Volume 12.
Number 2.
November 2023 http://dx.
org/10.
17977/um023v12i22023p224-239 Psychological Well-Being Among Correctional Inmates in Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison Seen From Forgiveness and Spirituality Adriana Neonufa Department of Psychology.
Faculty of Psychology.
State University of Malang Semarang Street No.
Malang City.
East Java.
Indonesia 65145 adriananeonufa07@gmail.
Pravissi Shanti Department of Psychology.
Faculty of Psychology.
State University of Malang Semarang Street No.
Malang City.
East Java.
Indonesia 65145 fppsi@um.
Article Information Submitted date
06-07-2023
Revised date
04-10-2023
Accepted date
05-10-2023
Keywords:
psychological well-being.
Kata kunci:
kesejahteraan psikologis.
Abstract Correctional inmates who have to serve prison terms face various problems such as negative self-acceptance, limited freedom, negative feelings that arise, and negative stigma from the environment, which negatively impacts psychological well-being, so they need forgiveness and spirituality to improve psychological well-being.
This research aims to determine the influence of forgiveness and spirituality on the psychological well-being of correctional inmates in the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison, both partially and simultaneously.
The research method used is quantitative with a correlational type.
The respondents of this research were 57 correctional inmates in the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
The instruments used are the forgiveness, spirituality, and psychological well-being scales.
The validity test in this research used content validity and instrument reliability using CronbachAos alpha formula in the high category.
Hypothesis testing uses simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.
The results obtained in this research show that forgiveness and spirituality simultaneously influence psychological well-being with an F value of 11.
559 and p equal to 0.
with an effective contribution of 30 percent.
Partially, forgiveness significantly influences psychological well-being by 28 percent, with p equal 000 .
less than 0.
Spirituality significantly influences psychological well-being by 11.
7 percent, with p equal to 0.
less than 0.
Abstrak Warga binaan pemasyarakatan yang harus menjalani masa hukuman penjara menghadapi berbagai permasalahan seperti penerimaan diri yang negatif, kebebasan yang terbatas, perasaan negatif yang muncul, dan stigma negatif dari lingkungan yang berdampak negatif terhadap kesejahteraan psikologisnya, sehingga membutuhkan pemaafan dan spiritualitas untuk meningkatkan psikologisnya.
Kesejahteraan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sikap memaafkan dan spiritualitas terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis warga binaan Lapas Wanita Kelas IIB Kupang, baik secara parsial maupun Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan jenis Responden penelitian ini adalah 57 orang warga binaan pemasyarakatan di Lapas Wanita Kelas IIB Kupang.
Instrumen yang digunakan adalah skala memaafkan, spiritualitas, dan kesejahteraan psikologis.
Uji validitas dalam penelitian ini menggunakan validitas isi dan reliabilitas instrumen menggunakan rumus CronbachAos alpha dengan kategori tinggi.
Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi linier sederhana dan analisis regresi linier berganda.
Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap memaafkan dan spiritualitas secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis dengan nilai F sebesar 11,559 dan p sebesar 0,000 .
kurang dari 0,.
dengan sumbangan efektif sebesar 30 persen.
Secara parsial, sikap memaafkan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kesejahte- Jurnal Sains Psikologi.
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raan psikologis sebesar 28 persen, dengan p sebesar 0,000 .
kurang dari 0,.
Spiritualitas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis sebesar 11,7 persen dengan p sebesar 0,009 .
kurang dari 0,.
INTRODUCTION
Criminal action is behavior that violates existing legal rules and norms.
Currently.
Januari is experiencing an increase in criminal acts, as shown by Statistics Januari (Indonesian: Ba-dan Pusat Statistik.
that the crime rate in Januari has reached 38.
45%, while data from the National Criminal Information Center (Indonesian: Pusat Informasi Kriminal Nasional.
states that the number of crimes in Indonesia in 2022 has increased by 7.
3% from 257,743 in 2021 to 276,507.
Individuals who commit criminal acts will be punished by being coached and guided to become better citizens and not repeat mistakes after being released from the correctional institution (Indonesian: lembaga pemasyarakatan or lapa.
Prisons in Januari are classified into pris-ons intended for children and teenagers, deten-tion centers, womenAos prisons, and adult prisons for WomenAos prisons are currently located in every region of Januari (Feoh et al.
, 2.
East Nusa Tenggara has one womenAos prison, the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
Based on the correctional database system (Feoh et al.
, there are 102 female prisoners in detention centers and womenAos prisons.
Like other prison inmates, adult women who live in prison are also referred to as correctional inmates (Indonesian: warga binaan pemasyarakatan or WBP).
Life in prison is different from life outside prison because when in prison, inmates will experience a life full of strict rules, life changes, very limited freedom, minimal interaction, the label of a criminal attached to themselves, and full room capacity.
This places enormous pressure on inmates to fulfill their life functions (Wati et al.
, 2.
This difference makes the prison environment mentioned as the main stressor, which causes physical, psychological, and mental problems for inmates (Subandi et al.
Based on research by Butterfield (Al-Rousan et al.
, 2017.
Binswanger et al.
, 2010.
Handayani, 2.
, mental illness and stress are most often felt by female inmates compared to male inmates.
These include chronic and psychological health disorders such as stress, depression, excessive anxiety, self-isolation, and suicidal intentions.
This is caused by several factors, including being separated from the family, feeling like they have failed in their responsibilities as a child or mother, blaming themselves for mistakes they have made, viewing themselves negatively, losing their future because of the negative stigma attached to them, as well as not fulfilling their developmental tasks (Fazel et al.
Sinaga et al.
, 2.
This is relevant to the interviews conducted with four Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison inmates, each representing four existing cases, namely drug abuse, general crimes, trafficking, and corruption.
The interviews revealed that the four inmates interviewed felt prolonged sadness, so they isolated themselves, felt guilty because of their actions against their children and families, and worried about negative stigma.
Apart from that, the two inmates interviewed felt resentment towards the person who framed them, so they were languishing in prison.
They also reported that this affected their physical health .
nsomnia, hypertension, and heart diseas.
and their psychological health .
epression, anxiety, and stres.
The problems experienced by inmates cause discomfort and pressure, which can reduce psychological well-being (Nugroho, 2022.
Subandi 226 | Neonufa & Shanti - Psychological Well-Being.
et al.
, 2.
Psychological well-being is defined as a condition that shows that an individual can accept every situation within himself, convince himself to have positive goals, act independently, have positive social relationships, and organize their behavior and develop their potential or abilities (Ryff, 1989, 2.
There are six dimensions of psychological well-being:
self-acceptance, autonomy, mastery of the environment, positive relationships with others, personal growth, and purpose in life.
Inmates who have low psychological wellbeing can have problems with mental, emotional, spiritual, unproductive conditions, poor physical health, easily experience anxiety, high low self-esteem, and poor self-acceptance and social relationships with victims and their families.
It is hoped that by having high psychological wellbeing, inmates can achieve self-actualization, physical health, the functioning of their positive psychology duties, survive the pressures in prison, be able to serve their sentence positively, create happiness, satisfaction with life within themselves, be responsible, and have a quality of life (Nashori, 2.
Therefore, to improve psychological well-being, efforts are needed to overcome these problems in order to achieve a happy and prosperous life, which is called a coping strategy (Kokko et al.
, 2.
Forgiveness is one form of coping that aims to release and change emotions, thoughts, and behavior from negative to positive or neutral (Thompson et al.
, 2005.
Worthington & Scherer.
Forgiveness is an effort to improve psychological well-being, mental health, quality of life, and positive interpersonal relationships (Woodyatt & Wenzel, 2.
Based on the results of a preliminary study, inmates in the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison still harbor feelings of guilt.
Hence, they can still not accept the situation and feel ashamed, feel revenge towards the person who framed them to become a suspect and cannot build good relationships with victims and families.
This shows that forgiveness is important for inmates to be able to let go of grudges, anger, and negative feelings so they can accept their situation and rebuild relationships with other people, whether victims or perpetrators of entrapment, in a positive way (Pariartha et al.
, 2.
Forgiveness can increase self-acceptance for present and past experiences and helps improve good interpersonal relationships, which are part of the psychological dimension of well-being.
When individuals can forgive mistakes of themselves, other people, and situations, they will achieve psychological well-being.
In conclusion, forgiveness is also a factor that can support achieving psychological well-being (Handayani, 2021.
Raudatussalamah & Susanti, 2016.
Subandi et al.
, 2.
Apart from forgiveness, a factor that can influences a personAos psychological well-being is According to Canda (Prasetyawati & Virlia, 2.
, spirituality is a form of selfapproach to search for meaning and purpose in life so that individuals can have a prosperous relationship with themselves and others.
Spirituality is essential to a personAos well-being (Andria et al.
, 2.
Research by Lisnawati & Rahmah .
revealed that individuals with good spirituality will be able to have high psychological well-being to improve their lives and be aware of their own abilities and shortcomings.
Thus, spirituality can overcome feelings of stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, and negative self-acceptance in inmates by being guided by the Creator to improve psychological well-being (Mangngi et al.
, 2022.
Munthe et al.
, 2.
This is relevant to the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison programs, especially that one of the programs provided is spiritual formation, which builds a better relationship between the inmates and their Creator so that they can achieve prosperity in Several previous studies also explain that spirituality is a factor in achieving psychological well-being (Lisnawati & Rahmah, 2019.
Munthe et al.
, 2017.
Sitepu, 2.
Research by Naiborhu .
revealed a relationship between psychological well-being and forgiveness.
This research involving female Jurnal Sains Psikologi.
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prisoners at the Medan Class IIA WomenAos Prison showed that forgiveness made an effective contribution to psychological well-being by Other research by Subandi et al.
revealed positive changes in psychological wellbeing after being given forgiveness therapy.
addition, research by Handayani .
revealed a relationship between forgiveness and psychological well-being in female prisoners at the Semarang Class IIA Prison.
There is also research by Raudatussalamah and Susanti .
, which reveals a positive relationship between self-forgiveness and psychological well-being in female prisoners, with a contribution of forgiveness of 15% to psychological well-being.
Based on the explanation above, a research related to psychological well-being among correctional inmates in the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison regarding forgiveness and spirituality was carried out.
The aim is to determine whether or not there is an influence of forgiveness and spirituality on psychological well-being separately .
and together .
in correctional inmates.
This research can be said to be new because, previously, no research has been found that discusses the influence of forgiveness and spirituality on psychological well-being.
Several studies only explain the relationship between forgiveness and psychological well-being or spirituality and psychological well-being.
METHODS
Research Design In this research, the design used as a basis for researching the problem is a correlational quantitative research design (Creswell, 2.
The design of this research was carried out to find out whether variable X had an influence on variable Several hypotheses in this research are: .
there is a partial positive influence of forgiveness on psychological well-being of inmates at Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
there is a partial influence of spirituality on the psychological well-being of inmates at Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
there is a simul- taneous influence of forgiveness and spirituality on the psychological well-being of inmates at Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
Population and Sample The population in this research were correctional inmates at the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison.
At the start of data collection in Januari 2023, the research sample was 65.
However, there was a change in either the addition or re-duction of inmates due to their prison terms hav-ing finished or receiving home assimilation.
So, when collecting data in March 2023, the number of samples was 57 people, with 53 prisoners and four detainees.
The technique used for sampling is the saturated sampling technique, which takes the entire population as a sample because the population size is relatively small (Sugiyono.
Data Collection In this research, the data collection process was carried out using a forgiveness scale, a spirituality scale, and a psychological well-being scale, with the type of scale being a Likert scale.
Data collection and collection were carried out directly by visiting the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison and asking permission from both the prison head and the respondent.
After that, respondents will be given a consent form to fill out as an informed consent form.
Then, the questionnaires to be filled in were distributed.
Research Instrument The instrument used in this research is a questionnaire consisting of three scales: the forgiveness scale, spirituality scale, and psychological well-being scale.
Forgiveness is accepting hatred, anger, revenge, and other negative feelings in a positive or neutral direction towards oneself, others, or the situation experienced.
Forgiveness was measured using a scale created based on the forgiveness dimensions of Thompson et .
, namely forgiveness of self, forgiveness of others, and forgiveness of situation, with 24 statement items.
Spirituality is a process and encouragement to understand and seek the purpose of life in or- 228 | Neonufa & Shanti - Psychological Well-Being.
der to provide prosperity for others and oneself, which is centered on transcendence.
Spirituality was measured using a scale constructed using the dimensions of spirituality from (Hardt et al.
: belief in God, search for meaning, mindfulness, and feeling of security.
The number of items created was 24 items.
The forgiveness and spirituality scale has five answer options that can be selected, namely strongly disagree (STS = sangat tidak setuj.
, disagree (TS = tidak setuj.
, somewhat agree (AS = agak setuj.
, agree (S = setuj.
, and strongly agree (SS = sangat setuj.
, with a statement consisting of favorable and unfavorable items.
On the favorable items, the answer choice SS has a score of 5.
S has a score of 4.
AS has a score of 3.
TS has a score of 2, and STS has a score of 1.
Meanwhile, on the unfavorable items, the answer choice SS has a score of 1.
S has a score of 2.
AS has a score of 3.
TS has a score of 4, and STS has a score of 5.
This means that the higher the item score, the higher the forgiveness or spirituality behavior.
conversely if the score is low, the forgiveness or spirituality is also low.
Psychological well-being is a condition that must exist in every individual to achieve a prosperous life, such as having positive relationships with other people, accepting oneself by understanding each oneAos weaknesses and strengths, being able to develop oneAos potential, controlling oneAos environment well, have an independent attitude in life and have clear life goals.
Psychological well-being in this research was measured using psychological well-being scale by Ryff and Singer .
, which was adapted by Eva et .
and refers to the dimensions of selfacceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, and independence, mastery of the environment, life goals, and personal growth.
This scale consists of 42 items with seven response options: totally disagree .
angat tidak setuju sekal.
, strongly disagree .
angat tidak setuj.
, somewhat disagree .
gak tidak setuj.
, neutral .
, somewhat agree .
gak setuj.
, slightly agree .
edikit setuj.
, completely agree .
angat setuj.
, and very much agree .
angat setuju sekal.
This scale has gone through validity and reliability testing by Eva et al.
The favorable items score 7 for very much agree and 1 for totally disagree.
Meanwhile, unfavorable items score 7 for totally disagree and 1 for very much This means that if an individual on a favorable item scores 7 to 1, their psychological well-being is high.
Conversely, if an individual on an unfavorable item scores 1 to 7, their psychological well-being is low.
Validity and Reliability Validity testing in this research uses content validity.
Content validity is evaluated by rationally conducting a testing process related to the test content through expert judgment (Azwar, 2.
Content validity is only carried out on two scales constructed by researchers: the forgiveness scale and the spirituality scale.
The experts who made the judgment were two lecturers from the Faculty of Psychology.
State University of Malang.
Using AikenAos V formula, the item score results will be used to determine whether the statement has a valid coefficient value.
As in the table below, it is found that the content validity coefficient value on the forgiveness scale and spirituality scale is 0.
750Ae1.
000, so it can be said that the items on both scales have a high validity coefficient value.
Table 1.
Forgiveness Variable Content Validity Coefficient Value Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Jurnal Sains Psikologi.
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Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Tabel 2.
Spirituality Variable Content Validity Coefficient Value Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Number of Items AikenAos V Statistics Results Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Next, item selection using the total item correlation formula is used so that the obtained items are good and valid.
This process is carried out with the help of SPSS 26 for Windows.
item is considered valid if it has an item correlation value greater than 0.
Ou 0.
If the item correlation value is smaller than 0.
O .
, then the item will be declared invalid (Azwar, 2.
Based on the results of item selection on the forgiveness scale, 20 items passed or could be used with a total item correlation value of 0.
330Ae0.
632, and four other items were dropped, so they were deleted, while the spirituality scale had six items that were dropped and 19 items were declared to have passed with total item correlation values ranging from 0.
316Ae This is intended because this research does not carry out scale trials and directly uses used trials so that the results obtained will be used to test validity, reliability, and hypotheses.
Apart from that, a reliability test was carried out on the forgiveness and spirituality scales using CronbachAos alpha technique with the help of SPSS 26 for Windows.
The reliability value obtained on the forgiveness scale is 0.
852, and the spirituality scale is 0.
Based on GuilfordAos reliability coefficient criteria (Arikunto, 2.
, the value obtained is included in the high category.
Meanwhile, for the psychological wellbeing scale, from calculations carried out by Eva et al.
, it is known that the validity results 306Ae0.
723, and the reliability is 0.
230 | Neonufa & Shanti - Psychological Well-Being.
Data Analysis Data analysis in this research was carried out using the SPSS 26 for Windows statistical analysis In this research, data analysis uses several types of analysis, such as descriptive analysis to find out the general description of the three variables in respondents and analysis to test the hypothesis, namely simple linear regression analysis to partially or separately determine the influence of forgiveness .
ariable X.
on psychological well-being .
ariable Y) or the influence of spirituality .
ariable X.
on psychological well being .
ariable Y) and multiple linear regression analysis to determine the influence of forgiveness and spirituality as a variable.
RESULTS
Characteristics of Research Respondents The respondents of this research were correctional inmates in the Kupang Class IIB WomenAos Prison, with a total of 57 respondents.
The field data shows that the most extensive age range is 45Ae55 years old with a total of 24 people .
1%), while the highest level of recent education is high school, with 18 people .
6%).
The cases most frequently experienced by inmates were general criminal cases, with 23 people .
4%), and the most detention period were 1Ae5 years, with 22 people .
6%).
The highest marital status among inmates is married with 44 people .
2%).
Table 3.
Characteristics of Research Respondents Criteria Age 23Ae33 34Ae44 45Ae55 56Ae66 67Ae70 Recent Education Primary school Middle school High School Diploma Bachelor degree Master degree Marital Status Married Unmarried Case General crime Corruption Drug abuse Trafficking Detention Period O 1 year > 1 year O 5 years 22 38.
> 5 years O 10 years 15 26.
> 10 years O 15 years 6 10.
> 15 years O 20 years 4 7.
Detainee Jurnal Sains Psikologi.
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Before testing the hypothesis, a descriptive statistical analysis test was carried out first to find out the respondentsAo general description and categorization of the research data.
Table 4 shows the results of descriptive analysis of the three variables.
It is known that for the forgiveness variable, values obtained ranged from 38Ae80, with a mean value of 54.
26 and a standard deviation of The spirituality variable obtained scores ranging from 41Ae84 with a mean value of 53.
and a standard deviation of 9.
The psychological well-being variable ranged from 126Ae 232, with a mean value of 172.
95 and a standard deviation of 23.
From the results of descriptive analysis results, categorization was then carried out using the categorization formula by Azwar .
This category is divided into three: low, moderate, and high, as shown in Table 5.
The results obtained for the forgiveness variable were 38 respondents .
9%) were in the moderate category, eight respondents .
0%) were in the high category, and 11 respondents .
5%) were in the low category.
For the spirituality variable, 37 respondents .
9%) were in the moderate category, ten respondents .
55%) were in the high category, and ten respondents .
5%) were in the low category.
Meanwhile, for the psychological well-being variable, 43 respondents .
were in the moderate category, six respondents .
5%) were in the high category, and eight respondents .
0%) were in the moderate category.
Table 4.
Results of Descriptive Analysis of Each Variables Empirical Data Variables N Min.
Max.
Mean Forgiveness Spirituality Psychological 57 126 232 172.
Well-Being Table 5.
Variable Categorization Frequency Variables Psychological Categories Forgiveness Spirituality Well-Being Low 5% 10 17.
Moderate 9% 37 64.
9% 43
High 0% 10 17.
Next, an assumption test is carried out as a condition for testing the hypothesis.
The assumption tests consist of normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests.
In the normality test, if the calculation results show a significance value of more than 0.
> 0.
the data is normally distributed, and vice versa.
If the significance value is less than 0.
< .
, the data is not normally distributed.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the data normality.
The results show that the data is normally distributed with a significance value of 200 (Sig.
> 0.
Meanwhile, the linearity test carried out using the deviation from linearity formula shows a significance value of 0.
> .
on the forgiveness variable with psychological well-being and 0.
> 0.
on the spirituality variable with psychological well-be- 232 | Neonufa & Shanti - Psychological Well-Being.
ing, so it can be said that the three variables are Next, a multicollinearity test is carried out with the condition that if the tolerance value is more than 0.
> 0.
and the variance inflation factor (VIF) is less than 10 .
< .
, then it can be assumed that there are no problems or symptoms of multicollinearity in the regression This research shows that there are no multicollinearity problems in this regression model because the tolerance value obtained is 0.
> 0.
for the variables forgiveness (X.
and spirituality (X.
, and VIF is 1.
< .
for the variable X.
After that, the next assumption test is the heteroscedasticity test.
The results obtained for the forgiveness variable were 0.
463 (Sig.
and the spirituality variable 0.
398 (Sig.
, which means the regression model does not experience heteroscedasticity problems.
After the assumption test is carried out and it is known that the results are in accordance with the assumption test requirements, the hypothesis test is carried out.
Based on Table 6, simple linear regression analysis found that forgiveness significantly affected the psychological well-being variable in a positive direction (R = 0.
The results of the coefficient of determination show that forgiveness influences 28.
(R2 = 0.
on psychological well-being, while 9% is influenced by other factors that are not in the context of this research.
For the spirituality variable, it is known that spirituality also significantly affects psychological well-being in a positive direction (R = 0.
p = 0.
The coefficient of the determination result of 0.
means that spirituality provides 11.
7% effective support for psychological well-being.
The first and second hypotheses are accepted based on the regression analysis results.
Table 6.
Simple Linear Regression Results Variable Forgiveness 0.
Spirituality 0.
The third hypothesis test was carried out usthe calculated F value is greater than the F table ing multiple linear regression analysis.
The re.
559 > 3.
and p = 0.
< 0.
, so the sults show that forgiveness and spirituality tovariables forgiveness and spirituality have a siggether or simultaneously influence psychological nificant influence on psychological well-being in well-being (F = 11.
p = 0.
R = 0.
a positive direction.
This means that the higher a The coefficient of determination (R = 0.
personAos forgiveness and spirituality, the higher shows that forgiveness and spirituality signifitheir psychological well-being.
However, if an cantly affect psychological well-being by 30%, individual has low forgiveness and spirituality, and the rest is influenced by factors not examined their psychological well-being will also be low.
in this research.
The results obtained show that Table 7.
Multiple Linear Regression Results Variable Forgiveness and Spirituality Jurnal Sains Psikologi.
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DISCUSSION