Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia Available online at: https://ejournal.
id/index.
php/IJND (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetic.
Vol 12.
Issue 1, 2024:1-9 p-ISSN 2303-3045 e-ISSN 2503-183X DOI: https://dx.
org/10.
21927/ijnd.
Association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premarital women of reproductive age Lisa Wardiyana1.
Yhona Paratmanitya2*.
Sintha Dewi Purnamasari2.
Amelia Faradina3.
Dang Khanh Ngan Ho3 1Student.
Department of Nutrition.
Faculty of Health Sciences.
Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta.
Jalan Brawijaya 99.
Tamantirto Yogyakarta.
Indonesia 2Department of Nutrition.
Faculty of Health Sciences.
Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta.
Jalan Brawijaya 99.
Tamantirto Yogyakarta.
Indonesia 3School of Nutrition and Health Sciences.
College of Nutrition.
Taipei Medical University.
Taipei 110.
Taiwan *Corresponding author: yhona.
nitya@almaata.
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Wanita usia subur (WUS) pranikah perlu memperhatikan kecukupan gizinya, karena sebagai calon ibu status gizi wanita usia subur prakonsepsi akan mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang janin, kesehatan bayi, keselamatan ibu dan bayi selama proses melahirkan.
Namun pada masa pranikah ini, perhatian terhadap body image biasanya meningkat, dimana hal ini dapat mempengaruhi perilaku makan seseorang, salah satunya perilaku skipping Perilaku skipping meals berdampak pada kualitas diet yang buruk yang pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi status gizinya.
Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya hubungan antara body image dengan perilaku skipping meals pada wanita usia subur pranikah di kabupaten Bantul.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitan observasional dengan pendekatan crosectional.
Penelitian dilakukan pada 132 WUS pranikah di kabupaten Bantul yang mendaftarkan pernikahannya di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA).
Pengukuran body image menggunakan Body Shape Questionnaire-34 (BSQ-.
dan perilaku skipping meals diidentifikasi menggunakan kuesioner.
Data dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney dikarenakan data tidak terdistribusi normal.
Hasil: Sejumlah 30.
3% responden mempunyai body image negatif.
Nilai median perilaku skipping meals responden adalah 2 kali/minggu.
Responden yang mempunyai body image negatif lebih sering melakukan skipping meals yaitu 4 kali/minggu dibandingkan dengan responden yang mempunyai body image positif yaitu 2 kali/minggu.
Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara body image dengan perilaku skipping meals p<0,001.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara body image dengan perilaku skipping meals.
Disarankan bagi Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) untuk memberikan materi Copyright A 2024 by Author.
Published by Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetic.
Alma Ata University Press.
This is an open-acces distributed under the CC BY-SA 4.
0 License .
ttps://creativecommon.
org/license/by/4.
2 Lisa Wardiyana.
Yhona Paratmanitya.
Sintha Dewi P, et al.
JGDI (IJND).
Vol 12 Issue 1 2024: 1-9 terkait body image dan pentingnya makan secara teratur guna mencegah masalah gizi pada masa kehamilan pada kegiatan bimbingan perkawinan.
KATA KUNCI: Wanita usia subur pranikah.
body image.
skipping meals behavior
ABSTRACT
Background: Premarital women of reproductive age need to care about their nutritional adequacy, because as prospective mothers, the nutritional status of premarital women of reproductive age will affect the fetal growth and development, infant health, mother and baby safety during childbirth.
But at this time, their concern of body image increases which can affect the eating behavior, one of which is skipping meals behavior.
Skipping meals behavior has an impact on poor diet quality, in the long term, it can affect the nutritional status.
Objectives: The aim of this research was to describe the association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul district.
Methods: This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design.
This study was conducted on 132 premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul district who registered their marriage at the office of religious affairs.
Body image measurement used Body Shape Questionnaire 34 (BSQ-.
and skipping meals behavior was measured by questionnaire.
Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney because data was not normally distributed.
Results: A 30.
3% of respondents had a negative body image.
The median value of a respondentAos skipping meals behavior was 2 times/week.
Respondents who had a negative body image more often do skipping meals 4 times/week compared to respondents who had a positive body image 2 times/week.
The result of bivariate analysis showed a significant association between body image and skipping meals behavior p<0,001.
Conclusions: There was a significant association between body image and skipping meals It is recommended for the office of religious affairs to provide material related to body image and the importance of eating regularly to prevent nutritional problems during pregnancy in marriage guidance activities.
KEYWORD: Premarital women of reproductive age.
body image.
skipping meals behavior Article info:
Article submitted on December 2, 2023
Articles revised on December 18, 2023
Articles received on January 7, 2024
INTRODUCTION
Premarital women of reproductive age need to prepare their nutritional adequacy, because as prospective mothers the nutritional status of premarital women will affect the fetal growth and development, infant health, mother and baby safety during childbirth .
Premarital period is a period before pregnancy.
Optimal nutritional status during the premarital period is the key to the birth of a normal and healthy infant .
Maintaining optimal nutritional status during the premarital period is the right time to reduce risk of nutritional problems during pregnancy such as chronic energy deficiency (CED).
A person is categorized as CED if the upper arm circumference is less than 23.
5 cm .
Based on Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018, the proportion of non-pregnant women of reproductive age was 14.
5% .
In the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the prevalence of non-pregnant women of reproductive age was 19.
The Association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premarital 3 highest incidence of CED was in Bantul district, with the prevalence was 20.
11% .
Our previous study in Bantul district found that the prevalence of CED in women of reproductive age was 35,6% .
During the premarital period, the concern of body image can increase.
Body image has a broad meaning that refers to the thoughts, feelings, and perception of individuals about their body shape .
Interest in body image increases along with the increasing influence of social media in shaping peopleAos views about need to look perfect at the time of wedding .
An Australian study examining the prevalence of appearance and weight concerns in 879 brides-to-be found that almost 75% of the sample intended to exercise more and follow a diet plan, while more than 35% planned to reduce their fat or carbohydrate intake.
The average sample wished to lose more than 8 kg on the wedding day .
Body image is one of the factors that can affect a personAos eating A study conducted in the United Arab Emirates on university students Zayed United Arab Emirates 24% of the sample showed the nature of irregular eating, 74.
8% were not satisfied with their body image.
Irregular eating attitudes had a positive correlation with body image dissatisfaction and negatively correlated with satisfaction of body image .
One of the bad eating behaviors is skipping meals behavior.
Skipping meals behavior is the behavior of neglecting or reducing intake of one or more main meals .
reakfast, lunch or dinne.
In a systematic review, breakfast was the most frequently skipped meal 14-88% compared to 857% lunch and 4-57% dinner in young adults .
In a study conducted in Poland on female college students, 11% of respondents skipped breakfast, 2% skipped lunch, and 12.
6% skipped dinner, this skipping behavior was affected by perceptions of body mass .
Frequent skipping meals has an impact on poor diet quality, insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals, and it is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as central obesity and insulin resistance .
The aim of this research
was to describe the association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design.
This study was conducted at the Office of Religious Affairs of Bantul.
Banguntapan.
Kasihan, and Sewon subdistrict in Bantul district.
Special Region of Yogyakarta in June Ae July 2022.
The population of this study were all premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul district who registered their marriage at the office religious affairs.
Based on the calculation of sample size, it was obtained that the minimum of samples that must be met were 130 subjects, but 132 subjects were obtained when the study was Sampling was done by quota sampling The inclusion criteria were women 1949 years old, will get married for the first time, registered their marriage at office religious affairs, not-pregnant, signed the informed consent form.
The exclusion criteria was women who were on a certain diet due to illness.
Ethical approval was granted by the Alma Ata University Ethics Committee with ethical approval number KE/AA/VI/10821/EC/2022.
Body image was measured using the Body Shape Questionnaire-34 (BSQ-.
which was adopted from Sitepu .
which has been tested for validity and reliability.
The instrument showed very high internal consistency reliability, which 966 (>0.
with a sensitivity value of 99% and a specificity value of 98%, so the questionnaire was valid and could be used to measure body image .
Then the results obtained were categorized into negative body image if the total score was 80 and positive if the total score was less than 80 .
Skipping meals behavior was measured using a questionnaire.
The questionnaire consists of two questions i.
how many times did the respondent do skipping meals in the last week and what meal times were the most skipped.
Skipping meals behavior was measured using a numerical scale of 0-7 times/week according to Bahl et al in 2012 .
Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney because the data obtained was not normally distributed.
Association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premaritalA 5 The test used to determine the normality of the data was Kolmogorov Smirnov .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Participants in this study were 132 women of reproductive age in Bantul district with an age range of 19-36 years old.
The characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1.
The research participants amounted to 132 people with the largest number was from KUA Sewon .
4%).
Based on the research location, participants with the highest negative body image were from KUA Sewon .
5%).
Participants with the highest skipping meals behavior were from KUA Sewon and Bantul 3 times/week.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Subjects Characteristics Total .
= .
Religious Affairs Office Location (KUA) Kasihan 43 .
Bantul 16 .
Sewon 48 .
Banguntapan 25 .
Age .
<20 4 .
%) 127 .
>35
Education Level Elementary school 1 .
Junior/senior high 72 .
College 59 .
Occupation Status Not working 11 .
Working 121 .
Income/month < Rp.
848,66 .
Ou Rp.
848,66 .
Nutritional status Underweight 28 .
Normal 68 .
Overweight 36 .
Body image Skipping meals Negative .
= .
Positive .
= .
Median IQR 6 Lisa Wardiyana.
Yhona Paratmanitya.
Sintha Dewi P, et al.
JGDI (IJND).
Vol 12 Issue 1 2024: 1-9 The majority of participants aged 20-35 years old .
2%), the highest negative body image in the age group 20-35 years old 31% of participants, with meal skipped 3 times/week.
5% of .
unior/senior high schoo.
Participants with the highest negative body image were participants with a junior/senior high school education .
%).
Based on education level, the highest skipping meals behavior was in elementary school participants 3 times/week.
The majority of the participants had worked .
7%), 90% of the participants who had a negative body image were participants who had Based on the occupation status, the highest skipping meals behavior was in participants who have worked .
times/wee.
50% of the participants had income per month more than Rp.
1,916,848,- (Ou regional minimum wag.
, 60% of participants who had a negative body image were participants with income more than regional minimum wage, participants who did the highest skipping meals were 3 times/week.
5% of the participants had normal nutritional Based on nutritional status, the highest negative body image was in the overweight group 55% of participants with skipping meals 3 times/week.
Based on Table 1, it is known that most of the participants had a positive body image 7% .
, while only 30.
3% .
of the participants had a negative body image.
Breakfast Lunch Dinner Never Figure 1.
Distribution of skipped meal times The lowest frequency of skipping meals behavior of participants was 0 times/week and the highest was 7 times/week.
The median value of skipping meals behavior was 2 times/week with the most frequently skipped meal times was breakfast .
%).
Table 2.
Association between body image and the frequency of skipping meals behavior Skipping meals behavior *) analyzed using Mann-whitney test Body Negative Positive Median of skipping meals behavior p-value < 0.
Association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premaritalA 9 Based on Table 2, it is known that there was a significant association between body image and skipping meals behavior .
< 0.
participants who had a negative body image tend to do skipping meals more often .
times/wee.
than participants who had a positive body image only 2 times/week.
DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results of the study, it was found that the majority of participants were from KUA Sewon .
4%).
A total of 96.
2% were aged 20-35 years.
The highest frequency of skipping meals behavior was found in participants 20-35 years .
times/wee.
while participants aged over 35 years only 1 time/week.
This study is in line with research conducted by Lee and Yoon .
where skipping meals behavior was more often carried out at a younger age than at an older age .
It is because someone at a young age concerns more attention to their body shape .
ody In this study, of all participants who have a negative body image, 97.
5% of them are in the age range 20-35 years.
Participants with a negative body image tend to be dissatisfied with their body shape, limiting their intake to become more ideal.
Based on the education level of the participants, it is known that the highest frequency of skipping meals behavior was in elementary school participants .
times/wee.
In line with our findings, research conducted by Pendergast .
found that skipping meals was more common in people with lower education .
Someone with higher education is likely to be more exposed to information about health, especially nutrition, than someone with low education.
Participants with secondary education .
unior/senior high schoo.
had more positive body images .
2%) than participants with higher education .
,7%).
This is in line with research in Legon in 2014 which found that women who had lower education were more satisfied with their body image than those who had higher education .
Based on occupation status, it is known that the highest frequency of skipping meals behavior was found in participants who had worked .
times/wee.
It related to participants who were already working tend to be busier, so they had less time to eat.
This is in line with research conducted by Afolabi .
which stated that 48% of the sample who did skipping meals was due to lack of time .
Based on the level of income, participants who had income of more than Rp.
1,916,848,- (Ou regional minimum wag.
tend to do skipping meals more often than participants who had income < Rp.
1,916,848,(< regional minimum wag.
This current study is different from research conducted by Ukegbu .
which stated that skipping meals behavior was affected by money or lack of money, someone who had less money tended to skipping meals more often .
The difference in the results of this study can be caused by socio-cultural differences, respondents in this study still live with their parents so that even though their income is less, they can still eat regularly because they are still borne by their Not only that, it can be caused participants with higher incomes to be busier at work so they have less time to eat.
Based on nutritional status, skipping meals behavior was more often carried out by overweight participants .
times/wee.
than underweight and normal participants .
times/wee.
It is because someone with overweight and obese nutritional status tends to have a negative body image or feel dissatisfied with their body shape that is higher than someone with normal nutritional status .
Most of the participants had a positive body image .
7%), while only 30.
3% had a negative body image.
In line with our findings, the previous research in Yogyakarta city showed that the majority of women of reproductive age had a positive body image, and only 12.
1% had a negative body image .
A negative body image can affect a person's eating behavior.
Irregular eating behavior has a positive correlation with negative body image, and negatively correlated with positive body image .
One of the irregular eating behaviors is Association between body image and skipping meals behavior among premaritalA 9 skipping meals behavior.
The results of this study show that the median value of skipping meals behavior was 2 times/week with the most frequently skipped meal times was at breakfast .
%).
This is in line with the research conducted by Pendergast .
, breakfast was the most frequently skipped meal time 14-88% compared to lunch 8-57%, and dinner 4-57% .
addition, this study is also in line with research conducted in Egypt by Eittah .
, breakfast was the most frequently skipped meal time .
7%) .
There was a significant association between body image and skipping meals behavior in women of reproductive age in Bantul district .
< 0.
Subjects who had a negative body image do skipping meals more often .
times/wee.
than subjects who had a positive body image 2 times/week.
In line with our findings, the research in Poland found that skipping meals behavior was affected by perceptions of body mass .
ody imag.
Body image dissatisfaction makes someone control their weight by skipping meals .
Someone who has a negative body image tends to have a dissatisfied feeling with her body shape and weight, so she plans to diet to be ideal by limiting food intake, one of which is skipping meals behavior .
A study in Bantul showed that the majority of Women of reproductive age intake was still lacking (<80% of RDA) .
It showed that without skipping meals the intake of women of reproductive age was still less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), especially if women of reproductive age do skipping meals their intake can be even less and in a long time it can affect their nutritional status.
It needs special attention because as prospective mothers, the nutritional status of premarital reproductive age women can affect Maintaining optimal nutritional status during the premarital period is the right time to reduce the risk of nutritional problems during pregnancy such as chronic energy deficiency (CED).
CED in pregnant women can cause various problems including anemia, maternal death during childbirth, fetal death, low birth weight (LBW) babies, premature birth, and infant death .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
There was a significant association between body image and skipping meals behavior in premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul district.
Most .
7%) premarital women of reproductive age in Bantul district had a positive body image.
The median value of skipping meals behavior in premarital women of reproductive age was 2 times/week.
Premarital women of reproductive age who had a negative body image were more likely to do skipping meals 4 times/week than those who had a positive body image 2 times/week, with breakfast the most often The current study suggests for the office of religious affairs provides material related to body image and the importance of eating regularly to prevent nutritional problems during pregnancy in marriage guidance ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank all of the women who agreed to participate voluntarily in this study.
Furthermore, we also thank Prof.
Jane C-J Chao from School of Nutrition and Health Sciences.
Taipei Medical University for the suggestions in writing this manuscript.
REFERENCES