JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
P-ISSN: 2086-2636 E-ISSN: 2356-4644
Journal Home Page: http://ejournal.
uin-malang.
id/index.
php/JIA ASSESSING SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN MOSQUE AS RELIGIOUS BUILDING CASE STUDY: AL-LATHIIF MOSQUE.
BANDUNG-WEST JAVA.
INDONESIA
Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarania*.
Shaufa Salsabila Saria.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukmana.
Sahid Sahida aDepartment of Architecture.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan.
Indonesia *Corresponding Author: indri_astrina@unpar.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Page: 627-642 Received: April 01th, 2024 Accepted: June 30th, 2024 Available Online: June 30th, 2025 DOI: 10.
18860/jia.
A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims that emphasizes the concept of Rahmatan Lil Alamin, meaning to bring blessings to all people.
Based on this statement, a mosque serves as a safe and comfortable space for performing ritual prayers and as a venue for accommodating social activities for its The function of mosques evolves, especially during the month of Ramadan.
It becomes more active and serves various purposes beyond prayers, including religious, political, economic, educational, commercial, social, and cultural activities.
All of these activities aim to foster social interaction among Muslim communities.
This research aims to uncover the behavior and movements of worshippers during both Salat ritual and non-Salat activities within mosque spaces.
The study focuses on Al-Lathiif Mosque in Bandung, known for its vibrant young community, which engages in diverse and active The steps taken to achieve the research objectives are as follows: .
Identifying the indicators to reveal social sustainability through literature .
Mapping the behavior of congregants and the utilization of mosque spaces during Salat activities.
Mapping the behavior of congregants and the utilization of mosque spaces during non-Salat activities.
Distributing questionnaires related to social sustainability indicators regarding space utilization in the mosque.
Concluding the application of social sustainability concepts in mosque spaces.
The analysis results reveal that social sustainability is optimally achieved in the flexibility of spaces in a mosque.
Keywords:
Behaviour Mapping.
Mosque.
Religious.
Social Sustainability INTRODUCTION Mosques serve as multidimensional activity hubs, a role that particularly occurs in Indonesia.
Various activities are accommodated within mosques as a means of spreading religious teachings.
Consequently, the functions of mosques begin to expand, especially during the month of Ramadan, as they are utilized not only to perform Salat (Islamic praye.
but for social activities such as political, economic, educational, commercial, social, and cultural events as well .
One topic that is rarely researched is social sustainability in mosque architecture.
Mosques, as significant public buildings, undoubtedly need to prioritize social sustainability alongside comfort and security.
Research on social sustainability still tends to focus on a fairly diverse range of study objects.
The keywords "social sustainability" and "mosque" have led to a total of 397,000 articles.
However, among these articles, only 5 studies specifically address these keywords.
Sequentially, by year of publication, an article titled "A Social Sustainable Assessment Model for Mosque Development in Malaysia" published in 2012 addressed the topic of assessment indicators for social sustainability in Malaysian mosques .
In 2014, an article entitled "Communal Mosque:
Design Functionality towards the Development of Sustainability for Community" was published, addressing the shortcomings of mosque functionality in supporting its surrounding community .
In 2015, an article titled "Mosque as a Model of Learning Principles of Sustainable Architecture" was published, addressing the topic of sustainability through mosque facilities, particularly focusing on water sources as the primary means for ablution .
A 2025 The Author.
This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-SA creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
0/ | 627
Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia The 2016 study entitled "Systematic Review of Sustainability Design Approach for Mosque" prioritizes sustainability from a physical standpoint, particularly discussing the energy consumption of mosque buildings .
In the same year, an article entitled "Implications of Stereotypical Mosque Architecture on Sustainability" addressed the topic of mosques in Pakistan, evaluating their environmental, economic, and social aspects as indicators to support the concept of Sustainability .
The latest article published in 2020, titled "Enlivening the Mosque as a Public Space for Social Sustainability of Traditional Malay Settlements," addresses the finding that is social aspect, which is one of the key factors to achieve Sustainable Development Goals for mosques as public spaces .
Based on previous references, it appears that social aspect is a crucial factor in the sustainability of a mosque.
The novelty of this research offers the development of social sustainability assessment for mosques in Indonesia.
The criteria for selecting the study objects were chosen to obtain comprehensive results: .
Mosques that are still actively used.
A solid community of young people supports the growth of mosques.
The locations are in urban areas.
Thus, based on these criteria.
Al-Lathiif Mosque , which is located on Saninten Street.
Bandung.
Indonesia, as shown in Figure 1 was selected.
Figure 1.
Photo and Image of Al-Lathiif Mosque THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The concept of sustainability has existed since the 1960s, initially emphasizing the aspects related to energy consumption .
However, a new discourse on social sustainability has emerged gradually as a part of Sustainable Development and Sustainability .
This is because environmental and technological domains have dominated the topic of sustainability .
However, an approach from the social domain needs to be developed, considering that future generations require access to social resources .
The mosque embodies an architectural concept of Rahmatan-Lil Alamin, which bears the meaning of bringing blessings and well-being to all humanity.
Based on this principle, the architecture of a mosque should be tested for its sustainability, not only in physical aspects but also in social factors.
Furthermore, alongside its social principles and ritual activities, a mosque serves as an identity for its community.
Various studies discussing various criteria regarding social sustainability have been conducted .
The various types of criteria offered by previous studies were reclassified to obtain more specific indicators.
The topic of social sustainability concerning architecture is noted to have been discussed in an academic writing published in 2014 .
Subsequently, there have been consecutive studies on social sustainability directly related to mosques.
A study in 2016 stated that social sustainability aspects need to be considered to achieve a systematic approach to design mosques, .
The main aspect emphasized in this study asserts that social sustainability in mosques should be related to mosques as places for religious activities.
Furthermore, two studies conducted in 2016 added that sustainability in architecture should represent the identity of the community and its benefits for local communities.
Additionally, factors such as user safety and comfort become important indicators to fulfill .
Specifically, spatial adaptation within buildings also requires effective and efficient spatial adaptation .
This is in accordance with the function of a mosque as a venue for various social and religious activities, and it is in line with the principle of Rahmatan Lil Alamin.
Jaffar et al.
mentioned in their article that the concept of sustainability is achieved through comfort, accessibility, availability of space, and public facilities .
Various assessment criteria are utilized by considering these references, although not all articles employ criteria based on personal observations but merely quote other articles.
To gather all criteria offered by various research about sustainability and apply them to mosques as material objects, all areas of discussion and their relevant derivatives related to social sustainability in mosques are compiled.
Diagrammatically, as seen below, all journal references used to construct the theoretical framework are as follows: .
Mapping the dimensions or main areas of study adapted in each reference.
Identifying the elaboration of the dimensions used, whether the results are adopted or self-developed indicators.
Mapping the indicators related to social sustainability in each reference.
Identifying the elaboration of the social sustainability indicators used, whether the results are adopted or selfdeveloped parameters.
Mapping the parameters of social sustainability used in each reference specifically 628 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid applied in mosques.
Classifying the themes of all parameters that can be applied regarding the relationship between mosque spaces and congregants within the scope of social sustainability.
These steps are described in the diagram in Figure 1.
Moreover.
Table 1 shows the elaboration process on how the six steps are applied.
Figure 2.
Steps to create a theoretical framework Table 1.
Mapping Indicators and Parameters from Selected References A Social Sustainable Assessment Model for Mosque Development in Malaysia
REFERENCES
Material Object, as stated in the tle Dimension Adopted Indicators or Selfdeveloped Indicators Indicators Adopted Parameters or Self-developed Parameters Mohd Hamdan Ahmad.
A Malik.
Lamit.
Keyvanar.
Shafaghat Mosque Social Sustainability Adopted .
Democracy and Governance Quality of Life Interconnectedness Diversity Equity Not DeAned Communal Mosques: Design Func onality Towards the Development of Sustainability for Community Mosque as a Model of Learning Principles of Sustainable Architecture Swambodo Murdariatmo Adi.
Puspitasari.
Chyn a ( 2.
Implica ons of Stereotype Mosque Architecture on Sustainability Tayyab Ahmad.
Muhammad Jamaluddin Thaheem .
NurulAo A qah Baharudin.
Alice Sabrina Ismail Communal Mosque Sustainable form and space Self-developed Form Space Self-developed Mosque Mosque Sustainable Architecture Environmental Sustainability Adopted .
Worker health and Impact on local communi es, quality of BeneAts to disadvantaged groups Self - developed Adopted .
User comfort and Func onal.
Aesthe c, and Innova ve Design Approach Adopted .
Indoor Usability, func onality, and Aesthe c Health and Innova ons and well-being design process Systema c Review of Sustainable Design Approach for Mosque Mohamad Ikhram Mat Sobri.
Sumarni Ismail.
Azmal Sabil.
Hanita Yusof.
Nayeem Asif.
Ernaning Se yowa .
Mosque Social Sustainability Enlivening the Mosque as A Public Space for Social Sustainability of Tradi onal Malay Se lements Najiha Jar.
Nor Zalina Harun .
Alias Abdullah .
Tradi onal Se lements Social Sustainability Adopted .
Self-developed Social-Equity Well-Being Quality of Life Comfort Ac vi es Accessibility Availability of Public facili es Self-developed Self-developed Safety Open space Number facility users Community ameni es Accessibility SpeciAc Parameters eligible for Not DeAned A1.
Fayade A2.
Ornamenta on, elements, material A3.
Se ng A4.
Scale A5.
Spa al Organiza ons B1.
Adapta on of Space B2.
Management water resources (Ablu on wate.
Architectural considera on, integra on of compa bility with local heritage values C1.
Iden ty of community C2 .
Ac ve and busy with diAerent rituals, educa on, and service of C3.
Center of personal and social aspira ons C4.
Possessing speciAc architectural features to mark the transi on from secular to spiritual aspect C5.
Clarity and transparency of C6.
Architectural features of mosques .
g domes, vaults, minbar.
D1.
Muslim religious ac vity E1.
Accessibility E2 Cleanliness and Comfort E3.
Consistent program and ac vi es E4.
Ample Si ng E5.
Good learning E6.
Availability of recrea onal Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 629 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Table 2.
The coding process of indicators from selected references ClassiAca on Parameter 1 Architectural Form (A1.
A2.
C1.
Social interac on and the se ng of (A3.
A4.
C2.
C3.
C4.
D1.
E3.
E5.
Parameter 2 Parameter 3 Facade Ornamenta on, material usage Se ng Scale Flexibility of Space Regarding Profane and Sacred Spaces (A5.
B1.
C5.
D1.
E1.
Spa al Organiza on Adapta on of space Architectural features of mosques .
domes, vaults.
Ac ve and busy with diAerent Center of personal and aspira on Possessing speciAc features to mark the transi on from secular to spiritual aspect Muslim ac vity MuslimsAo ac vity Parameter 5 Designated si ng area Consistent program and ac vi es Good learning center Availability of recrea onal Accessibility Consistent program and ac vi es Cleanliness and Comfort Clarity and transparency of Management of water Social Par cipa on in scope of Community Surrounding (C.
Parameter 4 Iden ty of Community The next step, as seen in the table, involves a classification process by determining themes from similar keywords, particularly in the section of specific parameters eligible for mosques within the context of social Theme selection should prioritize social activities in mosques that have a direct relationship with space and its The method for determining themes involves creating classifications based on the social interactions between congregants within spaces in the mosque.
Based on the coding results (Table .
, it is determined that there are four major classifications related to the parameters collected from various references.
, namely: .
Architectural Form.
Social Interaction and The Setting of Spaces.
Flexibility of Space Regarding Profane and Sacred Spaces.
Social Participation in Scope of Community Surrounding.
The elaboration of each classification is as follows: .
Architectural Form: The MosqueAos shape was actually affected by the land where the mosque was built.
However, mosque architecture has distinctive features that could be identified as common mosque forms by the This criterion has nothing to do with social aspects since architectural forms underline the physical aspect rather than the social one.
Social Interaction and the Setting Spaces: Social Interaction portrays the activities of the congregants at the mosque.
Mosque was built to accommodate different activities, namely ritual activities, e.
, prayer/Salat, which is sacred and non-ritual activities, e.
, sermons, classes, break-fast, etc.
Flexibility of space regarding profane and sacred spaces: flexibility of spaces in mosques reflects the dynamic of activities between social life and worship.
A mosque is a peopleAos place, so it should accommodate activities .
Social participation in the scope of the community surrounding: The existence of a mosque should provide a lively ambiance and give advantages to the community surroundings.
As a conclusion, the parameters mentioned were gathered and suitable to be applied to a mosque.
Nevertheless, though it was mentioned in the previous references, a parameter named Architectural Form is not attached to the social aspect, therefore, this parameter will not be considered as one of the suitable parameters.
630 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid
METHODS
The research steps conducted to record congregational activities in the mosque are as follows: .
Mapping the congregation's behavior in the mosque during prayer times throughout the week, namely: Fajr Prayer.
Dhuhr Prayer.
Asr Prayer.
Maghrib Prayer, and Isha Prayer.
Mapping the congregation's behavior during the month of Ramadan, including I'tikaf worship activities.
Recording nonritual activities during the month of Ramadan .
Distributing questionnaires to the congregation of the studied mosque.
Calculating data using Likert scale.
Correlating behavior mapping results with Likert scale calculation results.
The research was conducted from February to April, 2023, to coincide with Ramadan and record all activities taking place at Masjid Al-Lathiif.
OBSERVATION WITH BEHAVIOUR MAPPING
Bryman .
described behavior mapping as the method through which researchers record and observe human behavior, as well as its connection to the surrounding physical environment .
Ittelson identified five key aspects in behavior mapping: .
Creating a simple sketch of the observed area, .
Describing and diagramming the types of observed behaviors, .
Stating the time when observed behavior occurs, .
Maintaining systematic procedures during observation, and .
Using an efficient marking system or notation throughout the observation process.
Furthermore, behavior mapping is divided into two types: "placecentered" and "person-centered" .
"Place-centered maps" mainly focus on observing behavior through static scenes, capturing how people behave and where they are situated within a given area, while "person-centered maps" concentrate on tracking individual activities.
Considering this explanation, the behavior mapping approach used in this study follows the "place-centered maps" method.
It involves mapping the behavior patterns of worshippers within a designated area of a mosque.
VALIDATING THE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF WORSHIPERS AT MASJID AL-LATHIIF
The validation process takes place after the completion of the behavior mapping process.
It involves distributing questionnaires processed using a Likert Scale.
The Likert scale measurement method was first introduced in 1932 through the article "A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes.
Ay .
Table 3.
Scale of Answers and Score Related to Social Sustainability Questions Scale of Answers Abbreviation Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Number of Respondents Rating Scale The purpose of providing answer scale values is to obtain criteria scores, which leads to the discovery of percentage answer results.
Criteria scores are obtained by multiplying the number of respondents who choose a particular answer by the assigned value on the rating scale as shown in Table 3.
Thus, the method for obtaining the rating scale or interval is to divide one hundred by the number of answer scales, which is four, resulting in a twenty-five-point rating range per scale.
The final results are achieved through calculations to determine the percentage outcome by adding up the four criteria scores from the four answer scales.
Result = Score SA Score A Score D Score SD Highest scale value .
rom 4 scale answer.
x number of respondents .
RESULT AND DISCUSSION This section explains the observations of the behavior mapping results.
To ensure all activities in the mosque were classified, a method of color coding was applied, as seen in Table 4.
Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 631 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Table 4.
Activities classified in color coding BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING FAJR PRAYER OR DAWN PRAYER Observation was conducted just before the dawn prayer began from 04:10 to 04:30, during the dawn prayer - from 04:35 to 04:50, and after the dawn prayer - from 05:10 to 05:30 (Table .
Table 5.
Behavior Mapping during Fajr Prayer or Dawn Prayer 632 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid
BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING ZUHR PRAYER OR MIDDAY PRAYER
Observation was conducted just before the noon prayer began from 11:05 to 11:40, during the Midday prayer - from 11:50 to 12:20, and after the Midday prayer - from 12:35 to 14:30 (Table .
Table 6.
Behavior Mapping during Zuhr Prayer or Midday Prayer
BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING ASHR PRAYER OR AFTERNOON PRAYER
Observations were conducted just before the afternoon prayer began from 14:40 to 14:55, during the afternoon prayer - from 15:00 to 15:35, and after the afternoon prayer - from 15:45 to 17:20 (Table .
Table 7.
Behavior Mapping during Zuhr Prayer or Midday Prayer
BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING MAGHRIB PRAYER OR SUNSET PRAYER
Observation was conducted just before the sunset prayer began from 17:30 to 17:58, during the sunset prayer - from 18:00 to 18:20, and after the sunset prayer - from 18:25 to 18:45 (Table .
Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 633 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Table 8.
Behavior Mapping during Maghrib Prayer or Sunset Prayer
BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING ISHA PRAYER OR NIGHT PRAYER
Observation was conducted just before the evening prayer began from 18:50 to 19:05, during the evening prayer - from 19:10 to 19:25, and after the evening prayer - from 19:30 to 20:05 (Table .
Table 9.
Behavior Mapping during Isha Prayer or Night Prayer
BEHAVIOR MAPPING DURING TARAWEEH PRAYER
Observation was conducted on Tuesday.
April 4, 2023, precisely during the Tarawih prayer - from 20:10 to 20:25 and after the Tarawih prayer - from 20:35 to 22:30 (Table .
634 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid Table 10.
Behavior Mapping during Taraweeh Prayer
BEHAVIOR MAPPING EID PRAYER
Observation was conducted on Saturday.
April 22, 2023, just before the Eid prayer began from 06:00 to 06:30, during the Eid prayer - from 06:45 to 07:05, and after the Eid prayer - from 07:10 to 07:30.
(Table .
Table 11.
Behavior Mapping during Eid Prayer BEHAVIOR MAPPING IAoTIKAF PRAYER Observation was conducted on Tuesday.
April 18, 2023, just before the IAotikaf prayer began from 00:15 to 01:35 and during the IAotikaf prayer - from 01:40 to 03:20 (Table .
Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 635 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Table 12.
Behavior Mapping during IAotikaf Prayer CONGREGANTSAo INTERPRETATION ON SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AT AL-LATHIIF MOSQUE The process of observation through behavior mapping around Al-Lathiif Mosque becomes essential in researching both ritualistic and non-ritualistic activities .
ther than Sala.
that occur within the mosque.
The results of observation must be validated, as each congregant has a different perspective of comfort in performing an activity.
Therefore, to obtain deeper insights, this observation is further carried out by collecting data through interviews and filling out questionnaires.
Furthermore, the data obtained must be processed using Likert scale methods with percentage results.
The number of congregants who have responded to questions based on 3 parameters is 40 congregants, and the parameters are .
Social Interaction and the Setting of Spaces, .
Flexibility of Space Regarding Sacred and Profane, and .
Social Participation in the Scope of Community.
As seen in Table 13, the majority of the community in Al-Lathiif Mosque is dominated by youth.
Therefore, the social activities are very vibrant and lively.
The results from distributing the questionnaires are presented in table number 14 to 16.
Table 13.
RespondentAos Profile Gender Man Woman Age <25 Years 25 Ae 45 Years 46 Ae 65 Years > 65 Years 636 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Numbers Numbers Percentage 47,5 % 52,5 % Percentage 52,5 % 47,5 % Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid Table 14.
Social Interaction and the Setting of Spaces Statement
Number of Respondents Criteria Score
Ra ng Scale (%) Result
Conclusion Strongly Agree
The ac vi es you engage in within this mosque involve other congregants who are also present
within the mosque The ac vi es you engage in within this mosque encourage you to interact with the community within the mosque area
78,75
Strongly Agree
The environment within the mosque area is capable of fostering a sense of security for congregants in carrying out their worship ac vi es
Strongly Agree
The ac vi es you engage in within the mosque have the poten al to mo vate you to become a be er
The ac vi es
within the mosque can support
harmony, and/or 94,375 Strongly Agree
Strongly Agree
89,87
Strongly Agree
Results Conclusion 95,625 Strongly Agree
95,00
Strongly Agree
95,313
Strongly agree Average Table 15.
Flexibility of Space Regarding Sacredness and Profaneness Statement Each space and facility within the mosque can be utilized not only for prayer activities .
but also for other .
You can move between different spaces/facilities in a range of sacredness .
rayer are.
and profaneness .
ther than prayer are.
within the mosque with a sense of Number of respondents Criteria Score Rating Scale (%) Average Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 637 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Table 16.
Social Participation in the Scope of Community Statement The activities within this mosque also appear to have the capability to motivate other users to become better The facilities, along with the spaces of the mosque and its .
oof, walls, and floo.
, seem also to be capable of supporting the activities within the mosque The activities you engage in at the mosque have the potential to motivate you to enhance your contribution to the community.
Number of respondents Criterium Scale
Rating Scale (%) Results Conclusion 95,00 Strongly Agree
Strongly Agree
91,875
Strongly Agree The activities within the mosque also appear to congregants to increase their contribution to the community.
93,125
Strongly Agree The activities within this contribute to enhancing the quality of life for the community in its surrounding area .
ocially, culturally, and The mosque oversees the facilities, and spaces within the mosque 91,875 Strongly Agree
91,25
Strongly Agree
92,92
Strongly Average 638 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid
THE FINDINGS FROM BEHAVIOR MAPPING AND QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS
Behavior mapping is divided into two categories: ritual activities, which include prayers, and non-ritual During non-ritual activities, the dominant activities typically happen before and after prayer times, which are socializing, sleeping, waiting, standing, having pre-dawn meals, breaking fast, listening to sermons, and reciting the Quran and Dzikr.
Based on the behavior pattern mapping, the following is a summary of the mapped activities during ritual and non-ritual times observed in the mosque .
Table 17.
Summary of Activity Pattern Mapping Time of Prayer Before Exact Time After Findings The flexibility of space is dynamic .
he sacred area could turn profane due to the activities that occurre.
The main area in the mosque is strictly for sacred areas and performing Salat.
The flexibility of space turns dynamic, and dominantly, the congregants perform activities other than Salat.
Therefore, based on Table 17, the intensity of congregants significantly influences the activities within the space of each mosque.
Consequently, peak visiting times occur just before and after Maghrib prayers on holidays, before Friday prayers, and before I'tikaf prayers.
The mosque committee usually facilitates these activities.
Some of the common events organized by the committee include iftar/break-fast gatherings, sharing sessions, religious sermons or talks, children's religious classes, and other religious discussions held in the main prayer area and extending to the veranda area (Figure 2.
Point A & B).
However, some of these activities also extend to the outdoor space (Figure 2.
Point C).
This indicates that non-prayer activities can fundamentally influence the transformation of sacred areas into profane areas.
The isometric diagrams illustrating prayer and non-prayer activities within Al-Lathiif Mosque in Bandung is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2.
Site Plan and Isometric of Activities Mapping Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 | 639 Assessing Social Sustainability in Mosque as Religious Building Case Study: Al-Lathiif Mosque.
BandungAeWest Java.
Indonesia Figure 3.
The Flexibility of Spaces in Mosque THE FINDINGS FROM BEHAVIOR MAPPING AND QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS The results of behavior mapping observations during Ramadan show that congregants are predominantly more active in non-ritualistic activities .
nteracting among individual.
before and after the five daily prayers.
Friday prayers.
Eid prayers, and I'tikaf prayers.
These activities are also predominantly conducted around the main prayer area for men, the women's prayer area, and the mosque's veranda, and during I'tikaf prayers, activities are quite bustling on the mezzanine floor, ground floor, and even extending to the outer space.
Furthermore, based on the average questionnaire responses regarding this discussion, social Interaction scores Therefore, it can be concluded that the spaces accommodating these social activities align with user interview findings.
FLEXIBILITY
The flexibility of spaces in Masjid Al-Lathiif can be observed through behavior mapping, showing dynamic prayer and non-prayer activities.
Activities during Ramadan lead to significant changes in space functions.
These changes are usually quite busy before and after Maghrib prayers on holidays.
Friday prayers, and I'tikaf prayers, which occur in the main prayer area and veranda intended for ritualistic activities.
However, social activities take place before and after prayers.
Thus, the main prayer area .
is more utilized as a profane area before and after prayers.
This is also supported by the average questionnaire response score of 95.
It can be concluded that the flexibility of space in Al-Lathiif Mosque adequately caters to primary and secondary needs, depending on the time.
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION
The activities organized by the committee of Al-Lathiif Mosque are predominantly communal, attracting not only residents but also visitors from outside the area.
Based on the interviews, both local and non-local residents share the same opinion that the activities are beneficial and motivate congregants to attend.
This is further supported by the average questionnaire response score of 92.
640 | Journal of Islamic Architecture 8.
June 2025 Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani.
Shaufa Salsabila Sari.
Aldyfra Luhulima Lukman.
Sahid
CONCLUSION
Social sustainability in mosques is closely tied to the activities accommodated by the mosque.
Mosques facilitate activities beyond worship.
Hence, social activities are closely linked to the mosque's function.
The mosque dominated by the youth community should ideally provide compatible spaces for worship.
The results of behavioral mapping reveal a dynamic spatial temporality, particularly during the I'tikaf activities in the month of Ramadan, where profane spaces turn into sacred ones and vice versa, which is strongly perceptible.
Furthermore, the degree of sacredness of space can be temporary, as seen in the need for the main area to accommodate congregants' activities besides prayer.
Referring to the cleanliness and sanctity that must be maintained in the main prayer area, mosques can provide spaces that accommodate activities other than prayer outside the main
REFERENCES