about 14 tons solid waste. It was operated at ambient temperature in
the mesophilic range (27 – 31°C), yet the temperature and moisture were monitored daily using thermohygrometer. A gas collector was provided for collection and determination of the amount of biogas. The
content of methane concentration produced in the reactor was monitored weekly.
3.2. Experimental Set-up for Electricity Generation

Figure 1. Experiment design of electricity generation fueled by gasoline, LPG and Biogas

Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum… (Seno D. Panjaitan)

764



ISSN: 2088-8708

The experimental set-up for energy conversion scenario from gasoline, LPG and biogas along with
the electrical measurements using Power Quality Analyzer (PQA) [13] is presented in Figure 1. One of the
advantages of using PQA is the integration of some power quality parametersinto equipment so thatthe
datacan beanalyzed easily.
3.3. Electrical Parameters Measurement and Analysis Method
Three of the measurement parameters considered are voltage, current and frequency. For Indonesian
standard voltage is 220 VAC, the permissible supply voltage varies between (+5%) and (-10%) of the
standard according to the standard used by State Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN) of
Indonesia. Meanwhile, based on ANSI C84.1the voltage is constrained to be varied in the range (-10%) and
(+ 4%) of the standard in normal condition while in an emergency conditionthe variation is allowed between
(-13%) and (+6%) of the standard. Further more, in the experiment, fuel consumption and rotor speed of
generator were also measured.
Three kinds of power are also measured: active power, apparent power and reactive power. The
Active Power (Watt) is that portion of electrical power which is the real power including the heat losses.
Utility charges are based on Watts. Apparent Power (VA) is the product of the root mean square (RMS)
voltage and current which are related to the effective load seen by the transformer and current carrying
conductors [13]. Meanwhile, the reactive power (VAR) is the reactive component of the apparent power,
caused by a phase shift between AC current and voltage in inductors (coils) and capacitors. VAR is present in
a distribution system as a result of inductive loads, such as motors, reactors, and transformers. It can also
caused by installation in electrical network. The use of capacitor banks is generally used to compensate
reactive power in order to get a better power factor (PF), lower current and lower voltage drop.
Furthermore, PF and displacement power factor (DPF) were also measured. PF is the ratio of real or
active power to apparent power. Inductive loads cause current to lag behind voltage, while capacitive loads
cause current to lead voltage. Also the presence of harmonic current decreases the PF. The PF uses the total
RMS value, thus including all harmonics, for its calculation. If PF value is between 0 and 1, it means not all
supplied power is consumed since the present of reactive power. If PF equals to 1, the device is consuming
all supplied power sincethere is no reactive power. The device is generating power, current and voltage in
phase if PF is -1, while if PF is between -1 to 0 then device is generating power, current leads or lags [13].
DPF is the cosine of the phase angle between the fundamental current and the fundamental voltage. Inductive
loads cause current to lag behind voltage, while capacitive loads cause current to lead voltage. Low DPF
means that corrective measures have to be taken such as installing capacitors to correct the phase shift
between the voltage and the current. If DPF is between 0 and 1, it means current leads or lags, device
consuming power. If DPF equals to 1, the device is consuming, current and voltage in phase. The device is
generating power, current and voltage in phase if DPF is -1, while if DPF is between -1 to 0 then device is
generating power, current leads or lags. If PF and DPF differ greatly (> 10%), this indicates the presence of
harmonics [13].
Harmonic is a sinusoidal component of an AC voltage that is a multiple of the fundamental
frequency. The measurement of power harmonic was also done in the experiment. Harmonic distortion
means periodic distortion of the sine wave. The waveform becomes distorted when higher frequency
components are added to the pure sine wave. Meanwhile, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the amount of
harmonics in a signal as a percentage of the total RMS value (THD-R) or a percentage of the fundamental
(THD-F). It is a measure of the degree to which a waveform deviates from a purely sinusoidal form. 0%
indicates that there is no distortion. For lighting loads, if the current THD is less than 20 %, the harmonic
distortion is still acceptable. For the motor, in general the THD of the voltage should not exceed 5 %.
Negative sequence harmonics (5th, 11th, 17th, etc.) will cause most heating because they try to run the motor
slower than fundamental since they create reverse rotating magnetics fields within the motor. Positive
sequence harmonics (7th, 13th, 19th, etc.) also cause heating because they try to run the motor faster than
fundamental.
Furthermore, transient measured in the experiment is a very short and sharp increase or decrease in
the voltage (or current) on a waveform. The last parameters measured were Sag and Swell. A Sag is a
temporary voltage decrease caused by, for instance, large equipment starting up or shutting down. The
duration is usually from one cycle to a few seconds. A Swell is a temporary voltage increase where the
duration is usually from one cycle to a few seconds.

IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2013 : 762 – 769

IJECE



ISSN: 2088-8708

765

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Experiment using 100 Watt Bulb
Table 1 shows the measurement resultsusing PQA of the electrical generation with three kinds of
fuel for 100 W bulb (as mentioned in the lamp specification), i.e. gasoline, LPG and biogas. Generator fueled
by 200 ml gasoline operated in 23 minutes 26 seconds (8.53 ml/min) at 3,200 rpm. The working voltage of
223.8 V still appropriate according to PLN and ANSIC84.1 standards, where the frequency was 53.1Hz. The
harmonic distortion is still acceptable since the difference value between PF and DPF less than 10%. It can
also be seen that 7VAR reactive poweris visible, whichmeans that there is fewer inductive load of the
lightelements, but because of the value is quite small, then it give no significant influence to the PF.
In Table 1, generator with 100W bulb consumes 3g/minof LPG with rotor speed 3,459rpm. The
working voltage is 229.8 volts which is still within PLN standard, frequency is 53.7Hz, and current equals to
0.398 Ampere. The PF and DPF are equivalent to 1 which theharmonicdistortionvalue is acceptable. The
reactive power 8 VAR shows less inductive load of the lamp elements.
Biogas driven generator with 100W Bulb load consumes 1.5 g/min of biogas with 2,830 rpm spin
the generator rotor. The electrical parameters of PQA data is listed in Table 1. Its working voltage is 229.8 V
which is still in accordance with the PLN standard with frequency of 46 Hz and current 0.4 Amperes. Active
power (91 W) and apparent power (92 VA) show approximately equalvalues, therefore the PF is1.
Meanwhile, the DPF indicates the value of 1 and shows that the harmonic distortion is still acceptable. This
little harmonic distortion actually appears since for reactive load PF =1 and the DPF (91/92 = 0,9891) where
they show a little difference value which explains why there is a little harmonics. The reactive power is 2
VAR, whichmeans that there is less inductive loadof the lampelements.

Table 1. Measurement Result of Electricity Generation with load 100 W Bulb
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Electrical Parameters
Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Current (A)
Active Power (W)
Apparent Power (VA)
Reactive Power (VAR)
PF
DPF

Gasoline
223.8
52.8
0.390
87
87
7
1
1

LPG
229.8
54
0.398
91
91
8
1
1

Biogas
229.8
46
0.400
91
92
2
1
1

Figure 2 shows other electrical parameters measured in the experiment such as harmonics, transient
and Sags & Swells with 100 W bulb load (resistive load). The voltage harmonics for the three scenarios using
three kinds of fuel in generating electricity show good results although we can see a small positive harmonics
(5th, 29th on using gasoline or LPG and 5th, 11th, 29th on using Biogas). Three fuels can be surely safe for
lighting loads. Their THDs are lower than 20% which are still acceptable. Figure 2 shows that no significant
transient (sharp increase or decrease voltage) on using the three fuels once the generator set was loaded.
From the Sags & Swells measurement, it can be seen that generally there are no Sag and Swell. The Sag in
Figure 2(c) was happen appeared not because of the generation system performance, but it is caused by the
shutting down the generator after running about 100 seconds, while the Sag does not appear before it in the
normal operation.
3.2. Experiment using 200 Watt Bulb
Generatorset fueled by200ml gasoline with 200W Bulb can operatefor 22 minutes 56 seconds (8.72
ml/minute) at 3,203 rpm generator rotor rotation. The electrical parameters of PQA data is presented in Table
2. Its working voltage still fulfills the PLN and ANSIC84.1 standards with frequency of53Hz. Active power
and apparent power show the same value, hence the PF is1, while the DPF equals to 1 and this shows that the
harmonic distortion is still acceptable. The reactive power 12 VAR means there is less inductive load of the
lamp elements.
LPG generator setloaded with2 x 100W bulbs consumes 3.33 g/minof LPG with the generator rotor
speed 2,370 rpm. The electrical parameters of PQA data is presented in Table 2. The working voltage is
slightly less than PLN standard, still fulfill the emergency standard, with quite low frequency. The active
power and apparent power shows the same values and the PF and PDF equal to1 (based on the PQA
precision, although there is a little different value which can cause a hermonic distortion). Therefore, the
harmonic distortion is still acceptable. The reactive power18 VAR means less inductive load of the l amp
elements.
Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum… (Seno D. Panjaitan)

766



ISSN: 2088-8708

(a) Generator fueled by Gasoline

(b) Generator fueled by LPG

(c) Generator fueled by Biogas
Figure 2. Power Quality of Generator with 100 W Bulb load: Power Harmonics, Transient, Sags & Swells

The experiment using biogas from MSW with 200 W bulb load consumes 2 g/min of biogas where
the generator rotor speed is lower than the previous ones (i.e. 2,366 rpm). Table 2 shows that the working
voltage fulfilling the PLN and ANSI C 84.1 standard with quite low frequency (i.e. 39.3 Hz). In Table 2,
active and apparent powers show the similar value, therefore the PF and DPF equal to 1. Because of the
precision of the PQA meter, ther could be a little difference value between Active and apparent power. It can
be seen in the Figure 3 that shows a litlle distortion. However, since the difference between PF and DPF is
not moe than 10%, the harmonic distortion is still acceptable. It is almost similar to the previous results using
other fuels, the reactive power is appear (i.e. 6 VAR) caused by the inductive load in the lamp elements.

Table 2. Measurement Result of Electricity Generation with load 2 x 100 W Bulbs
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Electrical Parameters
Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Current (A)
Active Power (W)
Apparent Power (VA)
Reactive Power (VAR)
PF
DPF

Gasoline
223.5
53
0.791
176
177
12
1
1

LPG
233.7
41.5
0.803
183
183
18
1
1

Biogas
229
39.3
0.830
187
188
6
1
1

Figure 3 shows the measurement of harmonics, transient and Sags & Swells with 2 x 100 W bulb
load (resistive load). The voltage harmonics for the three scenarios using three kinds of fuel in generating
electricity reveals good results although there arequite small positive harmonics (5th on using gasoline, 5th,
29th on using LPG or Biogas). A quite small negative harmonics (7th) is occuredwhen using LPG. Three
fuels can be surely safe for lighting loads. Their THDs are lower than 20% which are still acceptable for
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2013 : 762 – 769

IJECE

ISSN: 2088-8708



767

lighting loads. There is no either significant sharp increase or decrease in voltage as transient on using the
three fuels once the generator set is loaded. From the Sags & Swells measurement, it can be seen that
generally there are no Sag and Swell. The Sag is happen on using biogas caused by the shutting down the
generator after running about 40 seconds, while the Sag does not appear before it.
3.3. Experiment using 125 Watt Water Pump
The operation of generator set using 200 ml gasoline with the resistive-inductive load (i.e. 125 Watt
water pump can operate for 22 minutes 19 seconds (9.6 ml gasoline/minute) with the generator rotor speed
3,190 rpm. The electrical parameters data of PQA is presented in Table 3 The working voltage fulfill the
PLN and ANSIC84.1 standards, with frequency 52.8Hz. Active power and apparent powershow a different
value therefore the PF and PDF are lower than 1. This is caused by the value of inductive load decrease the
value of PF. However, there is no harmonic distortion since the difference between PF and PDF lower than
10%. The reactive power is 42 VAR, which means there is alarge inductive load of the motor winding in the
pump.
Further more, the LPG consumption in the generator operation was 3.33 gram/minute with 2,301
rpm rotor speed. Table 3 shows that the working voltage fulfilled PLN and ANSIC84.1 standards, with quite
low frequency. The active power and apparent power shows arather large difference, consequently the PF
and DPF are less than 1 without harmonic distortion. It can be seen that there is 290 VAR reactive power,
which means that there are quite large inductive load sof winding elements on the pumpmotor.

(a) Generator fueled by Gasoline

(b) Generator fueled by LPG

(c) Generator fueled by Biogas
Figure 3. Power Quality of Generator with 2x 100 W bulbs load: Power Harmonics, Transient, Sags & Swells

The consumption of biogas for the electricity generation with 125 W water pump as load 3
gram/minute with 1,364 rpm of rotor speed. In Table 3, the working voltage was still in the PLN and ANSI C
Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum… (Seno D. Panjaitan)

768



ISSN: 2088-8708

84.1 standard with quite low frequency. Active and apparent power show a big difference, therefore the PF
and DPF are quite less than 1 without harmonic distortion. It is caused by the large inductive load in the
pump motor. The reactive power value shows the high inductive load in the wire turn in the motor.

Table 3. Measurement Result of Electricity Generation with load 125 W Water Pump
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Electrical Parameters
Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Current (A)
Active Power (W)
Apparent Power (VA)
Reactive Power (VAR)
PF
DPF

Gasoline
221.2
53.0
0.778
148
174
92
0.86
0.87

LPG
221.4
38.1
1.779
257
384
290
0.66
0.67

Biogas
224
37.7
1.117
162
249
179
0.65
0.67

4.

CONCLUSION
The power quality and energy consumption of electrical generation using gasoline, LPG and biogas
from MSW has been compared in this paper. The performance of voltage using these three fuels generally
still fulfilled the PLN, ANSI C 84.1 and emergency standard. The problem appeared in frequency especially
for both LPG and Biogas which was still quite low compare to the requirement (i.e. 50 Hz). The feature of
active, apparent and reactive powers for three fuels under resistive load (100 W and 200 W bulbs) and
resistive-inductive load (125 W water pump) expressed the similar phenomena which influenced the PF and
DPF. Furthermore, energy consumption in using combustible gas either LPG or biogas was less expensive
and less emissions than using gasoline. Future work will address the frequency control especially for
generator set application which can be applied modularly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors would like to thank Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology that provides funding
for the whole research cost based on the national competition under program scheme INSINAS (Insentif
Riset Sistem Inovasi Nasional or Research Incentive for National Innovation System) number RT-2012-1016
and RT-2013-1852. Author would also like to thank Head of Research Institute and Dean of Engineering
Faculty Tanjungpura University as well as team in Control System Laboratory that provide help and space to
carry out the research activities.

REFERENCES
[1]

DM Atia, et al. “Modeling and Control PV-Wind Hybrid System based on Fuzzy Logic Control Technique”.
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering. 2012; 10(3): 431-441.
[2] DM Atia, et al. “A new control and design of PEM fuel cell powered air diffused aeration system”. TELKOMNIKA
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering. 2012; 10(2): 291-302.
[3] SD Panjaitan, et al. “Migration from Gasoline to Gaseous Fuel for Small-scale Electricity Generation Systems”.
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering. 2013; 11(1): 29-36.
[4] Y Zhang, et al. “Simulation of Biogas Generation”. IEEE Conf. on Transmission & Distribution Conference &
Exposition: Asia and Pacific. 2009: 1-5.
[5] C Su, et al. “The Design and Study on the Mixture Control System of the Biogas-Gasoline Dual-fuel Engine”.
IEEE International Conference onMaterials for Renewable Energy & Environment (ICMREE). 2011; 1: 517-520.
[6] L Shi, et al. “Refitting Design of Miniature Biogas Generating System”. International IEEE Conference on
Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). 2011: 1544-1547.
[7] Y Jiang, et al. “Research of Biogas as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engine”. Power and Energy Engineering
Conference. 2009: 1-4.
[8] W Li and L Ping Yi. “Analysis of a Commercial Biogas Generation System Using a Gas Engine Induction
Generator Set”. IEEE Transactions onEnergy Conversion. 2009; 24(1): 230-239.
[9] L Zhijun, et al. “Simulation and analysis of the third-order model of synchronous generator based on MFC”.
International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. 2009: 4252-4256.
[10] S Bardi and A Astolfi. “Modeling and Control of a Waste-to-Energy Plant [Applications of Control]”. IEEE
Transaction on Control System. 2010; 30(6): 27-37.
[11] G Jiasheng, et al. “Numerical investigation on the performance of spark ignition engine used for electricity
production fuelled by natural gas/liquefied petroleum gas-biogas blends with Modelica”. 2nd International
Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET). 2010; 6(2): 682-687.

IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2013 : 762 – 769

IJECE

ISSN: 2088-8708



769

[12] Z Xu. “Model and performance for direct supplying energy system by biogas”. International Conference onNew
Technology of Agricultural Engineering (ICAE). 2011: 751-754.
[13] Fluke Corporation. “Fluke 43B Power Quality Analyzer – Applications Guide”. 2001.
[14] B Sitorus, et al. “Biogas recovery from anaerobic digestion process of mixed fruit-vegetales wastes”. Energy
Procedia – Elsevier. 2013; 32: 176-182.
[15] SD Panjaitan, et al. “Potency of biogas from municipal solid waste for electricity generation: case study of a small
scale landfill in Pontianak”. Proceedings of the 7th Asian pacific landfill symposium – sustainable solid waste
management for a better life. 2012: OWB-9-178-183.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Seno Darmawan Panjaitan was born in Pontianak, Indonesia on July 16, 1975. He received
Bachelor degree (S.T.) in Electrical Engineering from Tanjungpura University (Indonesia) in
1997 andMaster degree (M.T.) in Electrical Engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology
(Indonesia) in 2001. He received his doctoral degree (Dr.-Ing.) on electrical and computer
engineering from Technishce Universitaet Kaiserslautern (Germany) in 2007. He is now
working as an Associated Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, Tanjungpura
University, in Automatic Control Engineering research group. His research focuses on automatic
control and industrial informatics, green control technology, energy optimization, and
mechatronics. He is now an IEEE member and also joining IEEE Industrial Electronics society,
IEEE Industry Applications society, IEEE Power & Energy society, and IEEE Robotics and
Automation Society.

Yandri was born at Singkawang, Indonesia on March 29, 1969. He received Undergraduate
Degree (S.T.) on Electrical Engineering from Tanjungpura University (Indonesia) in 1994 and
Master Degree (M.T.) on Electrical Engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology
(Indonesia) in 2005 with the major in Electrical Power Engineering. He once worked in the
Electrical Section, IKPP Corporation (Indonesia), a company which manufactures pulp and
paper (from 1995 to 1999). He has been working as a lecturer in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Tanjungpura University for 14 years (since 1999). He is
interested in Electric Machines and Power Plant. The researches that have been done focussing
on Induction Motor and Renewable Energy.

Sukandar received Bachelor degree (S.Si.) in Chemistry Department in 1998 and Master degree
(M.T.) inCivil and Environmental Engineering Department in 2001 from Bandung Institute of
Technology (Indonesia). He received his doctoral degree (Dr. Eng.) in Environmental science
and technology, Okayama University, Japan 2006. He is now working as a senior lecturer in
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, in Air
and Waste Management group. His research focuses on solid, poissoned and hazardous solid
waste.

Berlian Sitorus was born in Barus, Indonesia on October 10, 1974. He received Bachelor degree
(S.Si) in Chemistry from Bandung Institute of Technology (Indonesia) in 1998, Master degree
(M.Si) in Chemistry from Bandung Institute of Technology (Indonesia) in 2001, and Master
(M.Sc) in Environmental Sanitation from University of Ghent (Belgium) in 2006. Now she
works as lecturer and researcher at Chemistry Department, Tanjungpura University (Indonesia).
Her research focuses on environment such as waste/wastewater treatment and their conversion
into valuable products. She is now a member of Indonesian Chemical Society

Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum… (Seno D. Panjaitan)