Business Management Vol.
5 No 1 Februari 2026 p-ISSN:2828-7606, e-ISSN:2828-8203 DOI: 10.
58258/bisnis.
10207/https://ejournal.
org/index.
php/Bisnis Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business Pipin1.
Muhammad Idrus2.
Hajrah Hamzah3 Pendidikan Akuntansi.
Universitas Negeri Makassar Akuntansi S1.
Universitas Negeri Makassar Article Info Abstract Article history:
Accepted: 15 January 2026 Publish: 1 February 2026 This study analyzes the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured (COGM) in determining the selling price of Bang HalimAos tofu business and identifies the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting this calculation.
Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis.
One production run produces one talang containing 300 pieces .
2 meter.
, using 5 kg of soybeans costing Rp50,000 and five workers paid Rp50,000 each per production run.
Based on Bang HalimAos calculation, the COGM is Rp333.
34 per piece.
Rp100,002 per production run, and Rp45,000,900 per month.
Using the full costing method, which includes raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs of Rp1,209,250, the calculated COGM is Rp4,030 per piece.
Rp1,209,000 per production run, and Rp544,050,000 for November Bang Halim set the selling price at Rp500 per piece and Rp150,000 per talang, while the cost-plus pricing method with a 20% profit margin (Rp.
resulted in a selling price of Rp4,836 per piece.
Rp1,450,800 per production run, and Rp652,860,000 per month with a profit margin of Rp108,810,000.
The main supporting factor is the high quality of raw materials, while the inhibiting factor is limited knowledge of cost components, leading to inaccuracies in determining the cost of goods manufactured.
This is an open access article under the Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.
0 Internasional Keywords:
Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold.
Calculation of Selling Price.
Drive Factors.
Inhibiting Factors.
Corresponding Author:
Pipin Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Indonesia Email Coresspondent: warupipin@gmail.
INTRODUCTION
Calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS) and determining the selling price are crucial factors for business sustainability as they directly impact cost efficiency and COGS includes the costs of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead, which, if not calculated accurately, can lead to pricing errors and potentially The selling price is set to cover production costs and generate profit, taking into account internal cost factors and market conditions.
Previous studies have shown that microenterprises still face challenges in calculating COGS, particularly in allocating factory overhead costs and recording production costs that are not yet comprehensive.
This situation is also experienced by the Bang Halim Tofu Business in Bangun Jaya Village.
Tomoni District.
East Luwu Regency, which is classified as a micro-enterprise under Law Number 11 of 2020 with maximum assets of IDR 50,000,000 and annual turnover of no more than IDR 300,000,000.
Furthermore, the price of the main raw material, soybeans, in the Tomoni area has fluctuated according to 2020 data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in Tomoni, thus affecting production costs.
105 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 The novelty of this research lies in the application of the full costing method to a micro-scale tofu business, which previously only calculated the costs of raw materials and labor without including factory overhead costs such as equipment depreciation and utility The problem of this research is how the calculation of COGS using the full costing method can be used as a basis for determining a more accurate selling price.
The purpose of this research is to calculate COGS comprehensively to determine the appropriate selling price and increase the competitiveness of Bang Halim's Tofu Business.
METHOD
This study uses a qualitative method.
The object of the study is the calculation of the cost of production and the selling price.
To obtain the necessary information, the author researched Bang Halim's tofu business.
The unit of analysis, determined based on the formulation of the problem or research question, is an important element in the study because it influences the process of data selection, collection, and analysis.
The unit of analysis in this study is Bang Halim's tofu business.
The research location is where the research variables are analyzed.
This research was conducted on Jln.
Sipon.
Bangun Jaya Village.
Tomoni District.
East Luwu Regency.
South Sulawesi.
The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation.
The data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data coding, and data triangulation analysis.
106 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research was conducted at Bang Halim's Tofu Business, a tofu processing industry located in Bangun Jaya Village.
Tomoni District.
East Luwu Regency.
Mr.
Halim and his wife founded the business in 2014.
The business began with the purchase of a tofu production tool belonging to Bang Halim's friend that was no longer in use.
Supported by Bang Halim's expertise in making tofu, production began in 2014.
Access to the Bang Halim tofu factory is still inadequate due to poor road conditions and its distance from the main road.
However, the business's proximity to residential areas makes it an efficient marketing opportunity for Bang Halim's tofu products.
Organizationally, the business is managed simply, with a simple structure that involves the owner and five workers, most of whom are residents, who receive a daily wage of Rp 150,000.
The operational activities of the Bang Halim Tofu Business are divided into production and marketing.
The production department handles all stages of tofu production, from processing the soybeans, washing, soaking, milling, cooking, sedimentation with the addition of a coagulant, pressing, and cutting the tofu ready for sale.
Meanwhile, the 107 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 marketing department is responsible for marketing the product to markets and distributors both within and outside the region.
The production process is carried out continuously, paying attention to the quality of raw materials and systematic processing steps.
Each stage plays a crucial role in determining the final quality of the tofu product.
The research data presented revealed that the business owner purchases raw materials daily, and the cost of raw materials used for a single production run in November 2024 was a major component of the production costs of the Bang Halim Tofu Business.
Data Presentation Raw Material Costs The following data was obtained from an interview with the owner of Bang Halim's Tofu Business, who purchases raw materials daily.
The owner stated that the cost of raw materials used for one production run at Bang Halim's tofu business in November 2024 Table 3 Details of Raw Material Costs for Making Tofu Production Time Production quantity Total cost of raw materials Per production 1 x .
Per day 15 productions Per week 105 productions Per month 450 productions Source: Processed data Table 3 shows the cost of raw materials for making tofu for one production of IDR 50,000/production.
IDR 750,000/day with 15 productions.
IDR 5,250,000/week with 105 productions, and IDR 22,500,000/month with 450 productions.
Labor costs Table 4 Details of Direct Labor Costs Production Time Production quantity Total labor costs Per production 1 production Per day 15 productions Per week 105 productions Per month 450 productions Source: processed data Table 4 shows that there are 5 tofu workers, each being paid Rp.
10,000/production, resulting in 5 people being paid Rp.
50,000/production, in one day, reaching 15 times production, so that the salary earned is Rp.
750,000/day.
Rp.
5,250,000/week with 105 times production, so the salary of the workers during November 2024 is Rp.
22,500,000/month for 450 times production.
Equipment depreciation expense Table 5 Depreciation Expenses for Equipment and Fixed Assets Unit Information Soybean Grinding Machine Soaking Container Furnace Tofu molding tool Plastic drum Price/Unit (R.
Total (R.
Price Economic Life .
Depreciat ion/Mont h (R.
108 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 Human Big Pot Screening Tofu cutting knife Total Source: Data Processed Table 5 shows the nine types of equipment Mr.
Halim uses to produce his tofu.
The following table explains the monthly depreciation, with each piece of equipment having an economic life of 5 years, or 60 months.
This results in equipment depreciation of Rp555,250 per month.
cost overhead factory Table 6 Cost Detail soverhead factory Information Cost Overhead Factory Firewood Cost Unit Unit (R.
Price Overhead Costs Per Production (R.
Variable 2 liters 1 pack Food Vinegar Plastic bags Cost Overhead Permanent Factory Electricity cost Water Costs Equipment depreciation costs Total cost Overhead Per Production Source: processed data Table 7 shows the factory overhead costs for Bang Halim's tofu business in November 2024, amounting to IDR 877,250.
Data analysis The following are the results of calculating the Cost of Production for Bang Halim's tofu business using the method of full costing.
Table 9 Cost of Goods Sold According to the Tofu Factory Information Total Cost/Production (R.
Raw Material Cost:
Soya bean Direct Labor Costs:
Employee Amount Number of pieces per production 300 Pieces Cost of Goods Sold per Piece 34/piece Cost of Goods Sold per production 100,002/production Cost of Goods Sold per day 1,500,030/day HPP per week 10,500,210/one week 109 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management Cost of Goods Sold per month According to the Author (Full costin.
Raw Material Costs:
Soya bean Direct Labor Costs:
Employee Cost Overhead Factory:
Cost Overhead Variable Factory:
Firewood Food Vinegar Plastic bags Amount Cost Overhead Fixed Factory:
Electricity Air Depreciation of equipment e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 45,000,900/month Amount Total Number of pieces per production 300 pieces Cost of Goods Sold per Piece 4,030/piece Cost of Goods Sold per production 1,209,000/production Cost of Goods Sold per day 18,135,000/day HPP per week 126,954,000/one week Cost of Goods Sold per month 544,050,000/month Source: processed data Based on table 9, it can be concluded that the cost of production for Bang Halim's tofu product is IDR 333.
34/piece.
IDR 100,002/production where in one production it produces 300 pieces.
IDR 1,500,030/day where in one day production reaches 15 times which produces 4,500 pieces.
IDR 10,500,210/week with 31,500 pieces.
IDR 45,000,900/month (Novembe.
with 135,000 pieces.
Meanwhile, according to the researcher .
ull costin.
Rp4,030/piece.
Rp1,209,000/production where in one production time it produces 300 pieces.
Rp18,135,000/da,y in one day the production reaches 15 times the production which produces 4,500 pieces.
Rp126,945,000/week with 31,500 pieces, and in November it produces 135,000 pieces with a production cost of Rp544,050,000/month.
Table 10 Selling Prices According to Researchers Per Per Information Profit Selling price Per day Per week Per month Source: processed data Based on Table 10, using the method cost plus pricing, it can be concluded that the known cost of production is Rp.
4,030 with a profit margin of 20%, resulting in a profit 110 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 margin of Rp.
So, using the method cost plus pricing, namely adding the cost of production with the profit margin, produces a selling price of Rp4,836/piece.
The selling price is Rp1,450,800/production with a profit margin of 241,800, the selling price is Rp21,762,000/day with a profit margin of Rp3,627,000, the selling price is Rp152,334,000/week with a profit margin of Rp25,389,000, and in November, it produces a selling price of Rp652,860,000/month with a profit margin of Rp108,810,000.
Discussion The research results show a significant difference between the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured (COGS) carried out by the owner of Tahu Bang Halim and the calculation of COGS using the full costing method.
The main scientific finding of this study is that the COGS calculation that does not include all production cost components results in a lower COGS value and does not reflect the actual production costs.
Based on the business owner's calculations.
COGS only includes raw material costs of Rp50,000 and direct labor costs of Rp50,000.
From these calculations.
COGS is obtained at Rp333.
34 per piece.
Rp100,002 per production with a yield of 300 pieces.
Rp1,500,030 per day with 15 production times .
,500 piece.
Rp10,500,210 per week with 31,500 pieces, and Rp45,000,900 per month in November with a total production of 135,000 pieces.
This relatively low COGS value occurs because factory overhead costs are not taken into account in the process of determining production costs.
In contrast, the researcher's calculation results using the full costing method include all components of production costs, namely raw material costs of Rp50,000, direct labor costs of Rp50,000, and factory overhead costs of Rp1,209,250.
By including these costs.
COGS increased to Rp4,030 per piece.
Rp1,209,000 per production.
Rp18,135,000 per day.
Rp126,945,000 per week, and Rp544,050,000 per month in November with the same total production, namely 135,000 pieces.
This increase in COGS indicates that factory overhead costs have a large contribution to total production costs.
The tendency for COGS to increase when all cost components are included reflects the cost accounting principle: the more comprehensive the production costs allocated, the more accurate the resulting COGS value.
This pattern is common in small and medium-sized businesses with high production intensity and continuous equipment use, resulting in high overhead costs such as electricity, water, and equipment depreciation.
In determining the selling price, the business owner set the price at Rp500 per piece and Rp150,000 per gutter.
Meanwhile, based on the researcher's calculations using the cost plus pricing method with a 20% profit margin, the selling price was Rp4,836 per piece.
Rp1,450,800 per production with a profit margin of Rp241,800.
Rp21,762,000 per day with a profit margin of Rp3,627,000.
Rp152,334,000 per week with a profit margin of Rp25,389,000, and Rp652,860,000 per month with a profit margin of Rp108,810,000.
The results of this study are in line with previous studies, which stated that the use of the full costing method produces a more accurate COGS calculation than the simple method, making it more appropriate for use in determining selling prices.
Thus, the findings of this study can answer the research hypothesis that the calculation of the cost of production that does not include all cost components causes the determination of selling prices to be less accurate, while the application of the full costing method can improve the accuracy of determining selling prices at Bang Halim's Tofu Business.
CONCLUSION
This study aims to analyze the calculation of production costs in determining selling prices at Bang Halim's Tofu Business.
Based on the scientific findings obtained, it can be concluded that the calculation of production costs currently applied by the business owner 111 | Calculation of Production Cost in Determining the Selling Price in Bang Halim's Tofu Business (Pipi.
Business Management e-ISSN : 2828-8203, p-ISSN: 2828-7606 does not comprehensively reflect production costs because it does not include all cost components, particularly factory overhead costs.
This condition results in a lower production cost and impacts the determination of selling prices that do not reflect actual The application of the full costing method in this study has been proven to produce more accurate production costs because all production cost elements are fully calculated.
Furthermore, the use of the cost-plus pricing method in determining selling prices shows that selling prices set based on the correct production cost can provide a clear and more rational profit margin for business sustainability.
In addition to costing, the quality of raw materials is a key factor in driving sales because it impacts the quality and durability of tofu products, thus increasing consumer interest.
However, business owners' limited knowledge of production cost components hinders them from calculating the cost of goods sold and determining the appropriate selling price.
Thus, the research objective was achieved, and the research hypothesis was accepted, namely that the incomplete calculation of production costs causes inaccuracy in determining selling prices, and the application of the full costing and cost-plus pricing methods is a more appropriate approach for Bang Halim's Tofu Business.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to Prof.
Dr.
Karta Jayadi.
Sn.
as the Rector of Makassar State University.
Prof.
Dr.
Basri Bado.
Pd.
Si.
as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business.
Makassar State University, and Mr.
Ridwan Tikollah.
Pd.
SA.
as the Head of the Accounting Science Department for their support and academic policies during the author's education.
Thanks are also extended to Ms.
Nuraisyiah.
Pd.
Pd.
as the Head of the Accounting Education Study Program and the second respondent.
Mr.
Mukhammad Idrus.
Si.
Ak.
CA.
as the first supervisor.
Ms.
Hajrah Hamzah.
Si.
Ak.
CA.
as the second supervisor, and Ms.
Samsinar.
Pd.
Si.
Ak.
CA.
as the first respondent, who has provided guidance, input, and direction in the preparation of this thesis.
The author also expresses gratitude to all lecturers of the Faculty of Economics and Business.
Makassar State University, especially the Accounting Education Study Program, for the knowledge and experience provided.
Thanks are also extended to Mr.
Halim, the owner of the Bang Halim tofu business in Bangun Jaya Village.
Tomoni District.
East Luwu Regency, who has granted permission and assisted in the smooth running of the research.
In particular, the author expresses his deepest gratitude and appreciation to his beloved parents.
Mrs.
Marwa.
Mr.
Turu Umar, and Mr.
Jamal, as well as to the late Grandma Ta'bi and Grandma Mariati, and to Uncle Manda and Aunt Yuliana, for their endless prayers, affection, and moral and material support.
Thanks also to brothers Irfan and Diandra Fahreza.
Nandar and his family.
Sister Nunu and her family, and Little Sister Endah for their support and assistance.
The author also expresses his gratitude to his friends and colleagues Dian Aflia.
Sasmita.
Arisqa Ninik.
Melisa.
Nuhi.
Aya.
Nurkhalizah.
Dian Madiana.
Winda Rahayu, and Hanifah, as well as his friends from the 2020 Eacting class.
Appreciation is also expressed to the Accounting Student Association, the Accounting Student Council (Dema A.
FEB UNM for the 2022Ae2023 period, and the East Luwu Student Association Tomoni Commissariat and PP IPMA Lutim, which have become a forum for learning and selfdevelopment.
The author also expresses his gratitude to all other parties who cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and support in completing this thesis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY