JKEP (JURNAL KEPERAWATAN) Vol 9, No 2, November 2024 ISSN: 2354-6042 (Print) ISSN: 2354-6050 (online) The Link Between Dietary Habits and Body Mass Index in Relation to the Occurrence of Hypertension in The Jatiwarna Village Community Health Center Santa Manurung*, Imtihani Afiyah Najiyah, Paula Krisanty, Tri Endah Pangastuti, Wartonah, Nelly Yardes, Ace Sudrajat Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta III, Indonesia * email: santamanurung@yahoo.com Article history Posted, Sept 02th, 2024 Reviewed, Sept 30th, 2024 Received, Nov 21th, 2024 Copyright © 2024 Authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. ABSTRACT High blood pressure is a prevalent condition in the community and is a significant risk factor for heart disease. Hypertension is often called “the silent killer” because it is a highly perilous condition that can strike individuals without any detectable signs. There are various elements that can impact high blood pressure, such as dietary habits and obesity, which can be assessed by determining body mass index. To establish the correlation between dietary habits and BMI in relation to the prevalence of hypertension at the Jatiwarna Village Community Health Center. This investigation is a quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional methodology. The example utilized in this study consisted of 79 participants selected through the purposive sampling method. An examination of the connection between factors was conducted using chi square. The findings of the chi square analysis examination on the connection between diet and the occurrence of hypertension obtained p-value = 0,038 (<0,05) and an OR value = 3,117 and the correlation between body mass index and the occurrence of hypertension resulted in a p-value = 0.781 (greater than 0.05). There is a noteworthy connection between diet and the prevalence of hypertension and there is no substantial connection between body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension in adulthood. Keywords: Incidence of Hypertension; Diet; Body Mass Index ABSTRAK Hipertensi merupakan salah satu kondisi medis yang sering terjadi di kalangan masyarakat dan merupakan factor utama yang meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit kardiovaskular. Hipertensi dijuluki sebagai The Silent Killer karena termasuk penyakit yang sangat berbahaya dan dapat menyerang setiap orang tanpa ada gejala yang dirasakan. Terdapat beberapa factor yang dapat mempengaruhi hipertensi, diantaranya adalah pola makan dan obesitas yang dapat diukur 272 273 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 dengan perhitungan indeks massa tubuh. Tujuannya adalah mengidentifikasi korelasi antara pola makan, indeks massa tubuh, dan kejadian hipertensi di Puskesmas Kelurahan Jatiwarna. Study ini merupakan studi kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Contoh yang digunakan dalam studi ini berjumlah 79 partisipan dengan memanfaatkan metode pengambilan sampel yang spesifik. Analisis korelasi antar variable dilakukan dengan menggunakan chi square. Hasil pengujian analisis chi square untuk menentukan korelasi antara pola makan dan kejadian hipertensi menunjukkan nilai p-value = 0,038 (< 0,05) dan nilai OR = 3,117, sedangkan korelasi antara indeks massa tubuh dan kejadian hipertensi menunjukkan nilai pvalue = 0,781 (> 0,05). Kesimpulan: Ada korelasi yang penting antara pola makan dan kejadian hipertensi, sementara tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara indeks massa tubuh dan kejadian hipertensi pada orang dewasa. Kata Kunci: Kejadian Tekanan Darah Tinggi; Pola Pangan; IMT INTRODUCTION that by 2025, 29% of adults will be affected Hypertension is a condition in which the by high blood pressure. systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood According pressure is equal to or greater than 90 national incidence of high blood pressure is mmHg. lead to serious health problems 34.1% among individuals over the age of without showing any symptoms. It is 18. The occurrence of high blood pressure important to monitor your blood pressure in West Java Province rose from 34.5% to regularly manage 39.6% in 2018 (DinkesJabar,2021)This hypertension early. Some of the significant increase is associated with behavior and risk factors for hypertension include a lifestyle. Risk factors for high blood sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, obesity, pressure in individuals over 15 years old and smoking. Therefore, it is crucial to include inadequate intake of vegetables and maintain a healthy lifestyle and seek fruits (95.5%), insufficient physical activity medical advice to prevent or control high (35.5%), smoking (29.3%), central obesity blood pressure. attack anyone without any (31%), and overall obesity (21.8%) (Dinkes symptoms (Kemenkes RI, 2022). Jabar, 2021) According to the WHO (2023), around 1.28 In 2019 in Bekasi City, the population billion individuals between the ages of 30 experiencing hypertension continued to and 79 worldwide are suffering from high increase every year, from19,507 people in blood pressure, and the majority of them 2016 to 28,407 people in 2017, then reside The increasing to 87,371 people in 2018, and go pressure up to 115,089 people in 2019. However, the to in occurrence detect developing of high and nations. blood worldwide is on the rise, and it is projected number to of Riskesdas people (2018), the experiencing 274 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 hypertension fell to 72,189 people in 2020 correlation (Dinkes, 2020). Data obtained from the pressure. Jatiwarna Village Community between diet and blood Health Center in January-April 2024 saw a total of Anthropometric assessment can determine 1,584 cases of visits from patients with if an individual is overweight or obese by hypertension. assessing their nutritional status. One of the nutritional health parameters associated Hypertension is a disease that is common in with blood pressure is Body Mass Index society and is the main risk factor for (BMI). There is a connection between cardiovascular disease (Ekarini etal.,2020) blood pressure and body mass index, Hypertension is a condition brought about indicating that the higher an individual's by various elements, such as obesity, poor BMI, dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and developing hypertension. (Humayun et al. elevated cholesterol levels. - High blood in Astuti et al.2016). the increased likelihood of pressure - Anxiety - Various illnesses Alcohol consumption - Coffee intake - In a survey of 85 individuals at the Cardiac Tobacco use (Dhianningtyas and Hendrati Clinic of Husada Utama Hospital in in Hendriati and Pragi, 2021). Surabaya, it was found that there was a notable correlation between body mass The likelihood of developing high blood index and blood pressure in hypertensive pressure may rise as a result of an unhealthy patients. The results indicated that nearly diet, including the consumption of high half of the respondents (47.1%) had a body levels of salt and fatty foods, and a lack of mass fruits and vegetables (Harun, 2019). overweight category, which equated to 40 Setiawan's (2018) study on 110 participants people. Nevertheless, this contradicts the at the Kebon Jeruk District Health Center in findings of Setiawan (2018), which indicate West Jakarta revealed a notable connection that there is no substantial correlation between blood pressure and dietary habits. between body mass index and blood The findings indicated that the majority of pressure. index falling into the mildly participants, 58 individuals (52.7%), had unhealthy eating patterns. Nonetheless, this In light of the phenomenon described, is not consistent with the findings of researchers are interested in conducting a Firdaus and Suryaningrat (2020), who study to establish the correlation between suggest that there is no substantial diet and body mass index with the 275 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 prevalence of hypertension at the Jatiwarna questionnaire was valid with a calculated r Village Health Center. value = 0.381-0.801 and reliable with a Cronbach's alpha value = 0.953, which METHOD means that the questionnaire is suitable for This study is quantitative research with use as a research instrument. descriptive analytical research using a cross sectional approach. The subjects in this At the implementation stage, the research research consisted of all individuals who was preceded by identifying four ethical visited the Jatiwarna Village Health Center principles in research, namely respect for for a medical examination. The example in person dignity, respect for privacy and this research comprised 79 participants. confidentiality, Sampling employed a non-probability inclusiveness, and balancing benefits and sampling approach, by not giving each harm. right to justice and member of the population an equal opportunity to be selected as a sample with Data analysis employs univariate analysis a purposeful sampling technique. to depict the traits of each variable and bivariate analysis, utilizing the chi square The study took place in March–May 2024 test, to examine the connection between the at the Jatiwarna Village Health Center. The independent variables and respondents who variables under this met the inclusion criteria and then research include dietary habits and BMI, providing an explanation to the respondents with the occurrence of high blood pressure regarding the objectives, benefits, and serving as the variable being measured. The procedures for conducting the research. tools used to collect data were demographic Respondents who agree will sign an data questionnaires and eating pattern agreement for informed consent. In this questionnaires with the Food Frequency research, respondents are protected by Questionnaire (FFQ), paying attention to the dependent variable. which were designed to provide an This study has been approved by the Health overview of respondents' food consumption Research Ethics Committee of Polytechnic frequency over the past month and had of Ministry of Health Jakarta III with letter previously been tested for validity and number reliability. The results showed that the dated April 5 2024. investigation in LB.02.02/F.XIX.21/4327/2024 276 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Univariate Analysis Table 1. Distribution of Participants by Gender, Age, Educational Background, and Profession at the Jatiwarna Subdistrict Health Facility in 2024 Variable Gender Man Women Age Young adults Middle adults Older adults Education Basic education Middle education Higher education Occupation Doesn't work Work Frequency(n) Percentage(%) 29 50 36,7 63,3 15 56 8 19 70,9 10,1 40 30 9 50,6 38 11,4 64 15 81 19 According to the information presented in bracket, 56 people (70.9%). The majority of table 1, it is evident that the participants in participants had primary education, which this research were predominantly women, accounted for 40 individuals (50.6%), and 50 individuals (63.3%), with the largest the number falling into the middle adult unemployed, totaling 64 people (81 majority of respondents were Table 2. Distribution of Participants by Dietary Habits, Body Mass Index, and Prevalence of Hypertension at the Jatiwarna Subdistrict Health Center in 2024 Variable Eating patterns Good Bad Body Mass Index Thin Normal Fat The incidence of hypertension Not hypertension Hypertension Frequency(n) Percentage(%) 37 42 46,8 53,2 12 22 45 15,2 27,8 57 26 53 32,9 67,1 277 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 According to the information in table 2, it is into the fat BMI category, 45 individuals evident that most participants in this (57%) and most of the participants had high research exhibited bad dietary habits, blood accounting for 42 individuals (53.2%). individuals (67.1%). pressure (hypertension), 53 The participants' body mass index dropped Table 4. Correlation of Body Mass Index with the Incident of Hypertension at the Jatiwarna Subdistrict Health Center in 2024 Variable The Incident of Hypertension Not Not Hypertension Hypertension N % N % Body Mass Index Thin 5 41,7 7 58,3 Normal 7 31,8 15 62,8 Fat 14 31,1 31 68,9 Total PValue N % 12 22 45 100 100 100 OR Value (CI) 95% 0,781 According to the data in table 3, it is evident a notable correlation between diet and the that most participants exhibit poor dietary prevalence of hypertension. Other studies habits and experience high blood pressure, that align with this research include the with 33 individuals (78.6%). The findings investigation carried out by Mardianto et al from statistical analyses conducted with it (2021). In 2021, a study at TK II Pelamonia revealed a notable relationship between diet Hospital in Makassar revealed a substantial and the occurrence of high blood pressure correlation between diet and the prevalence with a p-value of 0.038 (< 0.05). of hypertension, with a p-value of 0.000. Examination of the correlation between diet and the prevalence of hypertension yielded Similarly, a study carried out by Supiati a value of OR = 3.117, indicating that (2022) at the Betung Community Health individuals with a healthy dietary regimen Center, Ogan Ilir Regency, demonstrated a are 3.117 times less likely to suffer from correlation between dietary habits and the hypertension than those with an unhealthy prevalence of high blood pressure, with a p- eating pattern. value of 0.000. In addition, a 9.333 OR value was achieved, indicating that The findings of this study align with the individuals following a healthy diet had a research carried out by Riswanda (2022) in 9.333 times higher likelihood of avoiding the Kubu 1 Health Center Working Area, hypertension compared to those with a poor revealing a p-value of 0.030. This indicates diet. However, the findings of this 278 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 investigation contradict the research carried high blood pressure. Inconsistent eating out by Harun (2019) at the Gunungbitung habits can be impacted by individuals' Community Cianjur irregular routines, particularly excessive Regency. In their study, they found a p- consumption of sodium. Someone with a value of 0.516, indicating that there was no poor diet is at greater risk of developing substantial correlation between diet and the high blood pressure than those with a prevalence of hypertension. healthy diet. Thus, it is crucial to sustain a Health Center, healthy diet by avoiding consumption of An imbalanced diet in terms of variety, foods with high levels of sodium, fat, and quantity, and regularity of food, such as cholesterol in order to regulate blood high-fat foods, inadequate consumption of pressure. vegetables and fruit, and high-sodium foods, can elevate the likelihood of According to the information in table 4, it hypertension (Harun, 2019). According to is evident that most participants had a high data analysis, most of the participants BMI and 31 individuals (68.9%) were typically consume high-sodium foods. diagnosed with high blood pressure. The According to Setiawan (2023), high intake statistical analysis revealed that there was of salty foods can decrease the size of the not a significant correlation between body blood vessels, leading to increased strain on mass the heart as it pumps blood through hypertension, as indicated by a p-value of constricted passageways. This results in 0.781 (> 0.05). index and the occurrence of hypertension or elevated blood pressure. The findings of this study align with the Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent research carried out by Yulanda and Diani and lower the chances of developing (2021) at the Barimba Kapuas Hilir cardiovascular illness. Patients with high Community blood pressure are recommended to follow Regency. They obtained a p-value of 0.874, a well-rounded diet consisting of veggies, indicating nuts, fresh produce, low-fat dairy, whole correlation between body mass index and grains, fish, and healthy fats like olive oil. the occurrence of hypertension. Other It's also suggested that they cut back on red studies that align with this research include meat and saturated fats. (PERHI, 2019). the study conducted by Kolibu and Health an Center, absence of Kapuas substantial Kalesaran (2019), which yielded a p-value Diet significantly impacts the prevalence of of 0,05. 279 JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 such as a familial background of The data indicates that there is no hypertension, age, sex, alcohol intake, correlation the stress, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking. prevalence of high blood pressure in Additionally, the discrepancy could also Tempok Selatan Village, Tompaso District. stem from the criteria used for inclusion, as between BMI and the participants in this investigation were Similarly with the study carried out by all individuals who visited the Jatiwarna Ekarini and colleagues. (2020) stating that Village Health Center for a health there is no noteworthy correlation between assessment, regardless of whether they had body mass index and hypertension with a p- high blood pressure or not. value of 0.260. The findings of this investigation are different from the research CONCLUSION carried out by Shiami (2023) at the Pratama The features of the participants in this Ardita Cilangkap Clinic, which revealed a research were predominantly women with p-value of 0.002, indicating a correlation the majority falling into the middle-aged between BMI and the prevalence of high group. The majority of survey participants blood pressure. had elementary education and the majority of respondents were unemployed. The greater an individual's BMI, the greater the likelihood of experiencing According to their eating habits, the hypertension. This is due to the fact that an majority of participants have inadequate individual who is overweight or obese will dietary patterns. The findings from BMI require a greater amount of blood to calculations indicate that most participants transport oxygen to the body's tissues, belong to the obese BMI classification. In causing an increase in the volume of blood addition, with respect to the prevalence of circulating through the blood vessels. This high blood pressure, most participants in leads to a higher cardiac output, ultimately this research encountered hypertension. resulting in elevated blood pressure or hypertension (Herdiani, 2019). The findings of statistical analyses indicate a meaningful correlation between diet and The lack of a connection between BMI and the prevalence of high blood pressure. This the occurrence of high blood pressure could is due to the fact that the diet can act as a be attributed to other factors that carry more contributing weight in the prevalence of hypertension, hypertension or elevated blood pressure in factor for initiating JKEP (Jurnal Keperawatan) Vol.9 No. 2 November 2024 hlm 272-281 individuals with hypertension. In addition, there was no noteworthy correlation between body mass index and attributed to other factors that have a stronger impact on the prevalence of high blood pressure. Based on the researcher's experience in this process, there are Kejadian Hipertensi pada Usia Produktif. The Indonesian Journal o fPublic Health 2. the occurrence of hypertension. This may be research 280 several limitations experienced and can be several Dinkes Jabar. (2021). Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah 2020. Dinkes Jabar,0-227. Dinkes, Kota Bekasi. (2020). Profil Kesehatan Kota Bekasi Tahun 2020. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bekasi 5, 248253. Ekarini, N. L. P., Wahyuni, J.D., Sulistyowati, D.(2020). Faktor-Faktor yang berhubungan dengan Hipertensi pada Usia Dewasa. Jkep 5, 61-73. factors that can be considered more by future researchers in further refining their research, namely the number of questions in the questionnaire is quite large, so that Firdaus, M., Suryaningrat, W.C. (2020). Hubungan Pola Makan dan Aktivitas Fisik terhadap Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi diKapuas Hulu. Majalah Kesehatan 7, 110-117. respondents need quite a long time to fill out the questionnaire. The researcher wishes to express gratitude to the Director Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health Jakarta III, Head of the Nursing Department, and the Head of Bekasi City Health Department. Chief of the Jatiwarna Village Health Center for granting permission to the researcher to carry out research at the Jatiwarna Village Health Center. The researchers also express gratitude to the community members who Harun, O.(2019). Hubungan Pola Makan dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Pasien Rawat Jalan. Jurnal Kesehatan Budi Luhur:Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Keperawatan, dan Kebidanan 12, 164-171. Hendriati, L., Pragi, W. (2021). Studi Korelasi Gaya Hidup terhadap Efektivitas Obat Antihipertensi pada Pasien di Salah Satu Puskesmas di Wilayah Surabaya Selatan. 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