Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 12.
: 395-403.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Evaluation of carrying capacity based on land capability of Kulon Progo Regency as an input for spatial planning in the new aerotropolis era Ulfah Choerunnisa Nurul Litasaria.
Widiatmakab.
Khursatul Munibahb.
Machfudc a Graduate School.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia b Department of Soil and Land Resources.
Faculty of Agriculture.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia c Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology.
Faculty of Agricultural Technology.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Article Info:
Received: 01 - 09 - 2021 Accepted: 10 - 06 - 2022 Keywords:
Conformity analysis, land use planning, matching criteria, new growth center, policy Corresponding Author:
Ulfah Choerunnisa Nurul Litasari Graduate School.
IPB University.
Tel.
Email:
choerunnisaulfah@gmail.
Abstract.
The new aerotropolis era due to airport construction in Kulon Progo has stimulated regional development and changed the image of the area from rural to urban-oriented.
The negative impact of rapid growth, such as urban sprawl, can be mitigated through sustainable spatial planning.
Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the carrying capacity based on the land capability of both existing and official land use plans.
The matching criteria method was used to conduct the capability evaluation.
According to the analysis results, 56,13% of the Kulon Progo area was dominated by moderate to low land capability classes (V-V.
, with the main inhibiting factor as slopes.
Furthermore, the evaluation of conformity with land use/land cover (LULC) in 2020 showed most land uses were in not conform (NC) and conditionally conform (CC) status.
The area of land use that did not conform with its carrying capacity was 8.
286,44 ha which was distributed in the southern part.
Meanwhile, an evaluation of the official land use plan of the area showed 57% of the plan conform (C) with land capability.
Therefore, the carrying capacity of the land in Kulon Progo is in reasonably good condition.
However, planning interventions should be carried out for areas with no conform status.
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Litasari UCN.
Widiatmaka.
Munibah K.
Machfud.
Evaluation of carrying capacity based on land capability of Kulon Progo Regency as an input for spatial planning in the new aerotropolis era.
JPSL 12.
: 395-403.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
INTRODUCTION
Kulon Progo is currently undergoing a development transition towards a new aerotropolis era with the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport.
Aerotropolis is a development concept that combines land use and transportation aspects with an agglomeration of activities located in the airport area (Banai 2.
This development has positively influenced the growth of Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) since 2018, which increased to 10,83% (BPS Kulon Progo 2.
Also, the construction sector has experienced positive growth and contributed the most to the GDRP in 2019 (BPS Kulon Progo 2.
This growth is correlated with the increase in built-up, which is a land cover indication of an urban-oriented activity.
The emergence of a new airport has changed the value in the region from the rural to urban perspective (Pratiwi and Rahardjo 2.
, with the main activities in the form of services and trade (Rustiadi et al.
The rapid growth in built-up and the lack of land use planning probably creates the urban sprawl, which consequently has an impact on the inefficient use of resources (He et al.
Andari et al.
Fuadina et al.
Litasari UCN.
Widiatmaka.
Munibah K.
Machfud The rapid economic growth in Kulon Progo needs to consider the sustainability aspect attentively.
Spatial planning is essential in realizing sustainability by preventing excessive growth, such as urban sprawl (Wilson and Chakraborty 2013.
Bovet et al.
Law No.
26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning states that the use of space needs to consider the carrying capacity.
According to Law No.
32 of 2009, the carrying capacity is the ability of the environment to support the activities of human life and other creatures.
Meanwhile, a land capability is one approach for its analysis.
It is also an assessment of land's characteristics, such as topography, drainage, soil texture, erosion, adequate soil depth, certain factors like rocks, and flooding threat (Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka 2.
The carrying capacity evaluation of the existing land use/land cover (LULC) and official land-use planning is important to be conducted in the early phase of the aerotropolis development era.
The more comprehensive study was conducted by Litasari et al.
to build the policy recommendation to spatial planning in Kulon Progo.
However, this study is concern on preliminary diagnostic of spatial performance using land capability.
This is to ensure that the land can be utilized according to the carrying capacity (Sharififar et al.
Liu et al.
Zhang et al.
The evaluation of the existing condition reflects the actual condition, which becomes an important input for formulating spatial planning policies in the future (Widjayatnika et al.
Pravitasari et al.
2020, 2021.
Jaya et al.
, 2.
Moreover, the evaluation of the official planning provides a quality of planning overview in realizing sustainability.
Therefore, recommendations for spatial planning can be drawn up to actualize sustainable development.
This study aims to evaluate the carrying capacity based on land capability for both existing and official land use planning as input in formulating sustainable spatial planning policies.
METHODS
Study Area This study was conducted in the Kulon Progo Regency, which is the location for the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport.
It is one of the regencies in Yogyakarta Special Province.
Astronomically, it is located at 7o38'42"-7o59'3" South Latitude and 110o1'37"- 110o16'26" East Longitude.
Magelang Regency borders with Kulon Progo in the north.
Bantul and Sleman in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and Purworejo Regency in the west.
This study location consists of 12 district administrations and 88 villages.
is also divided into three clusters based on its topographic characteristics (North.
East, and Sout.
, which is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Study area Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 395-403 Data Collection Soil map unit data as a unit of land capability analysis were obtained from the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development (ICALRD) with a scale of 1:50.
Meanwhile.
LULC data were obtained by processing Landsat 8 imagery in the 2020 recording year with a 30 m spatial This image was processed using supervised classification to obtain the data.
The data LULC was analyzed by Litasari et al.
The ground check was conducted on December 3rd Ae10th, 2020.
The location distribution of ground checkpoints can be seen in Figure 2.
Moreover, the official land use planning map 2012 Ae 2032 of Kulon Progo was obtained by accessing http://bappeda.
id/dataku/peta.
Figure 2 Distribution of ground check points Data Analysis The land capability evaluation was carried out by analyzing the soil map unit, which amounted to 46 units by using matching criteria that was adopted from the analysis of Litasari et al.
This method is an analysis which matches land capability requirements with the actual characteristics (Amalia, 2.
Table 1 represented the criteria for determining the land capability class.
The results of the land capability analysis were subsequently analyzed for their conformity with the actual land use in 2020 and the official land use planning 2012Ae2032.
The degree of conformity is divided into three, namely conform (C), conditionally conform (CC), and not conform (NC).
The conform indicated that the existing LULC or official land use planning was in accordance with the land capability.
The conditionally conform criteria indicated that the actual LULC or official land use planning exceeded their carrying capacity, although they can still be tolerated but require certain interventions in their utilization.
Meanwhile, the criteria that do not conform indicated that the actual LULC or official land use planning exceeded their carrying capacity (Widiatmaka et al.
Sadesmesli et al.
Litasari UCN.
Widiatmaka.
Munibah K.
Machfud Inhibiting Factors Soil texture .
Upper layer Lower layer Slope(%).
Drainage.
Soil effective depth.
Erosion.
Rock.
Flood.
Table 1 Criteria of land capability Land Capability Class
i t2/t3 t2/t3 d0/d1 t1/t4 t1/t4 t1/t4 t1/t4 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (**) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) VII
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
Source: Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka .
Widiatmaka et al.
*can have any of the inhibiting factor properties of the lower class, **the surface is always flooded.
soil texture: t1: fine, t2: medium fine, t3: medium, t4: medium-coarse, t5: coarse.
slope: l0: .
-3%), l1: .
-8%), l2: .
%), l3: .
-30%), l4: .
-45%), l5: .
-65%), l6: (>65%).
drainage: d0: good, d1: rather good, d2: rather poor, d3: poor, d4: very poor.
soil depth: k0: deep, k1: moderate, k2: shallow, k3: very shallow.
erosion: e0, there is no erosion, e1: light, e2: moderate, e3: heavy, e4: very heavy.
rocks: b0: not exist or slight, b1: moderate, b2: abundant, b3: very abundant.
flood: o0: never happened, o1: seldom o2: sometimes, o3: frequent, o4: very frequent.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The land capability analysis only utilized four of the seven criteria specified in Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka .
Three criteria, which are, the state of erosion, rock, and flooding, were not included due to limited data.
Table 2 showed the analysis result of land capability classes in Kulon Progo.
This classes are categorized as follows, land with high to medium capability .
lass I-IV) and land with moderate to low capability .
lass V-V.
, according to Widiatmaka et al.
Table 2 Land capability class in Kulon Progo Regency Class Sub-class High to medium capability (Class I-IV) I-t,l,d,k I-l,d,k II-k,d II-l,k II-t,l,k i i-t i-l i-t,l IV-l IV-k IV-l,k Sum Moderate to low capability (Class V-V.
VI-l VI-k VI-l.
VII
VII-l Vi-t Area .
Area (%) 426,04 529,70 507,27 529,30 776,60 066,65 173,27 141,60 672,51 898,07 217,68 938,70 4,32 0,92 4,37 0,92 1,35 15,82 0,30 0,25 4,66 5,06 5,61 43,50 276,45 218,42 172,59 8305,56 340,06 2,23
9,10
0,30
31,93
11,06
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 395-403
Class
Sub-class
Vi-l
Sum
No data
TOTAL
Area .
865,62 178,70 208,72 326,13 Area (%) 1,51 56,13 0,36 100,00 The Kulon Progo area was mostly classified as a moderate to low land capability.
Class VII had the most land capability in the area where the main inhibiting factor was a slope.
Class VII was distributed over the Menoreh Hills area in the western part, extending to the north of the Regency.
Meanwhile, class Vi was concentrated in the southern part, with the main inhibiting factor as soil texture.
The main inhibiting factor for class Vi, which was distributed in other areas was the slope.
Class i, with texture as an inhibiting factor dominated in the high to medium capability group of classes.
In comparison, the percentage of classes I and II was less compared to the others.
Land with high to medium capability was distributed in the eastern cluster of Kulon Progo.
This area has a relatively flat to wavy topography.
The spatial distribution of land capability classes in this location is shown in Figure 3.
The conformity evaluation results of land capability with existing LULC in 2020 showed that most land uses was still in the conform and conditionally conform categories.
The land use that was not in line with the land capability was 8.
286,44 ha or approximately 14,45% of the total area.
Table 3 presents details of the conformity evaluation from land capability with LULC 2020 in the regency.
LULC which did not conform with the carrying capacity distributed in the southern cluster of Kulon Progo.
This area had a coarse texture which was the main inhibiting factor.
Therefore it was included in class Vi.
Soil texture affect the intrution of contaminant vapor concentration attenuation that probably caused human exposure at area where the building build top of contamination (Yao et al.
, 2.
Coarse texture soil also have bad performance in filtering materials that caused ground water pollution (Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka 2.
In addition, the texture is a component that can not be changed through the land management process (Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka 2.
Therefore, the areas are not recommended for intensive cultivation activities.
Figure 3 Land capability of Kulon Progo Regency Litasari UCN.
Widiatmaka.
Munibah K.
Machfud
LCC*
i VII
Table 3 Conformity evaluation of land capability and land use/land cover 2020
LULC**
LCC-LULC
Area .
MG.
WA.
DA.
OA.
S 955,74 F.
MG.
WB.
WA.
739,00
OA.
74,18
642,31
WA.
DA.
OA.
739,20
380,08
MG.
WA.
DA.
OA.
408,19
678,77
679,08
WA.
DA.
OA.
309,61
838,31
819,18
WA.
DA.
OA.
648,07
876,92
MG.
WA.
DA.
OA.
328,76
No data
208,72
TOTAL
326,13
Area (%) 5,16 6,52 0,13 8,10 8,27 2,41 12,92 2,93 8,16 0,54 18,91 10,15 2,87 1,53 11,04 0,36 *LCC = Land capability classes, **LULC = land use/land cover.
F = forest.
WB = water body.
MG = mixed garden.
WA = wetland agriculture.
DA = dry-land agriculture.
OA = opened area.
S = settlement.
BS = built up non settlement.
Conversely, the southern cluster will become a new growth center with the airport construction.
Several infrastructure development programs will also be built in this cluster to accommodate regional growth Some of the priority infrastructure for acceleration stated in the Governor's decree of Yogyakarta Special Province No.
163/KEP/2017 include the construction of the Tanjung Adikarta Port, the development in the southern coast of Kulon Progo, the construction and development of a new airport area, as well as the construction of the Wates International Hospital.
Moreover, the impact of settlement growth which was also predicted will occur with the shifting land value of the strategic area.
The development of the area with urbancharacterized activities emergence will increase the water demand.
Therefore, development in the southern region should be conducted by considering its carrying capacity.
The map for conformity evaluation of land capability and existing land use in 2020 is presented in Figure 4.
Conformity evaluation of land capability with the official land use planning in 2012Ae2032 showed that 57,06% of the plan conforms with land capability, and 18,65% conditionally conformed.
Meanwhile, the official land use planning that did not conform with the land capability was 13.
694,26 ha or 23,89%.
The details of the conformity evaluation are shown in Table 4.
The official land-use planning with NC status was spatially distributed in the southern and eastern parts of Kulon Progo.
The land-use allocation of the official land use planning in the Menoreh Hills area was in reasonable conform (C) status.
Figure 5 showed the spatial distribution conformity evaluation of land capability with the official land use planning.
The recapitulation of conformity between land capability with the actual land use in 2020 and the official land use planning of 2012Ae2032 showed that the carrying capacity of the official planning was better than the actual land use.
However, land use that did not conform was more common in official planning.
This indicated that the actual land use did not exceed its carrying capacity.
However, it will be exceeded in some areas when land use occurs according to the plan.
Therefore, it is necessary to revise several land uses in the official planning to direct allocation conformally with their carrying capacity.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 395-403
Figure 4 Conformity evaluation of land
capability with existing land use/land Figure 5 Conformity evaluation of land
capability and official land use planning 2012Ae2032
Table 4 Conformity evaluation of land capability and official land use planning 2012Ae2032
LCC
LUA*
LCC-LUA
Area .
Area (%) PF.
RA.
RB.
LB.
SF.
HP.
IF.
WA.
DA.
RS, 955,55 5,16 US.
TA.
IN PF.
SF.
HP.
KRA.
RB.
LB.
IF.
WA.
DA.
481,84
6,07
US.
TA.
325,22
0,57
i RA.
RB.
SF.
IF.
WA.
887,16
10,27
RS.
US.
TA.
537,41
6,17
PF.
PA.
RA.
RB.
LB.
SF.
098,32
5,40
WA.
DA.
IF.
RS.
US.
686,94
9,92
PF.
RA.
RB.
LB.
203,75
3,84
SF.
319,62
0,56
WA.
DA.
IF.
RS.
US.
TA.
136,49
7,22
VII
PF.
RA.
RB.
LB.
SA.
SP.
380,89
23,34
0,00
0,00
HP.
WA.
DA.
IF.
RS.
US.
TA.
069,88
7,10
Vi SA.
RA.
RB.
705,53
2,98
SF.
WA.
DA.
IF.
RS.
US.
TA.
487,89
9,57
No data
049,62
1,83
TOTAL
326,13
*LUA = Land use allocation.
PF = protected forest.
RA = reservoir area.
RB = river border.
LB = lake border.
SF = social forest.
HP = production forest.
IF = inland fishing.
WA= wetland agriculture.
DA = dryland agriculture.
RS = rural settlement.
US = urban settlement.
TA = trading area.
IN = industry On the other hand, the degree conformity of the conditional conform status on actual land use was greater than the official planning.
This indicated the need to enforce land-use regulations based on official land use Conformity recapitulation of land capability with actual and official land-use planning can be seen Litasari UCN.
Widiatmaka.
Munibah K.
Machfud in Table 5.
The actual land use and official planning in Kulon Progo Regency are in fairly good condition.
However, the actual and official planning included in the conditionally conform and non-conform status requires policy intervention to utilize land use, considering its carrying capacity.
Conformity Table 5 Recapitulation of conformity LCC vs LULC
LCC vs LUA
111,13
45,55
713,05
57, 06
719,83
39,63
690,46
18,65
286,44
14,45
694,26
23,89
C = conform.
CC = conditionally conform.
NC = not conform.
LCC = land capability classes.
LULC = land-use/land cover.
LUA = land use allocation CONCLUSION The carrying capacity based on land capability in Kulon Progo is in fairly good condition as most of the existing areas, as well as the official land-use planning, had conditions that conformed and conditionally conform with the land capability.
However, the southern region of this regency, which will be the center of new growth, had low carrying capacity based on a land capability perspective.
The main inhibiting factor of the area included the soil texture, which is difficult to intervene using land management.
Therefore, policy intervention is required, especially in the southern region of Kulon Progo, to sustainably carry out the planned development as a new growth center.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would thank The Indonesian Ministry of Education.
Culture.
Research, and Technology, for supporting research grant with contract number 2318/IT3.
L1/PN/2021 in the scheme of MasterAos Education Program Towards a Doctorate for Excellent Undergraduates.
REFERENCES