Nursing Journal Volume 10.
Issue 2.
Page 137Ae 145 https://ejurnal.
id/index.
php/JKep DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
32668/jkep.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY RESILIENCE
AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOUR WITH ATTITUDES
TOWARDS EARLY MARRIAGE IN ADOLESCENTS IN STATE JUNIOR
HIGH SCHOOL X PARUNG PANJANG
Abstract 1st Ritanti 1* 2nd Nurhanifasyah Pertiwi 2* Departement of Nursing UPN AuVeteranAy Jakarta.
Indonesia email: ritanti@upnvj.
Keywords:
Early Marriage Family Reproductive Health Teenagers Adolescents are the future successors of the nation who are vulnerable to deviant reproductive health behaviour, which will have an impact such as early marriage.
This study aims to determine the relationship between family resilience and reproductive health behaviour with attitudes towards early marriage in adolescents at State Junior High School X Parung Panjang.
This research design uses quantitative observational analytic cross-sections approach with stratified random sampling technique.
A total of 285 students of State Junior High School X Parung Panjang participated in the study.
Univariate data analysis using proposi test and bivariate analysis using ChiSquare test.
The results of this study are that there is a significant relationship between family resilience and early marriage attitudes with a value .
-value .
and reproductive health behaviour has a relationship with the attitude of early adolescent marriage with a value .
-value 0.
The results of this study provide policy recommendations to the West Java Provincial Health Office in the form of adolescent reproductive health services in school Received: September 2025 Accepted: October 2025 Published: November 2025 A year The Authors.
Published by Published Jurusan Keperawatan.
Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Jakarta i.
This is Open Access article under the CC-BY-SA License .
ttp://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
0/).
DOI:
https://doi.
org/10.
32668/jkep.
INTRODUCTION
at the end of 2022.
Indonesia is ranked second in ASEAN with Adolescents constitute a globally significant demographic group, 5 million cases of child marriage.
About 11.
21% of women representing approximately 1.
3 billion individuals aged 10Ae19 aged 20-24 years were married before the age of 18 .
Based on years, or about 16% of the worldAos total population .
BPS 2024 data, in West Java, 6.
79% of adolescents aged 20-24 Indonesia, adolescents account for around 44.
25 million people, had married before the age of 18 in 2023 .
UNICEF in 2023 reflecting a substantial portion of the national population .
reported that Indonesia ranked fourth globally with a total of Within this national context.
West Java one of the countryAos most 53 million cases of child marriage.
It is often influenced by populous provinces hosts a large number of adolescents, social and family factors .
including those residing in Bogor Regency, where the adolescent Families have an important role in preventing early marriage, population aged 10Ae19 years reaches 921,313 individuals.
often influenced by economic pressure and low knowledge.
Specifically, in Parung Panjang sub-district, there are 22,209 Research by Halawa & Lase mentioned that adolescents' adolescents, with a sex ratio of 103.
This local context relationship with their parents greatly influences the decision to provides a relevant setting for exploring adolescent-related marry young .
In addition, the lack of education about issues, particularly those concerning early marriage prevention.
reproductive health is also an important factor in early marriage.
This large number of adolescents has an impact on reproductive The results of research by Farahdiba & Hartuti show that a low health issues, including early marriage.
Based on UNICEF data understanding of reproductive health can increase the risk of JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 deviant sexual behaviour in adolescents .
Results from focus group discussions (FGD.
showed that 100% Early marriage has adverse effects on the physical and of students lacked knowledge about early marriage prevention, psychological health of adolescent girls, including the risk of although most expressed disagreement with the practice, citing premature birth, emotional conflict, and suboptimal parenting concerns that it would restrict their future opportunities.
These .
In addition to dropping out of school, early marriage also findings suggest that the absence of formal and informal triggers stunting, which can inhibit brain development, lower reproductive health education, combined with local cultural and immunity, and cause chronic health problems into adulthood socio-economic influences, contributes to adolescentsAo limited .
understanding and potentially permissive attitudes toward early The Indonesian government has implemented several marriage in this area.
programmes to address adolescent reproductive health Therefore.
Despite the various governmental and community- issues and reduce the incidence of early marriage, based efforts to reduce early marriage, there remains limited including the Youth Information and Counselling Centre understanding of how family resilience and reproductive health (PIK R/M) and Planned Generation (GenR.
behaviours influence adolescentsAo attitudes towards early While these interventions aim to promote informed marriage, particularly in socio-culturally diverse regions such as decision-making and responsible behaviour among Parung Panjang .
Addressing this gap, the present study aims to examine the relationship between family resilience and reprod Previous studies have indicated that despite uctive health behaviours with attitudes towards early marriage these programmes, risky behaviours and early marriage among adolescents at State Junior High School X Parung practices persist, particularly in certain regions of Java.
Panjang.
According to the 2024 National Medium-Term
Development Plan (RPJMN), the government set a target
METHODS
to reduce the early marriage rate to 8.
Although the The research design used was quantitative observational analytic rate decreased to 8.
60% in 2022, it remains concerning, cross-sectional approach.
The independent variables were family especially in West Java, where sociocultural factors and resilience and reproductive health behaviour, while the limited parental supervision continue to influence dependent variable was early marriage attitude.
The study adolescent behaviour.
These conditions highlight the population comprised 997 adolescents enrolled at State Junior need for further research to assess local determinants of High School X in Parung Panjang.
A total of 285 adolescents early marriage and to evaluate how existing interventions aged 12Ae16 years were selected as the study sample.
The sample can be adapted to effectively address the issue within size was determined using the Slovin formula because the total specific community contexts such as Parung Panjang.
population was fewer than 10,000 .
According to the Slovin This study was conducted in response to the increasing incidence formula .
= N / .
A)]), with a population size (N) of 997 of early marriage in Bogor District, particularly in Parung and a margin of error .
05, the required sample size was Panjang Sub-district, during 2023.
Parung Panjang is approximately 285 respondents.
This method was applied to characterised by a semi-urban setting with limited access to ensure that the selected sample accurately represented the total adolescent reproductive health education and persistent socio- population while maintaining an acceptable level of precision for cultural norms that tend to tolerate early marriage as a means of statistical analysis.
addressing economic challenges and preserving family honour The study employed a probability sampling technique using .
Preliminary studies at State Junior High School X Parung stratified random sampling.
This method was selected because it Panjang revealed that most students had not received sufficient allows the population to be divided into strata based on specific information related to early marriage and reproductive health.
criteria that ensure homogeneity within each stratum and heterogeneity between strata .
In this study, the stratification JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 was based on the educational level of adolescents and their health behaviour, with significance values .
-taile.
of <0.
gender, as these factors are closely associated with knowledge Furthermore, the reliability analysis indicated a very high level of and attitudes toward early marriage.
By applying this approach, internal consistency, with CronbachAos Alpha coefficients ranging each subgroup such as male and female adolescents, and those 800 and 1.
000, confirming the robustness and attending junior or senior high school was proportionally psychometric soundness of the instruments used in this study.
Data analysis in this study involved both univariate and bivariate representativeness of the findings.
The univariate analysis aimed to describe the Inclusion criteria include Students who are still active in school, frequency distribution and percentage of respondentsAo Males and females aged in the range of 12 to 16 years.
Willing to characteristics, family resilience, reproductive health behaviour, become respondents.
Willing to follow the series of activities and attitudes towards early marriage.
The bivariate analysis was from beginning to end.
Living with nuclear family.
Exclusion conducted using the Chi-square test, which was chosen because criteria include Not present during data collection.
Physical and all study variables were categorical and the analysis sought to mental limitations.
Living in a dormitory or boarding house.
examine associations between family resilience, reproductive This research was conducted at State Junior High School X health behaviour, and adolescentsAo attitudes towards early Parung Panjang with 285 respondents.
The instruments used in marriage, in line with the research hypotheses .
The Chi- this study were standardised questionnaires designed to measure square test was appropriate for assessing the independence attitudes towards early marriage, family resilience, and between these variables in a non-parametric framework.
reproductive health behaviour.
The instrument for assessing early Prior to conducting the Chi-square analysis, statistical marriage attitudes was adopted from the questionnaire developed assumptions were verified, including ensuring that the expected by Kohno Ayako et al.
, consisting of 31 items, with total cell frequencies were Ou5 to maintain the validity of the test results.
scores above 105 indicating positive attitudes and scores below The strength of the associations was further evaluated using Odds 105 indicating negative attitudes towards early marriage.
Family Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals, providing additional resilience was measured using the standardised questionnaire insight into the magnitude of the observed relationships.
All developed by Walsh .
, which comprises 32 items.
statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics above 103 indicate high family resilience, while scores below Version 25.
103 indicate low resilience.
Reproductive health behaviour was This study was approved by the Ethics Commission of the assessed using a standard instrument by Kholifah et al.
National Development University AoVeteranAo Jakarta with consisting of 22 items, where scores above 43 denote good number 447/XI/2024/KEP.
reproductive health behaviour and scores below 43 denote poor
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The selection of these instruments was based not only on their Table 1.
Frequency Distribution of Respondents' Age (N standardisation but also on their relevance to the Indonesian = .
sociocultural context, where family dynamics and adolescent Variabel Mean Median MinMax Age behaviour are closely intertwined.
These tools have been previously validated among adolescent populations in similar
95% CI
Lower Upper Source: Researcher Data (November 2.
Validity testing using the Product Moment Table 1 shows that the average age of respondents was 13.
correlation conducted at State Junior High School Y Parung years with a standard deviation of 0.
998, a median of 14 years.
Panjang confirmed that all items were valid for the variables of early marriage attitudes, family resilience, and reproductive the youngest age being 12 years, and the oldest age being 16 Most respondents were 14 years old.
This finding is JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 consistent with previous studies showing that most respondents Table 2 shows that female respondents outnumber male were in the early adolescent age range .
The age of 12Ae16 respondents .
% compared to 46%).
This proportion is years is an important transitional period, during which in line with previous studies showing the dominance of adolescents experience physical, emotional, and social changes female respondents in similar studies .
Women that affect how they view relationships, marriage, and are often the group that is more vulnerable to social reproductive health.
This period is characterised by the pressures related to early marriage, but they are also more development of curiosity, the formation of self-identity, and an open to information about reproductive health.
However, increased need for guidance from parents and the environment certain cultural norms still place women as the party who .
Therefore, these results emphasise the importance of is considered more ready to marry at a young age, which providing reproductive health education from an early age to can influence the formation of their attitudes towards prevent the formation of permissive attitudes towards early Meanwhile, adolescent boys are generally marriage .
more active in seeking information through technology.
Table 2.
Frequency distribution of respondents' but do not always have a deep understanding of characteristics (N = .
reproductive health .
This shows the need for an Frequency .
Precent
(%)
educational approach that considers gender differences Male reproductive health behaviours can be more effective.
Female All respondents were recorded as living with both parents Variabel so that the formation of adolescent attitudes and Gender Live with Parents Nuclear Family (Father.
Mothe.
in a nuclear family.
This condition reflects a stable family <UMR of Bogor Regency (<4,500,.
>UMR of Bogor Regency (>4,500,.
structure and is in line with the concept of a nuclear Completeness of Parents Father and Mother family that has the functions of nurturing, protecting, and supervising children.
This finding is in line with previous Parents' Income studies showing that living with both parents can support adolescents' emotional and social development .
The presence of both parents in one household provides a Parents' Education Not in school
0,4%
more conducive environment for the formation of moral
Elementary School
16,8%
behaviour and values, including in shaping adolescents' Junior High School
31,9%
understanding of the risks of early marriage .
Upper secondary school
40,4%
All respondents .
%) also had both parents, namely a Higher Education 10,5% father and mother.
Having both parents contributes High
50,2%
Low
49,8%
Marital Status of Parents Married significantly to the emotional stability of children and a more balanced parenting style.
Previous studies have Family Resilience shown that adolescents with both parents tend to have better adaptive abilities and lower risk of risky behaviour .
In the context of this study, the presence of both Reproductive Health Behaviour
Good
52,3%
parents can strengthen the process of communication and Less Good
47,7%
education within the family regarding reproductive health and the dangers of early marriage, thereby helping Early Marriage Attitudes Positive 50,5% to shape more mature attitudes among adolescents Negative 49,5% .
Source: Researcher Data (November 2.
JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 The results of the study show that most of the The picture of family resilience among respondents respondents' parents have an income below the minimum shows almost balanced results, with 50.
2 per cent in the wage in Bogor Regency, namely 67 per cent.
This high category and 49.
8 per cent in the low category.
condition illustrates that most of the respondents come Analysis shows a significant relationship between family from families with lower-middle socioeconomic status.
resilience and attitudes Previous studies have also shown that adolescents from Adolescents from families with high resilience are 2.
low-income families are more vulnerable to early times more likely to reject early marriage than marriage, as economic factors often encourage families adolescents from families with low resilience .
to marry their children off early to reduce financial These results are in line with the concept of family burdens .
However, emotional support and good family resilience can strengthen adolescents' ability to adaptability and effective communication in protecting resist such pressures.
These results indicate the need for family members from social pressure .
Other studies also show that family resilience is an important strengthening the role of parents in supporting adolescent factor in preventing risky behaviour in adolescents resilience .
The level of parental education was dominated by high Adolescent reproductive health behaviour shows that school graduates.
Education is closely related to mindset, 3 per cent of respondents have good behaviour, while understanding of reproduction, and how parents provide 7 per cent have poor behaviour.
There is a significant guidance to their children.
The higher the parents' level relationship between reproductive health behaviour and of education, the more likely they are to understand the attitudes towards early marriage, where adolescents with health and social risks of early marriage .
good reproductive health behaviour are almost twice as Conversely, limited education can lead to a lack of likely to reject early marriage.
Previous studies have understanding and minimal open communication about shown that a good understanding of reproductive health reproductive health.
The results of this study emphasise can increase adolescents' awareness of the risks of early the importance of family health education that can reach pregnancy, infection, and the social and economic parents with various levels of education, so that the burdens of early marriage .
The implications of information received by adolescents can be more evenly these findings emphasise the importance of reproductive distributed .
health education in schools and the involvement of health All respondents had parents who were married.
The workers and families in providing comprehensive integrity of the parents' marital relationship is an education .
,9,.
indicator of family stability that can strengthen Attitudes towards early marriage showed almost adolescents' psychosocial development.
A harmonious balanced results, with 50.
5 per cent of respondents marital relationship creates a safe emotional environment having a positive attitude towards delaying marriage and for children, thereby increasing their ability to make 5 per cent having a negative attitude.
These attitudes rational decisions, including those related to readiness for are greatly influenced by family circumstances and marriage .
These findings indicate that the adolescents' understanding of reproductive health.
stability of parents' marriages can be a protective factor Previous that supports the formation of negative attitudes towards interventions combined with health education can early marriage .
consistently improve adolescents' attitudes towards towards early marriage.
emphasises the importance family-based delaying marriage .
Overall, the results of this JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 study indicate that family resilience and reproductive The results of this study are in line with previous findings health behaviour are two key factors that shape that show a significant relationship between adolescents' knowledge of early marriage and the role of parents .
Strengthening these two aspects can be an effective as well as other studies that confirm that parental support strategy in preventing early marriage and improving the influences adolescent girls' attitudes towards early marriage .
Other studies have also found a strong .
,8,19,.
relationship between parenting styles and the prevalence Table 3.
Association of Family Resilience and of early marriage among adolescents .
However, the Reproductive Health Behaviour with Early Marriage results of this study are not in line with other studies that Attitudes (N = .
report no difference in the incidence of early marriage between authoritarian and democratic parenting styles Early Marriage Attitudes Variable Positive Family Resilience High
,5%)
Negative Total
,4%)
prevailing social values, and the different roles of society in shaping adolescents' perceptions of early marriage.
,5%)
Low .
This difference is likely due to local cultural factors, .
% CI) .
,6%) .
%) .
526 Ae resilience encompasses several important factors such as .
,4%) .
,6%) .
%) .
,9%) .
,1%) .
%) Less Good to bounce back from various pressures and adapt to change without losing its primary function.
Family Reproductive Health Behaviour Good Theoretically, a highly resilient family is one that is able .
214 Ae effective communication, spirituality, adaptability, time spent together, and social support .
Ae.
These factors create a safe emotional environment for adolescents.
Source: Researcher Data (November 2.
helping them develop a healthy sense of identity and the Table 3 The results of the Chi-Square test show a ability to make mature decisions, including those related significant relationship between family resilience and to marriage.
Conversely, family disharmony, lack of attitudes towards early marriage among adolescents at attention, and poor communication can cause feelings of SMP Negeri Y Parung Panjang, with a p-value of 0.
loneliness and unmet needs for affection in adolescents, and an odds ratio (OR) of 2.
% CI: 1.
526Ae3.
which can ultimately push them to seek validation This indicates that adolescents with high family outside the home through romantic relationships that resilience are 2.
457 times more likely to have a positive could potentially lead to early marriage.
attitude towards preventing early marriage compared to The practical implication of these findings is the adolescents from families with low resilience.
These importance of strengthening family resilience through findings indicate that the higher the level of family family education programmes, parental guidance, and resilience, the better the adolescents' views and attitudes effective communication training in schools and towards delaying marriage.
This condition can occur community settings.
Schools and health workers can because families with good resilience are able to provide work together to provide education on the role of the emotional support, open communication, and strong family in shaping adolescents' attitudes towards moral and spiritual guidance to their children, so that Thus, increasing family resilience can be one adolescents are better able to internalise social and of the preventive strategies in reducing the rate of early religious norms that reject the practice of early marriage.
marriage among adolescents.
JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 e-ISSN: 2354-6050 The Chi-Square test results also showed a significant The practical implications of these results emphasise the relationship between reproductive health behaviour and need for comprehensive and continuous reproductive attitudes towards early marriage among adolescents at health education for adolescents, both in school and SMP Negeri Y Parung Panjang, with a p-value of 0.
family environments, with an approach that is in line with and OR = 1.
% CI: 1.
214Ae3.
This means that religious and cultural values.
This education not only adolescents with good reproductive health behaviour are provides knowledge but also shapes moral values, almost twice as likely to have a positive attitude towards preventing early marriage compared to adolescents with appropriate decisions to protect their health and future.
poor reproductive health behaviour.
These findings The active role of parents, teachers, health workers, and indicate that the better the reproductive health behaviour community leaders is crucial in creating an environment of adolescents which includes understanding the function that supports the development of healthy reproductive of reproductive organs, the risks of pregnancy, and the health behaviour, thereby reducing the incidence of early social and psychological impacts of early marriage the marriage among adolescents .
stronger their rejection of the practice of marriage at a young age.
CONCLUSION
These results are consistent with several studies showing The results of the study indicate that there is a significant a significant relationship between reproductive health relationship between family resilience and reproductive behaviour and attitudes towards early marriage .
Ae.
health behaviour with adolescents' attitudes towards Other studies also support the notion that premarital early marriage.
Adolescents who have high family sexual behaviour is closely related to early marriage .
resilience are 2.
45 times more likely to have a positive and that healthy sexual behaviour is inversely related to attitude towards delaying marriage compared to the tendency to marry at a young age .
Similar adolescents from families with low resilience.
Similarly, findings also show that most adolescents have good adolescents who have good reproductive health reproductive health behaviours .
, while other behaviour are almost twice as likely to reject the practice studies find that 59.
7% of adolescents have positive of early marriage compared to adolescents who have poor reproductive health behaviours that correlate with more reproductive health behaviour.
This shows that the higher rational attitudes towards marriage age .
the family resilience and the better the reproductive Conceptually, good reproductive health behaviour helps health behaviour of adolescents, the more positive their adolescents understand the medical, attitudes are in preventing early marriage.
social, and psychological impacts of premarital sex and early This study can be used as a reference for efforts to This knowledge encourages critical thinking prevent early marriage through strengthening family and awareness of the importance of maintaining resilience and improving adolescent reproductive health reproductive health before entering married life.
Strengthening family resilience can be done Adolescents with healthy reproductive behaviour tend to through family education, parental guidance, and training be better able to control their emotional and sexual urges in effective communication between parents and and are more likely to consider their physical and mental Meanwhile, reproductive health education readiness before deciding to marry.
Conversely, poor needs to be provided comprehensively and continuously reproductive health behaviour can increase the risk of both at school and in the family environment, taking into risky sexual behaviour, exposure to pornographic media, account cultural and religious values.
Future researchers and unwanted pregnancies .
are advised to develop this study by adding other JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 10 Issue 2.
November 2025.
Page 137Ae 145 variables such as the influence of peers, social norms, and e-ISSN: 2354-6050 Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia media exposure, as well as involving respondents from dan Kebudayaan.
Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak various backgrounds to obtain more comprehensive Perlu Menjadi Prioritas Demi Wujudkan Indonesia Layak results regarding the factors that influence adolescents' Anak 2030.
attitudes towards early marriage.
Halawa.
, & Lase.
Dampak Pernikahan Dini Masa Remaja Awal.
DOI:
https://doi.
org/10.
56855/jllans.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT