Journal of Linguistic and Literature Studies ISSN: 3032-0739 Vol.
2 No.
March 2024, pp 1-8 https://doi.
org/10.
36663/jolles.
Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Putu Tanniya Pradnyan Aryasuari Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha tanniya@undiksha.
Abstract This research focused on taboo words in connection with Tri Hita Karana concept.
The objectives of the study are: to find out the taboo words, to find out the taboo forms, and to find I Gede Budasi out their references in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Village.
The research was designed in the form of a budasi@undiksha.
descriptive qualitative study.
The main informant is Prajuru desa adat.
The first secondary informant is Mangku dadya Putu Adi Krisna Juniarta and the second secondary informant is Kelian desa adat.
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha The other additional instruments were interview guide.
The krisna@undiksha.
technique of collecting data was by an in-depth interview.
The obtained data were analysed using the procedures Article History suggested by Miles.
Huberman and Saldana .
The Submitted: January 31 2024 results of the study were as follows: .
There were 30 Taboo Revised: February 23th 2024 words in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Village.
They Accepted: February 25th 2024 were group into 3 domains within the Tri Hita Karana 3 words exist in Parahyangan.
26 words exist in Corresponding author Pawongan.
and 1 word exist in Palemahan.
There are 20 Putu Tanniya Pradnyan Aryasuari words related to taboo forms included 15 words related to taboo names and words, and 5 words related to taboo on swearing words.
There were 11 references of taboo.
Keywords: Taboo.
Words.
Forms.
References Recommended Citation Aryasuari.
Budasi.
, & Juniarta.
, .
Taboo in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Village: A descriptive qualitative study.
Journal of Linguistic and Literature Studies, 2.
, 1-8.
https://doi.
org/10.
36663/jolles.
Copyright A 2024 by Putu Tanniya Pradnyan Aryasuari.
I Gede Budasi & Putu Adi Krisna Juniarta.
Published by English Language Education.
STKIP Agama Hindu
Singaraja
INTRODUCTION
The Balinese language is a local language that used as an identity by Balinese people.
It was used to communicate with each other until this era.
As a local language, the Balinese language is a symbol of pride, a symbol of identity, a liaison tool in the family and Balinese society, and also supports Balinese regional literature (Suweta, 2.
The position of the Balinese language as a mother tongue is used to communicate in formal or informal situation.
Mother tongue was the first language from birth through their social or family.
In society, there Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study are a lot of people who use the Balinese language to interact with each other.
So, the Balinese language has the biggest role in supporting the development of Balinese culture.
Each region in Bali has their own ways in using the Balinese language.
Based on the region, the Balinese language is separated into two dialects.
There are mountain dialects (Bali Ag.
and a common dialect (Bali Datara.
, whereas each dialect has different subdialects.
Bali Aga was an ethnic group that lived longer in Bali (Subawa et al.
So, it is known that Bali Aga was a native Balinese with a strong culture.
They live around mountains.
Furthermore.
Bali Dataran was the dialect that used by the descendants of Bali Majapahit.
The people of Bali Majapahit lived in the lowlands.
The one example was Badung District.
After the war of Puputan Badung.
Denpasar became the city's government So.
Denpasar was descended from Bali Majapahit.
Based on the social dimension among the Bali Majapahit.
Balinese language has several levels known as AuSor Singgih Basa BaliAy.
These levels set the rule about how Balinese people interacted in society and differentiate three dynasties of citizens.
There were Brahmana.
Ksatria.
Waisya, these are called as AuTriwangsaAy and the last was Sudra.
If one of them communicate with the higher dynasty, they should use AuSong Singgih Basa BaliAy or it is called as Balinese language level.
If they were used an offensive language towards the Tri Wangsa, this was considered taboo.
According to Holligan .
AutabooAy is taken by Tongan language, it was a language family of Polynesia.
It is introduced by Captain James Cook, then enter into English and other Europe language whereas the meaning is prohibited or avoided actions.
If one action is called as taboo, it will be automatically all of things that is related with the action will be taboo.
Taboo is the speech that is contained of prohibition which should not be done by Balinese people.
is also the form of an activity or expression that can harass to other people so that it cannot be said arbitrarily (Wedlock, 2.
A term is declared taboo in accordance with the norms and agreements that apply in society.
Therefore, activities and taboo expressions that found in a community cannot be separated from cultural influences.
According to Napoli and Hoeksema .
, they are classified the taboo was related to religion, sacredness, vital organs, excretions, insults that are physical, social, mental, and the mention of people's names indiscriminately.
Taboo expressions in Balinese have a variety of different dialects, especially the taboo expression that found in Sesetan Village.
For the example, in the Sesetan Village, there were some castes, such as Ida Ayu.
Anak Agung, and Gusti.
They have a special name for call their father (Aji.
But, if using the word of AuBapakAy, it will be taboo because it is considered impolite and underestimate to them.
was affected by external influences is the one factor of the extinction the Balinese language in daily communication.
For the example Aukleng ciAy.
The word of AuklengAy .
is considered into abusive word.
It was taboo if using this word with people who are older, especially our But sometime, someone feel slang when they use this word.
Furthermore, there were many information from social media that not discussed about taboo word.
It causes the people loss their understanding about taboo word in Denpasar.
Many people used social media standards as standard for daily language.
Then, the role of parents in Denpasar also rarely taught about the taboo forms in Balinese in Denpasar which is caused the language start to disappear because language can be said to be alive if there are more than one person who can communicate using the language.
Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study To preserve this language, people should understand about the language in our area, so that it is not taboo when it is heard by other people.
People can use this language in our daily lives, such as having conversations with family and friends around us, because if people often use this language, they will more understand about the meaning of every taboo word in the Denpasar area.
The youths should get more understanding about taboo word from their parents, grandparents as a native speaker.
It takes awareness in each individual to do, so that the younger generation able to preserve Balinese taboo language in Denpasar in the appropriate ways.
METHOD
The research was designed in the form of a descriptive qualitative study.
It was conducted in Sesetan village.
Denpasar and chose three people as the informants.
Three informants in this study were selected based on a series of criteria.
One of them was selected as the main informant and two of them were selected as the secondary informant .
irst secondary informant and second secondary informan.
The main informant is Prajuru desa The first secondary informant is Mangku dadya and the second secondary informant is Kelian desa adat.
The other additional instruments was interview guide.
The technique of collecting data was by an in-depth interview.
The obtained data were analysed using the procedures suggested by Miles et al.
, .
Three types of data of the study were analysed as follows: For taboo words were analysed descriptively based on 3 domains in Tri Hita Karana concept, the forms of taboo words were analysed using the theory of Frazer .
and (Montagu, 2.
, and the references of taboo words were analysed using the theory suggested by Laksana .
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study found 30 of taboo words in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Village.
Those words are divided into three aspects of Tri Hita Karana concept.
There are Parahyangan .
iving harmony with Go.
Pawongan .
iving harmony with huma.
, and Palemahan .
iving harmony with natur.
This study also found the number of taboo forms and their references.
Each of which will be explain as follows:
Taboo Words in Balinese Language Used in Sesetan Village This study identified 30 taboo words.
There were 3 words of parahyangan, 26 words of pawongan, and 1 word of palemahan.
Table 1.
Taboo Words of Parahyangan Words Ratu bhatara Barong Leluhur Meaning is another name of AuIda Sang Hyang Widhi WasaAy (God in Hinduis.
a manifestation of God and also called as Auratu gedeAy.
ancestor and it is also called as Auhyang pitaraAy.
Form Names and Words Reference God Name Names and Words God Name Names and Words God Name AuRatu bhataraAy is taboo and sacred word because we are prohibited to say this word when pray.
It is impolite word and considered as underestimate our God name.
People should use the word of AuIda Sang Hyang Widhi WasaAy.
AuBarongAy is taboo and sacred word because people are prohibited to say AubarongAy in religious ceremony.
It is impolite word and Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study considered as underestimate the God manifestation.
In religious ceremony, people should use the word of Auratu gedeAy.
Leluhur is taboo and sacred word because people are prohibited to say AuleluhurAy when pray to our ancestor in the temple.
It is impolite word and people should use Auhyang pitaraAy.
There are 26 of taboo words: ci, cang, wak, jeneng, barang, ngeleklek, curek, tukung, perot, bapa, memek, lengit, koncreng, kleng, celak, teli, mekatuk, megentet, bangke, nyem, bangsat, amah to, lindung uyin, ubuan, nas bedag, and menceng related to Pawongan concept.
Each of which will be describe in Table 2.
Table 2.
Taboo Words of Pawongan Words Form Names and Words Words Kleng Form Swearing Celak Names and Words Teli Names and Words Names and Words Reference Personal Pronoun Personal Pronoun Personal Pronoun Adjective Mekatuk Names and Words Barang Names and Words Adjective Megentet Names and Words Ngeleklek Names and Words Specific Activity Bangke Swearing Curek Tukung Perot Names and Words Names and Words Names and Words Illness Illness Illness Nyem Bangsat Amah to Names and Words Swearing Swearing Bapa Names and Words Parent Name Names and Words Memek Names and Words Parent Name Lindung Ubuan Lengit Names and Words Names and Words Nas Menceng Swearing Koncreng Specific Activity Relative References Mentioning Genital Mentioning Genital Mentioning Genital Sexual Activity Specific Activity People Name Who Died Adjective Adjective Specific Activity Animal Name Animal Name Adjective Cang Names and Words Wak Names and Words Jeneng Names and Words Relative Names and Words The meaning of AuciAy is you.
This word is a taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to say AuciAy to people who older than us and people who has a higher caste because it is considered impolite, underestimate, and sin.
The meaning of AucangAy is me.
This word is a taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to say AucangAy to people who older than us and people who has a higher caste because it is considered impolite, underestimate, and sin.
The meaning of AuwakAy is me.
This word is a taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to say AuwakAy to people who older than us and people who has a higher caste because it is considered impolite, underestimate, and sin.
The meaning of AujenengAy is face.
In Balinese language, it is also called as AumuaAy.
This word is a taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to say AujenengAy to everyone in society because it is considered impolite and underestimate to other people face.
The meaning of AubarangAy is bitch.
It means a woman who wear a sexy cloth and have a sex activity with some guys to get the money.
It is a taboo and dirty word.
People are prohibited to use this word in public, especially for woman because it is impolite and it is considered underestimate someone.
The meaning of AungeleklekAy is eat.
It is taboo and abusive Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study People are prohibited to use AungeleklekAy for people because it uses for animal.
The meaning of AucurekAy is deaf.
It is a taboo word.
People are prohibited to say this word directly into the sufferer and into people who older than us because it is considered as impolite.
The meaning of AutukungAy is stump.
It is a taboo word.
People are prohibited to say this word directly into the sufferer and into people who older than us because it is considered as impolite.
The meaning of AuperotAy is limping.
It is a taboo word.
People are prohibited to say this word directly into the sufferer and into people who older than us because it is considered as impolite.
The meaning of AubapaAy is father.
In Balinese, there are some people who has a higher caste .
da ayu, gusti, anak agung, cokord.
AubapaAy is taboo word because we are prohibited to use this word for them.
The meaning of AumemekAy is mother.
In Balinese, there are some people who has a higher caste .
da ayu, gusti, anak agung, cokord.
AumemekAy is taboo word because we are prohibited to use this word for them.
The meaning of AulengitAy lazy.
It is taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to use this word for someone who older than us because it is considered impolite, in Balinese language it called as AucampahAy.
AuKoncrengAy is a term for relatives.
It is taboo word because we are prohibited to use this word into someone who older than us.
It will consider impolite and underestimate to It is taboo and abusive word.
Someone uses this word in an angry condition.
People are prohibited to use this word for everyone in society, especially in the holy place because it is considered impolite.
The meaning of AucelakAy is male genitalia .
It is taboo and dirty word because we are prohibited to use this word in daily conversation.
It is considered impolite.
It will be better and more polite if we use the word AubarangAy in conversation.
The meaning of AuteliAy genitalia .
It is taboo and dirty word because we are prohibited to use this word in daily conversation.
It is considered impolite.
It will be better and more polite if we use the word AubarangAy in conversation.
AuMekatukAy is the term of sex activity between a woman and a man.
It is taboo and dirty word.
People are prohibited to say and practiced it before legal marriage and it believes to bring disaster into against the perpetrator.
AuMegentetAy is the term of sex activity between animal.
It is taboo, abusive, and dirty word.
People are prohibited to use this word for someone because it is considered as demeaning people.
The meaning of AubangkeAy is a corpse.
It is taboo, abusive, and dirty word.
People are prohibited to say this word in daily conversation to everyone because it is considered impolite and less appreciate of In Balinese language the meaning of AunyemAy is weird.
It is a taboo word.
People are prohibited to use this word for every people because it is impolite and considered as mocking or reproach someone.
It is taboo and abusive word.
Someone uses this word in angry condition.
People are prohibited to use this word for everyone in society, especially in the holy place because it is considered impolite.
The meaning of Auamah toAy is Aueat that!Ay.
It is taboo and curse word.
People are prohibited to use this word into every people in daily conversation because it is considered impolite and this word expresses about our happiness for someone The meaning of Aulindung uyinAy is an eel sprinkled with salt, same as the people who cannot silent.
It is taboo word.
People are prohibited to use this word for people because it is considered as equating between human and animal.
The meaning of AuubuanAy is a pet.
It is taboo and abusive word.
People are prohibited to use this word for people because it is considered impolite and underestimate someone.
The meaning of AunasAy is head and AubedagAy is horse.
It is taboo word.
People are prohibited to use this word for people because it is considered impolite and underestimate someone.
The meaning of AumencengAy is talkative Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study It is taboo word.
People are prohibited to use this word for our parent because it is considered impolite and sin, and damned.
Taboo Words of Palemahan There was one of taboo words related to Palemahan concept, it was Wong samar.
The meaning of Auwong samarAy is a spirit in different realms that can changed easily over time, we call as an invisible creature.
It is taboo word.
People are prohibited to say this word directly because it is believed that we call him to come to the human realm.
The word of Auwong samarAy is included into reference taboo of nature.
This study found 30 of taboo words in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Village.
Denpasar.
Those words were divided into three aspect of Tri Hita Karana concept.
There were Parahyangan .
iving harmony with Go.
Pawongan .
iving harmony with huma.
, and Palemahan .
iving harmony with natur.
Those taboo words also differentiated according to the taboo forms and their references.
There were 30 of taboo words that found by used Tri Hita Karana Concept.
The study adopted the theory from (Pradana and Pratiwi, 2.
Tri Hita Karana is a philosophy that believed by Balinese people as the cause of human happiness after successfully fostering balance and good relationships with God, human, and nature.
This theory was more relevant with the result of study because we found that 3 of taboo words in Parahyangan, 26 of taboo words in Pawongan, and 1 taboo word of Palemahan.
Between these three concepts, the concept of pawongan has the most result of the taboo words.
This study adopted the theory from Frazer .
about taboo names and word, as follows: taboo of parent name, taboo of relative name, taboo of people who died, taboo name of sacred people and animal, taboo of God name, and taboo of certain word.
It found 15 words related to taboo names and words which included in taboo of parent name, taboo of relative name, taboo of God name, and taboo of certain word.
This study also adopted the theory from Montagu .
about swearing words, as follows: abusive swearing, blasphemy, curses, swearing, obscenity, and expletive and this study found 5 words related to swearing words which were included in abusive swearing.
The theory was relevant with the study because, from 30 taboo words, it found 20 words related to forms of taboo.
Then, there are the references of taboo.
The study adopted the theory from Laksana .
about the reference of taboo, as follows: .
taboo on parents' names, .
taboo on animal names .
taboo on God's name, .
taboo on people's names those who died .
taboo on the names of relatives, .
taboo mentioning genitals, .
taboo mentioning sexual activity, .
taboo related to specific professions, .
taboo mentioning certain bodily functions, .
taboo related to the wisdom of the ruler, .
taboo mentioning nature or condition, .
taboo related to illness, .
taboo on the names of spirits, .
taboo on personal pronouns, .
taboo related to specific activities, .
taboo of people name.
The study found 2 taboo words related to parent names, 2 taboo words related to animal names, 3 taboo words related to God names, 1 taboo word related to people name who died, 1 taboo word related to relatives, 2 taboo words related to mentioning genitals, 1 taboo word related to sexual activity, 1 taboo word related to nature, 3 taboo words related to illness, 3 taboo words related to personal pronouns, and 3 taboo words related to specific activities.
The theory was relevant with the study because, from 16 taboo references, it found 11 categories related to taboo references.
Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Empirically, there was no researcher conducted the study about taboo in Balinese language spoken in Sesetan Village.
However, if this research compared to the previous studies, the researcher found several similarities.
The first, compared with study of Morni et , .
with title AuThe Linguistic Taboo between Malays and Ibans of Sarawak.
MalaysiaAy.
The similarity was, this research described about the important of taboo in the culture.
The second compared with the study of Ismail et al.
, .
with title AuKnowing the Taboos.
Improve Intercultural Communication: A Study at Terengganu.
Eat Coast of MalaysiaAy.
The similarity was, this research used depth interview in collecting the data.
The third compared with the study from (Mahayana et al.
, 2.
with title AuThe Use of Taboo Words in DenpasarAy.
The similarity was, this research found several forms of taboo and it used qualitative study.
CONCLUSION
Based on the objective of this study, the finding, and the discussion in the previous chapter, the conclusions of this study are:
This study identified 30 taboo words based on Tri Hita Karana concept .
arahyangan, pawongan, palemaha.
There were 3 taboo words in parahyangan .
iving harmony with Go.
, as follows: ratu bhatara, barong, and leluhur, 26 taboo words in pawongan .
iving harmony with huma.
, as follows: ci, cang, wak, jeneng, barang, ngeleklek, curek, tukung, perot, bapa, memek, lengit, koncreng, kleng, celak, teli, mekatuk, megentet, bangke, nyem, bangsat, amah to, lindung uyin, ubuan, nas bedag, and menceng, 1 taboo word in palemahan .
iving harmony with natur.
, as follows: wong .
The study identified 20 words related to taboo forms.
There were two classifications about the forms of taboo.
taboo names and words, and swearing words.
There were 15 words related to taboo names and words, as follows: ratu bhatara, barong, leluhur, jeneng, ngeleklek, lengit, koncreng, celak, teli, mekatuk, ci, cang, bapa, memek and There were 5 words related to swearing, as follows: kleng, bangke, nyem, bangsat, ubuan, and nas bedag.
The study identified 11 references of taboo with the total of words are 22 words, there are: .
related to the parent names totalling 2, namely: bapa and memek, .
related to animal names totalling 2, namely: lindung uyin and ubuan, .
related to the God names totalling 2, namely: ratu bhatara, ratu gede and pitara, .
related to people name who died totalling 1, namely: bangke, .
related to relatives totalling 1, namely: koncreng, .
related to mentioning genital totalling 2, namely: celak and teli, .
related to sexual activity totalling 1, namely: mekatuk, .
related to nature totalling 1, namely: wong samar, .
related to illness totalling 3, namely: curek, tukung and perot, .
related to personal pronoun totalling 3, namely: ci, cang and wak, .
related to specific avtivities totalling 3, namely: ngeleklek, lengit and megentet.
REFERENCES