Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management https://doi.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Manual Hydroseeding Method for Planting Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.
) Pers.
Zainal Muttaqina.
Yuliana Purbab.
Srikandic Department of Forestry.
Nusa Bangsa University.
Bogor, 16166 Indonesia Department of Master of Development Economics.
Nusa Bangsa University .
Bogor, 16166.
Indonesia Department of Biology.
Nusa Bangsa University.
Bogor, 16166.
Indonesia Article History Received 11 September 2025 Revised 4 November 2025 Accepted 19 Desember Keywords Sesbania grandiflora, slope area, observed sample plots .
ABSTRACT As an alternative to conventional reforestation using plant seeds, slightly hilly slopes can be revegetated using no-till and hydroseeding methods.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydroseeding mixtures for revegetation on 15Ae25% slopes in the campus area of Nusa Bangsa University.
The research was conducted at a plot scale using Observed Sample Plots (OSP.
0 m y 1.
2 m, following slope conditions.
Each plot (OSP) consisted of 60 subplots using the Templok method, arranged in a checkerboard pattern, with 30 sub-plots treated with hydroseeding mixtures.
The treatments included combinations of two planting media of sengon (Falcataria falcat.
sawdust and chopped jati (Tectona grandi.
1 kg eac.
and three concentrations of tackifier .
, 3, and 6 g/L wate.
The result of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the graphic of germination development that the treatment of M2S2 .
edia of sawdust and tackifier 6 g/L) showed significant effect on the germination percentage.
So, this combination treatment improved germination compared to other treatments.
However, splash erosion was observed across all plots, causing considerable loss of planting media.
Therefore, large-scale application of hydroseeding on slopes requires additional erosion control, such as bamboo supports, coconet, or geo-jute, to maintain soil stability.
Introduction Over the past five years, data from the National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) in 2024 recorded a total of 14,930 disaster events across Indonesia.
In 2024, 751 disaster events were reported, with landslides being the most frequent type of disaster .
and volcanic eruptions being the least frequent, with only one recorded occurrence .
Natural disasters, such as floods and landslides, have frequently occurred in Indonesia, particularly since early 2020.
These disasters have caused extensive land degradation, where erosion and surface runoff are intensified owing to the loss of vegetation cover .
As reported in previous studies, landslides often trigger splash erosion and accelerate soil particle loss.
In addition, de Ona et al.
and Kendarto et al.
presented that vegetative methods are among the most recommended techniques for protecting slope areas.
These include planting grasses, legume cover crops (LCC), and various fast-growing tree species as ground cover vegetation.
One alternative technique that has gained attention is hydroseeding .
This method applies a uniform blend of seeds, organic mulch, nutrients, and adhesives .
across the soil layer to promote rapid germination and slope stabilization.
Compared to traditional methods, direct seeding is more practical and cost-effective, particularly for largescale applications, and it bypasses the nursery and transplanting stages .
However, its limitations lie in the lack of seed protection during germination, particularly on steep terrain .
Subsequently, to further examine the advantages and disadvantages of the direct seeding and hydroseeding methods, research needs to be Corresponding Author: Zainal Muttaqin 16166.
Indonesia.
muttaqinznl@gmail.
Department of Forestry.
Nusa Bangsa University.
Bogor.
A 2026 Muttaqin et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, allowing unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided proper credit is given to the original authors.
Think twice before printing this journal paper.
Save paper, trees, and Earth! conducted on their effectiveness .
In contrast, hydroseeding improves seed adhesion and growth by creating a more suitable microenvironment for germination.
Hydroseeding can be conducted manually and mechanically using a hydroseeder, whereas community-based hydroseeding planting practices have been carried out for slope stability .
Grass seeds obtained from the market, which were mixed with compost, soil conditioner, guar gum, water to form a hydroseeding formula.
The formula was then sprayed on landslide soil media at various slope levels in a laboratory-scale study.
Moreover, the review suggested that hydroseeding success can be enhanced through various techniques, such as topsoil spreading, using native seeds, and Mycorrhizal or Rhizobium inoculation .
Research on hydroseeding in Indonesia is limited.
In addition, the technique of planting mixed hydroseeding materials can be done using the term templok as hydroseeding method manually.
In Indonesia, the templok method was developed as a manual adaptation of hydroseeding, designed for small-scale use in rural or degraded areas.
Preliminary research on the application of the templok method was conducted by a researcher at the scale of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest.
IPB.
Sukabumi Regency .
Meanwhile, researchers have conducted laboratory-scale research on the use of hydroseeding mixtures to stabilize easily eroded road slope soils, including testing the aspects of soil physical and chemical composition .
Hence, this research was carried out to build on the results of the previous two studies by determining the types of local plants that are ecologically adaptive and modifying the hydroseeding mixture applied to sloped areas after landslide and erosion disasters.
Considering the status of this research as preliminary, the results can be recommended for the implementation of best practices performed by the district, sub-district, village, and community governments, as well as the BNPB.
Thus, this study includes a basic research scheme.
Previous studies have explored the use of various hydroseeding media, such as sawdust, chopped litter, and compost, and have identified several local Leguminosae species suitable for such methods .
Among them.
Sesbania grandiflora .
shows promise because of its fast germination and ecological adaptability, and it is a lowland species highly suited to hot and humid environments, as well as seasonally waterlogged This plant has a low tolerance for cold temperatures .
elow approximately 10 AC) and is not windresistant .
However, germination rates remain low when applied to mineral soils using hydroseeding.
Therefore, further experimentation is essential to optimize the media composition and adhesive concentration to enhance germination success.
Hydroseeding research with local Leguminosae species on post-mining land was conducted by researchers, which concluded that the perennial Cajanus cajan.
Indigofera sp.
, and Sesbania sesban can also potentially be incorporated into hydroseeding slurries to enhance the vertical structure of vegetation and the species diversity of pioneer plants .
Meanwhile.
grandiflora and Adenanthera pavonina have a low germination rate .
ermination percentage <20%) even though they have a fast germination time.
Hydroseeding also was favoured by legume species, such as Onobrychis viciifolia.
Ononis arvensis.
Lotus corniculatus, and Trifolium medium, while Festuca rubra favoured the regular seeding treatment .
On the whole, their findings confirm that legume species that performace more competitive growth traits than grasses and forbs species.
The legume speies should be belonged in the seed mixture in worth proportions when hydroseeding is used As a comparison, further research is needed on the hydroseeding of local Leguminosae (S.
on sloping mineral soil within the scope of the present research.
The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of hydroseeding mixtures using chopped jati (Tectona grandi.
litter and Falcataria falcata sawdust, combined with varying concentrations of tackifier, to promote S.
grandiflora germination on 15Ae25% sloped Materials and Methods Materials & Site Preparation The source seed turi (S.
was obtained by purchasing it online.
It is considered to have superior quality seeds.
They were used directly for mixed hydroseeding.
The hydroseeding technique in this study involved the preparation of a slurry mixture composed of planting media .
, soil-stabilizing agents, adhesive substances to bind seeds to mulch, fertilizers, and legume seeds .
In manual applications, hydroseeding can include combinations of cocomesh, polymer materials .
, teraglu or kacret as adhesive.
, water, legume seeds, and organic materials such as compost or litter of uniform size, following a systematic mixing sequence .
The field experiment was conducted on a 15Ae25% slope located within the Nusa Bangsa University campus in Bogor.
Indonesia.
The initial site preparation included the manual clearing of existing https://doi.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 16.
| 53
The study location was at 60 83Ao 07AyS, 1060 46Ao 36AyE.
60 33Ao 07AyS, 1060 46Ao 35AyE, at an altitude of 184 m above sea level, and has latosol of reddish brown .
The environmental data in the form of weather are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Data of some elements of weather in study location in April.
May.
June 2021 during the field study.
That table presents daily rainfall in April .
May .
and June .
, and the annual rainfall in 2021 was 3,786.
6 mm.
Temperature ranges 25.
9Ae26.
9 oC in accordance with the tropis area in Indonesia, relative humidity ranges 83.
9Ae86.
ery hig.
, solar radiation ranges 5.
5Ae6.
8 hour/daily.
In this source, is climatology station West Java, -6.
50000 latitude, 7500 longitude, elevation 207 m a.
bove sea leve.
Elements of weather Rainfall .
Rainfall daily .
Temperature .
C) Relative humidity (%) Solar radiation .
April 2A15.
2A0.
2A3.
5A3.
May 9A25.
9A0.
9A3.
8A2.
June 7A16.
9A0.
1A2.
7A - 26.
The other environmental data based on the results of soil chemical analysis by Laboratorium of ICTB PT Biodiversitas Bioteknologi Indonesia were tested in 2024 and refer to Djaenudin et al.
The study site has soil fertility status parameters such as soil pH (H2O) ranging from 5.
3Ae6.
cid-rather aci.
C-organic .
64Ae 90%) .
ery low-lo.
N total .
09Ae0.
22%) .
ery low-lo.
P available .
79Ae8.
88 mg/k.
ery low-lo.
K exchangable .
08Ae0.
40 cmo( )/k.
ery low-moderat.
CEC .
67Ae20.
46 cmol( )/k.
ow-moderat.
, base saturation .
Ae100%) .
ery hig.
Experimental Design and Hydroseeding Application Sample plots, known as Observation Sample Plots (OSP.
, were constructed with modified dimensions of 2.
m y 1.
2 m, adjusted from the original 4.
0 m y 1.
2 m layout, suit field conditions and space limitations in the Nusa Bangsa University area .
Each OSP was arranged using the templok method, following a systematic checkerboard pattern composed of 60 subplots .
cm y 20 c.
, 30 of which were treated with the hydroseeding mixture.
The experiment used a factorial design with two treatment variables.
The first factor was the type of planting medium: chopped teak leaf litter (M.
and F.
falcata sawdust (M.
, each weighing 1 kg.
The second factor was the concentration of the tackifier used as a binding agent: 0 g/L (S.
, 3 g/L (S.
, and 6 g/L (S.
Each OSP received 24 g of S.
The hydroseeding slurry was prepared by mixing the planting medium .
1 k.
, tackifier at the designated concentration, and 1 L of water in a container until a uniform and homogeneous mixture was formed.
The six treatment combinations resulting from 2 media types y 3 tackifier concentrations .
y 3 = .
were applied to six OSPs.
Each treatment was replicated twice, resulting in 12 OSP units.
The placement of each OSP was randomized in the study area.
The layout of the six treatments and OSP is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1.
The layout of hydroseeding treatment combination code of each OSP in the field study in campus area of Nusa Bangsa University.
That figure illustrated a treatment combination consisting of: M1S0Bt: 1.
1 kg chopped teak litter media 0 g stickifier 1 L of water.
M1S1Bt: teak litter media chopped 1.
1 kg 3 g tackifier 1 L water.
M1S2Bt:
teak litter media chopped 1.
1 kg 6 g tackifier 1 L water.
M2S0Bt: 1.
1 kg sengon (Paraserianthes falcat.
sawdust media 0 g tackifier 1 L water.
M2S1Bt: media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 3 g 1 L water.
and M2S2Bt: media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 6 g 1 L water.
This journal is A Muttaqin et al.
JPSL, 16.
| 54
Figure 2.
The experimental plots were conducted on a slope of 15-25%.
Sample plot unit (OSP.
were constructed with modified dimensions of 2.
0 m y 1.
2 m, adjusted from the original 4.
0 m y 1.
2 m layout in campus area of Nusa Bangsa University.
Those plots were adapted to the condition and limitations of the land.
Measurement of Parameters In the germination process of turi, divided into four stages as follows modification of criteria for this study .
, especially for this study, consists of Stage 1: cotyledon was divided, forming a hypocotyl .
rospective stem under the cotyledo.
Stage 2: cotyledon was elevated, forming an epicotyl .
andidate stem above the Stage 3a: cotyledon was present, forming hypocotyls, epicotyls, and one pair of leaves.
Stage 3b:
cotyledon fell off, forming stems, two pairs of leaves, and further growth.
The measured parameters included the percentage of germination (%K), germination value (NK 1 and NK.
, and the sum of leaves in the final The sum of leaves as vegetative growth is considered to represent the parameter of diameter and height of sprouts that are measured technically in hydroseeding media.
The parameter measurements were performed every week for 8 weeks, or approximately 2 months.
Observation sheet of turi seed germination data.
Data Processing and Analysis The data of the germination parameters were processed by means of tabulation and graphically.
The parameter of seed physiology quality was used in the Czabazor formula, that is, %K .
ercentage of germinatio.
NK .
ermination valu.
differentiated of NK .
and NK .
, and added the sum of sprouts leaves in the sighting finally .
The data analysis carried out includes the percentage phase of germination, germination value, with the following formula:
%K=
tEayce ycycyco ycuyce ycyceyceycc yciyceycycoycnycuycaycyceycc tEayce ycycyco ycuyce ycyceyceycc ycycuycyceycc x 100% .
where %K, is the percentage fase of germination, this is calculated from the number of seeds that germinate divided by the total number of seeds sown, then multiplied by 100 or expressed as a percentage.
in addition, the formula of germination value (NK) is divided into 2 formulas.
The first formula is shown in Equations 2, 3, and 4.
Meanwhile, the second formula can be seen in Equations 5 and 6.
NK1 = PV x MDG where NK1, is calculation between the peak of germination value .
he highest PV valu.
multipled by the average of germination daily (MDG).
PV =
% gyceycycoycnycuycaycycnycuycu ycnycu ycEayce yccycayc ycycuOei MDG = tEayce ycycyco ycuyce yccycayc ycuyceyceyccyceycc % gyceycycoycnycuycaycycnycuycu ycuyce ycuycaycyceycycyceycc yceycnycuycaycoycoyc dycycycaycycnycuycu ycuyce oycaycyceycycycaycycnycuycu https://doi.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 16.
| 55
for formula 2, where NK2, is the average number of days to germination divided by the sum of seed sowed then multiplied by the germination percentage and 10 subplots.
NK2 =
Oc RH x % K x 10 where RH, is the average number of days to germination obtained from hi or Oc seed sowed in the day to-, ni = the day to-i.
RH =
1 x Ea1 ) .
2 x Ea2 ) U .
ycnx Eayc.
n1 n2 U nycn Statistical analysis using univariate ANOVA with IBM SPSS Statistics 23 revealed that either a single factor, such as the first treatment of the type of media (M) consisting of .
hopped litter of tea.
awdust of sengo.
or the second treatment of the tackifier (S) content, or a combination of media and tackifier content showed a significant difference (Sig.
<0.
among several treatment combinations of six OSPs [M1S0.
M1S1.
M1S2.
M2S0.
M2S1.
M2S.
A 2 y 3 factorial experimental design was used to examine the differences in parameters between the treatments.
Result The Value of the Germination Parameter The tabulation results of the recapitulation of the turi seed germination process by hydroseeding are summarized in Table 2.
In that table, the single treatment (M1.
, the treatment of SO versus S2, and the treatment of the combination of M and S had very significant and significant effects on percentage germination (%K).
In addition, for germinate value (NK .
, the treatment of M (M1.
effect significant to (%K).
However, for germination value (NK .
and the sum of leaves, the treatment of single M.
S, and combination of M and S were not significantly affected.
The results suggest that sengon sawdust in M2 medium and S2 tackifier provided better support for the percentage germination of S.
grandiflora seeds.
Table 2.
The result of recapitulation of ANOVA for germination parameters of turi (S.
by hydroseeding manually on slope 15Ae25% , among significantly different treatments.
That table presents a summary of parameter of germination percentage (%K), germination value (NK1.
NK.
, and the sum of leaves.
In that table, both the single treatment .
, and the combination of M .
and S .
have very significant (**), whereas the treatment of SO versus S2 was significant (*) on percentage germination (%K).
Parameter % Germinate (% K) Germinate value (NK.
Germinate value (NK.
The sum of leaves On ANOVA Source Media media tackfier S0 x S2 Media media tackfier Media media tackfier Media media tackfier The development of the seed germination process of turi was analyzed step by step by hydroseeding fromsix treatments over eight weeks of observation and measurement, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
The following selected only for parameter of percentage germination (%K) and germination value (NK .
have respond significant, there were the effect of treatment significant of its M .
S .
and its combination of M and S.
This journal is A Muttaqin et al.
JPSL, 16.
| 56
Type of treatment Germination value (NK-.
Germination percentage (% K) NK-2 Figure 3.
Respond of type of treatment to germination percentage (% K) and germination value (NK .
for hydroseeding manually of turi (S.
on slope 15Ae25%.
Type of treatment consist of 1=M1S0, 2=M1S2, 3=M1S2, 4=M2S0, 5=M2S1, 6=M2S2.
That figure presented that treatment of 6 (M2S.
was consists of media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 6 g 1 L water, it gave the highest of %K.
Besides that treatment of 4 (M2S.
was consists of media of sawn 1 kg tackifier 0 g 1 L water, it gave the highest value (NK.
Figure 4.
The average number of seeds germinated by six treatments at the finally germination stage of turi (S.
by hydroseeding manually on slope 15Ae25%.
In that table, the two highest average number of germinated seeds was in the M1S2 and M2S1 media.
The M1S2 treatment consists of media of jati litter chopped 1.
1 kg tackifier 6 g 1 L water, and the M2S1 treatment consists of media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 3 g 1 L water.
Review of Value of Soil Erodibility and Eroded of OSPs Based on the results of the soil test at three sampling points, the estimated soil erodibility (K) and the amount of erosion that occurred (E) at the study site were determined.
It obtained K value ranges of 0.
06Ae0.
ery lo.
The amount of erosion was obtained based on the USLE formula.
USLE ranges from to 144.
174Ae 270 ton/ha/year.
This means that although soil erodibility is very low, it is based on the review of the erosion hazard level of the soil solum to the sum of maximum erosion .
This was compared with solum thickness (>90 c.
so that it was obtained from erosion, including moderate to heavy.
https://doi.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 16.
| 57
Table 3.
Percentage of media eroded on OSPs of Hydroseeding manually on slope 15Ae25%.
That table presented average percentage of media eroded and its standard deviation (SD) in each subplot in the PCP of each or all Also, that table presented that the highest of % average of media eroded was M2S1 dan M2S2 .
%).
That treatment of M2S1 was consists of media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 3 g 1 L water, and that treatment of M2S.
was consists of media of sawn sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 6 g 1 L water.
Treatment
M1S0
M1S1
M1S2
M2S0
M2S1
M2S2
AverageASD % average of media eroded on every subplot in OSPs 7A18.
The sum of subplots in OSP with media eroded repetition 1 .
repetition 2 .
0A9.
0A8.
Average 5A7.
Discussion In Figure 3, the treatment of M2S2 .
edia sawdust of sengon 1.
1 kg tackfier 6 g/L) has the hydroseeding manually the highest germination percentage (K%) .
60A0.
also strengthened by considered that tendency line the more increasing withdrawn starting from the treatment of M1S0 until M2S2.
As shown in Table 2, stated there ws the different significant treatment of S0 and S2 means gave tackfier 2x concentration affected the increase in germination percentage.
Actually the other result The treatment with M2S0 .
aw dust of sengon 1.
1 kg tackifier 0 g/L) or even without tackifier had the highest germination value (NK.
34A2.
, followed by M2S2 and others.
However, the tendency line kept increasing from the treatment of M1S0 to M2S2.
As the support of comparisons of the average number of turi seed germination among treatments are shown in Figures 4.
At the final process of the germination stage, the highest number of germinated seeds was in the M1S2 treatment using chopped teak leaf litter media with a 6 g/L stickifier.
It was also revealed that a higher concentration of tackifier as a seed adhesive, from 3 to 6 g per L with chopped teak leaf litter media, resulted in a higher average number of germinated seeds.
In addition, the final process of the germination stage was indicated by loose cotyledons, formed stems, and two or more pairs of leaves.
This condition indicates that the stickier materials increased cohesively and added adhesion of soil aggregates and the adhesive of the seed surface to the media surface.
The increase in cohesion strengthens the bond between soil particles and seeds, forming a more stable protective layer against raindrop impact and surface runoff .
This combination has been proven effective in reducing the rate of soil erosion and maintaining seeds in optimal planting positions, thereby supporting early seedling establishment and uniform germination .
Ae.
Hydroseeding mulch used as a seed germination medium consists of a tackifier agent, water, compost, and fiber .
sesban had the highest germination rate .
%) in M2 medium with twice the tackifier content than its M1, in accordance with the results of this study (Figure .
, and the lowest was shown by T.
%) in both media.
The earliest germination was observed in C.
pallida and S.
sesban, which germinated as early as 2 days after sowing (DAS).
Meanwhile.
timorense and T.
arundinaceae exhibited the lowest germination rates, reaching their maximum at 11 days after sowing (DAS).
The fluid M1 medium was optimal for the germination of S.
%) and S.
%), whereas the denser M2 medium favored S.
%) and S.
%).
Similarly, a study by Azalia et al.
on post-mining soils demonstrated that all tested species were able to germinate and grow successfully in hydroseeding mulch treatments.
Mulches two, three, four, and five consisted of galam bark, cocopeat, humic acid, local microorganisms (LMO), and water, but differed in the adhesive used for preparation.
In contrast, mulches six and seven were prepared using sawdust, cocopeat.
LMO, goat compost, leaf compost, water, and adhesive.
The control mulch was prepared using buffalo feces mixed with water.
The species tested were Crotalaria pallida.
Cajanus cajan.
Kyllinga monocephala.
Paspalum conjugatum.
Digitaria sanguinalis, and Eleusine indica.
Among these.
monocephala failed to grow on mulches two, four, and five, whereas D.
sanguinalis did not grow on mulch four.
The highest germination This journal is A Muttaqin et al.
JPSL, 16.
| 58
percentages were observed in C.
7%) and C.
4%) on mulch two, with germination occurring at eight and three DAS, respectively.
Conversely.
monocephala exhibited the lowest germination across all mulch treatments, persisting until 30 DAS.
Based on these findings, mulch two .
H 7.
06 and 59% organic matte.
was identified as the most suitable formulation for accelerating revegetation using hydroseeding, particularly for Leguminosae, whereas mulch seven .
H 6.
8 and 47% organic matte.
was recommended for Poaceae and polyculture systems.
In contrast, another study showed that hydroseeding significantly increased ecosystem nitrogen storage during the initial stages of post-fire succession, but this occurred at the expense of native shrub regeneration and species richness .
Similarly, the other research reported that the application of organic mulch in coastal sage scrub restoration enhanced microbial nitrogen immobilization and improved the survival rates of replanted native shrubs .
In addition, the main cause was the large amount of planting media .
ydroseeding mixtur.
being eroded in each sub-OSPs in the OSP unit, which is explained in the next According to field observations, the number of individuals that germinated was low due to some seeds having low viability, fungal attacks, and predation by ants in a coal post-mining land.
It was also explained that seed quality and dormancy, inhibitor presence, and predation might serve as limiting factors .
Fungal attack occurred if the medium was highly acidic and moist.
In addition, immature seed germination stimulates fungal growth .
In this study, it was observed that many turi (S.
seeds did not germinate, potentially due to the decomposition rate of the hydroseeding mixture and the physical resistance of the hydroseeding mulch that was not optimal for seed germination.
Seeds that do not germinate can be influenced by internal factors such as seed quality and external factors such as temperature, air availability, and physical barriers .
Ae.
The other researcher have highlighted that seed germination is determined by factors including species selection, genetic material, inherent germination rate, applied treatments, environmental conditions, germination timing, and rainfall amount and intensity .
One strategy to overcome low germination involves increasing seed quantity and improving selection criteria.
Furthermore, hot-water soaking at specific temperatures and exposure times can substantially improve germination, particularly in seeds of the Leguminosae family .
As described in studies, germination is a complex biological process involving multiple regulatory mechanisms that drive embryo development and plant establishment .
The other evidence demonstrated that Leguminosae species possess superior germination performance, characterized by higher rates and faster germination times than those of Poaceae and Cyperaceae .
Seed Germination Characteristics of Sesbania grandiflora This supports the success of hydroseeding, which requires large amounts of seeds for its application .
compared with the other study results, based on availability.
roadleaf plan.
can be found in large quantities in the market, both direct buying and marketplace.
Based on vegetative growth, this species can grow quickly .
It has been reported that S.
grandiflora has a germination rate .
%), with lower 1st day germination .
, high seed availability .
, fast vegetative growth .
, moderate seed production .
, a perennial life cycle .
, and a sapling life form .
Also, they presented of their result that percentage of leguminosae include S.
grandiflora of seeds germination, was higher than that of Cyperaceae and Poaceae seeds .
Factors Influencing Germination Stages Environmental factors, the occurrence of splash erosion and small surface runoff in each OSP indicated the presence of environmental factors.
Subsequently, most subplots in the OSPs, previously cleared of vegetation cover, lost the hydroseeding planting media mixed with tackifier.
The intensity of splash erosion was triggered by the number of rainy days during the research period .
0 month.
in April.
May, and June The intensity of splash erosion was triggered by the number of rainy days during the research period .
0 month.
in April.
May, and June 2021 (Table .
Splash erosion was also triggered by soil aggregates in the OSPs, which were easily susceptible to decomposition by falling raindrops because of the small amount of adhesive organic matter.
Coconet and geo-jute mesh materials were spread to strengthen the soil aggregates and the media used .
Bioengineering techniques such as hydroseeding and coconet application can accelerate vegetation growth while reducing soil erosion and enhancing soil stability, with coconets made from coconut fiber serving as effective soil conditioners .
https://doi.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 16.
| 59
The use of various media, based on the use of hydroseeding media, the mulch inhibited the growth of weeds, protected soil particles from erosion and being carried away by surface runoff, and maintained the stability of soil structure and moisture .
A higher average percentage of germinated seeds was identified in the M2S2 treatment than in the other five treatments.
The treatment used sengon sawdust media with 6 g/L of tackifier at germination stages finally A, which was marked by the appearance of cotyledons, the formation of hypocotyls and epicotyls, and had a minimum of two pair of leaves.
Furthermore, at the final germination stage, a higher average number of germinated seeds was found in the M2S2 treatment using sengon sawdust media with 6 g/L of tackifier that were marked by loose cotyledons, formed stems, and two pairs of leaves or more, compared with the other five treatments.
Sawdust media had a relatively smaller particle size than chopped litter, so it could bind or attach more strongly and compactly to mixed turi seeds, producing a higher number of germinated seeds.
Moreover, the chopped litter media had a larger particle size to support the development of germinated seeds.
The data on the eroded hydroseeding media in each plot (OSP) at the end of the observation period are presented in Table 3.
Table 3 shows that the treatment of a combination of the media type and tackifier content resulted in an average of 50Ae90% of every subplot eroded media in the OSPs.
In other words, each OSP area had its media eroded by a minimum of 50% and a maximum of 90%.
A large amount of eroded media was mainly due to the direct fall of raindrops on the sloping OSP soil surface .
Ae25%) without vegetation cover or given shield of coconut and geo-jute at the start of the hydroseeding method, which caused initial splash erosion.
This condition caused the aggregate media and soil particles to reduce or become brittle, so that the adhesion of the seeds to the media decreased, and the media and soil particles were washed away by small surface flows following the slope.
Hydroseeding treatments significantly enhanced vegetation cover, with wood fibers exhibiting the highest effectiveness .
Comparatively, paper mulch was a more economical but less efficient option on gentle slopes, whereas a combination of paper mulch and blankets was more suitable for steep slopes with a high erosion risk.
Consistent with these findings, the use of chopped teak leaf litter and F.
moluccana sawdust as germination media for S.
grandiflora seeds can likewise be classified as an effective wood fiberAebased material.
Similarly, the number of subplots in the OSPs with eroded media completely ranged from 1Ae24 subplots in OSP of replication 1 and 0Ae22 subplots in OSP of replication 2.
Notably, there were 10 subplots with an average of 3% eroded media completely in the first OSP replication, whereas the second replication ran into six subplots with an average of 20%.
The OSP was run into 26.
7% eroded media in the subplots on average.
In comparison, that demonstrated that the hydroseeding formula, along with the interaction between slope gradient and hydroseeding treatment, significantly influenced the germination rate of Cyperus brevifolius and Pueraria javanica .
However, this interaction had no significant effect on plant height or leaf number.
The highest germination rates were recorded in plots with a 100% slope for both species.
These findings suggest that both species possess strong potential as pioneer plants for post-landslide reclamation on slopes of 100%, compared with 60% and 140%.
There were several shortcomings in the evaluation of the research results, including the following: .
The observation sample plot (OSP.
was 2 m by 1.
2 m.
Based on previous research .
m y 1.
, it was made larger to obtain valid observation results.
The design of this study was a two-factorial treatment consisting of media types .
wo sub-treatment.
and tackifier concentrations .
hree sub-treatment.
Each treatment factor had the same number of sub-treatments to obtain an accurate statistical analysis.
Each row of templok was given bamboo support to prevent or reduce erosion and surface runoff in the plotted area (OSP.
or will give coconet and geo-jute .
The templok method represents a viable and improved vegetative technique for erosion control and rehabilitation on steep terrain, offering a practical solution to increase the success rate of legume cover crop (LCC) establishment in challenging environments .
PT ANTAM UBPE
Pongkor placed a cocomesh on the land surface before applying hydroseeding manually .
On relatively flat land, cover crop planting can be done manually, whereas on land with a slightly steep slope, cover crops can be planted using hydroseeding to reduce the rate of erosion .
Thus, in the final germination stage .
, early turi seeds were formed and indicated by loose cotyledons, a formed stem, and at least two pairs of leaves in the planting media or hydroseeding with a mixture of chopped teak litter .
and tackifier .
in one liter of water, has the height number of seed turi germinated.
The use of tackifier concentrations, twice as much as 6 g/L, increased the percentage of germinated turi seeds.
This journal is A Muttaqin et al.
JPSL, 16.
| 60
Conclusions The results of the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the graphic of germination development showed that the treatment of M2S2 .
edia of sawdust and tackifier 6 g/L) had a significant effect on the germination percentage.
Besides that, this study concludes that the combination of chopped teak leaf litter with 6 g/L tackifier enhanced the average number of seeds germinated of Sesbania grandiflora on 15Ae25% sloped land.
These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate organic mulch materials and optimizing tackifier concentrations.
Furthermore, to ensure success in sloped areas, erosion control strategies, such as the use of coconets and geo-jute, should be integrated into the hydroseeding system.
Author Contributions ZM: Conceptualization.
Methodology.
Writing-review & Editing.
TYP: Methodology.
Writing-review & Editing.
S: Methodology.
Writing-review & Editing.
AI Writing Statement During the preparation of this work, the authors used CHATGPT and CONSENSUS to search for a few After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Nusa Bangsa University and the staff of the technical nursery, who supported this research through the Institutional Research Scheme 2021.
References