AN ANALYSIS OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE IN TITANIC MOVIE: PRAGMATIC
APPROACH
Nurul Athalla Rania Insyira Putera Batam University pb201210050@upbatam.
Zia Hisni Mubarak Putera Batam University hisni@puterabatam.
ABSTRACT
The approach of this research is pragmatics.
Pragmatics is a science of linguistics that learn about the meaning of a sentence or utterance based on the context of the sentence or utterance being This research focused on the types of cooperative principle that contains in the titanic The aim of this research is to find out types of maxims and examine of the maxim types.
The dialogue of the movie showed that this film shows the conversation between superiors and subordinates based on class, namely upper class/class and lower class/class.
Based on data that the researcher found from this movie, it is shows that their used cooperative principle in their dialogue.
The difference between these groups is that there are no multiple interpretations or misunderstandings in their discussions.
In this research applied theory from Grice specifically for the types or rules of maxims.
This is research is descriptive qualitative and to collect the data the method is observational method.
To analyze the data the method is pragmatic identity.
The result of analysis the data are maxims of quantity, maxims of quality, maxims of relations, and maxims of manner.
the conversation of the participants in the movie who used the cooperative principle it will manage the aim or the meaning that being discussed.
Keywords: pragmatics.
cooperative principle.
INTRODUCTION
Language is important in our daily life.
Every human in this world need to communicate one individual to another individual.
Language is a tool to convey the information from the speaker to hearer.
In the conversation, convey the information very closely related to the meaning or the message submitted by the speaker.
In linguistic, there are 2 field who studies about the meaning namely semantic and pragmatic.
Semantic is the field of science who studies about meaning in general or in other words literally.
Meanwhile, pragmatic is the field of science who studies about the meaning based on the context or on the other word this field related to the implied meaning.
One of the phenomena in the pragmatic field that often find in the daily life is cooperative principle or it is called as maxims.
Originator of the maximAos theory is Grice Paul.
He is a British philosopher who stated theory gricean maxims or theory of cooperative principle as his legacy.
Cooperative principle or maxims divided by 4.
There is maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner.
Maxim of quality it means that when providing or stating the sufficient information in other words no less and no more.
Maxim of quantity it means that when giving the information whose veracity can be ascertained or in other words provides information with accurate and reliable evidence.
Maxim of relation it means that giving the information relevant according to the topic being discussed.
Maxim of manner it means that giving the information concisely, concisely, clearly and unambiguously.
According to Grice in Birner .
, the maxim of quantity is stated in two sections by Grice provide as much information as is necessary for the exchange's present goals in your donation and don't provide more information in your donation than is necessary.
The following two sub maxims make up Grice's formulation of the maxim of quality: Refrain from saying something you don't have sufficient evidence for or that you consider to be untrue.
The maxim of quality says that if a speaker believes something to be untrue, they should not say it, not that they must say it if they believe it to be genuine.
Because it merely consists of the two words "be relevant," the maxim of relationship is also known as the maxim of This maxim suits the word "relation" because it refers to the relationship between the current utterance and those that come before and after it, as well as, more broadly, to the relationship between the current utterance and the entire context, which includes both textual and situational elements - that is, the nature of the surroundings in which the discourse is taking place and the events that are occurring within it.
This maxim means that the statement that is being said right now needs to be tied to the context.
it needs to be related to what was said earlier in the discourse and/or what is going to happen next in the Ironically, the final maxim attributed to Grice is also the most difficult to The following is the Manner maxim steer clear of obscurity in your expression, steer clear of uncertainty, keep it succinct .
void becoming too detaile.
and maintain order.
Even while they are both crucial for effective communication, being succinct and avoiding ambiguity are two quite different things: one can be both extensive and clear-cut and make a confusing statement with very few words.
When this principle is being adhered to, the speaker will communicate both the belief that the statement is easily understood and the belief that there is no alternative way of expressing it the identical matter would become much more evident.
This phenomenon actually can find in the movie.
Therefore, the researcher took dialogue in the movie as the general phenomena.
The general phenomena that the researcher found in the movie tangled.
Which are in the movie there are conversations between Rapunzel and her mother.
This conversation in the movie available at the minutes here are the conversation Mother Gothel: Do you understand, flower? Rapunzel: Yes.
Mommy.
In the conversations above, the researcher found the phenomena of maxims.
Which are when mother Gothel or RapunzelAos mother as an addressee meanwhile Rapunzel as an In the conversation above, shows that when addresser saying the statement there was not any mistake when Rapunzel as an addressee respond the statement that utterance by her mother.
By looking more specific of the statement above, the answer is connected with the statement.
The conversation above, include the type of maxims namely maxims of manner of manner because Rapunzel respond the statement of her mother clearly, so it is not gives rise to ambiguous statement.
And conversation above include the type of maxims namely maxims of quantity because Rapunzel give the relevant respond related to what his mother said.
The specific phenomena that the researcher found in the titanic movie when the addresser saying the statement as follows:
Lovett: Alright.
You have my attention.
Rose.
Can you tell me who the woman in the picture is? Rose: Oh yes.
The woman in the picture is me.
In the conversation above, shows that addressee not flouting maxims because rose respond match with what Lovett saying and the respond is connected to the statement that utterance by Lovett.
Which is the conversation above, according to the type of maxim quantity because the addressee provides only the necessary information.
And respond of the addressee include the type of maxim namely maxim of relation because the respond that provide by rose is relevant with what are Lovett saying.
The respond also includes the type of maxim namely maxims of manner because rose give the respond clearly so as not to cause ambiguous statement.
The first journal article that the researcher took from Utomo .
This study focused on the cooperation principle found in the film Up.
The goals of this study were to identify and elucidate the many categories of maxims found in the film Up.
The cooperative principal hypothesis, based on Grice's four maxims, was employed in this study.
The pragmatic identity approach was employed to evaluate the data in this descriptive qualitative study after the data was collected using the observational method.
The analysis produced the following maxims: number, quality, relevance, and manner, all of which were utilized by the 33 total data from all kinds of cooperative principles make up the research's findings: 8 maxims of quantity data, 7 maxims of quality data, 8 maxims of pertinent data, and 10 maxims of way data.
The most useful maxim was this one.
The second journal article from Anggraini & Budiati .
Examining the floating maxims in "Chaos Walking: The Knife of Never Letting Go" is the aim of this study.
Paul Grice proposed the cooperative principal theory that was applied in this work in 1975.
The data source of this study is novel.
In Chaos Walking: The Knife of Never Letting Go, there are 114 infractions of talk in all.
The following is the percentage of each kind of violation: The maxims for quantity, quality, relationship, and manner are as follows: .
9%, .
10%, .
62%, and .
Based on the previous that mentioned above, it can be seen cooperative principle can be find in the various field.
The theory that developed by Grice .
used in this research.
The researcher chooses titanic movie as the data source.
The researcher will analyze cooperative principle that uttered by the participants in the video.
The purpose of this research focuses on the type of cooperative principle.
The similarity the previous research and the current research is the theory that used namely GriceAos theory.
Meanwhile the different between previous research and the current research is the data source.
For the data source that the researcher chooses namely titanic movie.
The cooperative principle is a general condition on the way rational conversation is conducted.
The cooperative principle is essentially the principle that the participants in a conversation work together in order to AomanageAo their speech exchange in the most efficient way possible.
Therefore, when interacting to the other people in the daily life of course effective communication is needed so that the meaning of the message or information spoken can be conveyed well to the listener and so that misunderstandings do not arise.
To avoid this, the principle of cooperation in a conversation can be used as a reference.
In the conversation it can be said to be effective if the participants obey the rules of maxims.
Or in the other word, it is called the observance of maxims.
According to Birner .
, each of the four "maxims" that make up the CP addresses a different facet of language interaction and specifies what constitutes a cooperative speaker in relation to that maxim.
Here are the maxims along with brief summaries of their meanings:
The Maxim of Quantity In maxim of quantity, it should be giving the contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
And donAot make the contribution more informative than is Don't talk too much, but don't say too little either.
For example, in the conversation Sandy: what is your name? Irwan: my name is irwan.
The Maxim of Quality The rules of maxim of quality in the conversation are do not say what you believe to be false.
And then, do not say that which lack adequate evidence.
Only express what you can honestly be certain is true.
For example, as the conversation below Mahmud: excuse me, do you know what time it is? Siti: itAos five oAoclock.
The Relation Maxim Only discuss pertinent information or in the other word make the contribution For example, in the conversation Sinta: what do you like drink? Ahmad: I like to drink coffee.
The Manner Maxim In this maxim explained that we should be succinct, precise, and unmistakable, avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief or avoid unnecessary prolixity, and be The example can be seen in the conversation below Laila: what movie do you want to watch? Horror or comedy? Raisa: I want to watch comedy.
METHOD
In this research method that the researcher used is qualitative method.
Because the results of the research use word to describe the analysis of the data.
This is in accordance with what was expressed by experts, one of whom is littoseliti .
in her books she explained that the focus of qualitative research is on the organization, consistency, and nature of Meanwhile, according to Creswell & Creswell .
, in a quantitative study, researcher apply theory to explain or anticipate how the variables in the study will relate to one another.
A theory serves as a link between or among the variables, explaining how and why they are related.
Like quantitative research, like ethnographies, qualitative researchers use theory as a general explanation.
It could instead be a theoretical framework or viewpoint that poses issues about gender, class, race, or any combination of these.
In a qualitative project, a study problem that is best understood by examining a concept or phenomenon will be described.
When the factors and theoretical foundation are unknown, researchers employ exploratory qualitative research to delve deeper into a subject.
To collecting the data the researcher used observational method meanwhile the technique the researcher used for this research is non-participatory.
In this research used non-participatory technique because the researcher isnAot directly involved in collecting data in the field.
According to Sudaryanto .
was supposed in the method and technique of this research.
To get the data of this research, the researcher observed the utterances of the participants in the video then the research taking note the data.
To analyze the data of this research by using pragmatic identity method.
In theory that stated by Sudaryanto .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results In this section, the researcher will examine the result that the researcher found in the data There are 21 data that the researcher found in the movie titanic.
The data and its analysis will be examined below Data 1:
Lovett: Is your stateroom alright? Rose: Yes.
Very nice.
Have you met my granddaughter.
Lizzy? She takes care of me.
In the conversation above, rose answer LovettAos question with obey the cooperative principal rules.
When answer the question from Lovett rose provide the sufficient information according to the topic they are discussing.
In this case, rose obey the types of maxims namely maxims of quantity.
And then, rose also obey the types of maxims quality this can be seen from rose's statement which stated that she said that her room very nice.
For the maxims of relation rose also obey it she provides the information in accordance with the LovettAos Based on the roseAos answer tom also obey the last type of maxims that is manner because tom isnAot give the ambiguous statement.
Data 2:
Lizzy: Yes.
We met just a few minutes ago, grandma.
Remember, up on deck? Rose: Oh, yes.
Based on the conversation above, rose obey the rules of cooperative principle.
She gives the sufficient information from LizzyAos question.
Therefore, it can be said that rose obey the first type of maxims namely maxim of quantity.
And obey the second type of maxims that is maxims of quality rose stated truthfully that she remembers to up on the deck.
In maxim of relation rose also obey this can be seen from Rose's statement she said that she remembers up on deck in accordance with LizzyAos question.
The last type of maxims that is manner.
In this type of maxim, it can prove by Rose statement which states that she remembers it.
Rose also did not provide ambiguous statements regarding the questions asked of her.
Data 3:
Lovett: I tracked it down through insurance records, and old claim that was settled under terms of absolute secrecy.
Do you know who the claimant was.
Rose? Rose: Someone named Hockley.
I should imagine.
Based on the data that presented above, the conversation obeys the rules of cooperative The cooperative principle based on the theory of Grice is the principle when the participants involved in the conversation manage their speech in efficient way.
The part of cooperative principle itself is include maxims.
The conversation above shows that the participants involved in the conversation obey maxims of quantity which is it can be prove by rose statement which said that the claimantAos name is Hockley.
And then, for the maxims of quality rose also give the sufficient information that she known about the claimant.
Maxims of relation rose also give the statement which is harmony or relevant with LovettAos question.
In the maxims of manner also rose obey it with said that the name of the claimant.
Data 4:
Lovett: Would you like anything? Rose: I should like to see my drawing.
In the data above, it is included cooperative principal phenomena namely maxims.
The conversation above obeys all the rules of maxims.
The maxims quantity it can be prove with the answer of the participant .
involved in the conversation with give or provide the sufficient information.
And then, maxims of quality it can be shows with rose statement by saying honestly what she wants.
In the maxims of relation, it can be seen with rose statement which said that she would like to her drawing.
For the maxims of manner rose express it clearly and unambiguously.
Data 5:
Lovett: See the date? Lizzy: April 14, 1912.
As the data that presented above, it is include the phenomena of cooperative principle namely maxims.
In the maxims of quality that the participants involved in the conversation this is shown by LizzyAos statement which said or give the information in accordance with LovettAos question.
The maxims of quality in the conversation it can be confirmed with LizzyAos statement she gives the evidence about the date, or she said truthfully about the date.
The maxims of relation Lizzy also obey it and it can be shows with Lizzy statement which relevant with Lovett question.
In the maxims of manner Lizzy didnAot answer Lovett's question with an ambiguous statement.
Data 6:
Fabrizio: You know somebody? Jack: Of course not.
In the conversation it is include the phenomena of cooperative principle that is In the maxims of quantity this shown by JackAos statement give or provide the sufficient information based on the FabrizioAos question.
And then, in the maxims of quality Jack also obey it.
It is known from his statement which said that he doesnAot know everyone And then, in the maxims of relation jack answer the question relevant from Fabrizio.
And, in the maxims of manner jack also didnAot give ambiguous statement.
Data 7:
Jack: Ever been to Wisconsin? Rose: No.
As the data that presented above include the phenomena of cooperative principle that is maxims.
In maxims of quantity, it is shown by rose statement with give the information that requires from jack question.
In the maxims of quality, it can be seen from rose statement with said that truthfully related to the Jack question.
In the maxims of relation also rose give the relevant answer.
In the maxims of manner also rose didnAot give the ambiguous statement from JackAos question.
Data 8:
Lizzy: You think she was really there? Lovett: Oh, yeah.
Yeah.
I'm a believer.
She was there.
In the data above, it is included cooperative principal phenomena.
The cooperative principal phenomena that contain in the conversation above that is maxims.
Maxims of quantity in the conversation it can be seen from the LovettAos statement which give the sufficient information.
In the maxims of quantity, it can be proved by Lovett statement which said surely and truthfully in accordance to the question from Lizzy.
Lovett also give the relevant statement which is this is in accordance with maxims of relation.
In the conversation it also can be seen from Lovett statement which didnAot give the ambiguous information this is related of maxims of manner.
Data 9:
Rose: Hello Jack.
Jack: Hello again.
In the conversation above, there is a phenomenon of cooperative principle.
The cooperative principal phenomena include in the conversation that is maxims.
Started by the statement from rose which said hello to Jack and then Jack answers the question with give the sufficient related to the question in this case related to the rules of maxims that is maxims In the maxims of quality also like that Jack answer the question from rose surely and Jack the relevant answer based on the maxims of relation.
Jack also not gives ambiguous answer it is related to maxims of manner.
Data 10:
Jack: So, you got a name by the way? Rose: Rose.
Rose DeWitt Bukater.
The data above, when Jack asked the name of the woman and then the woman tell her name in this case the answer from woman it is related to the question it means that the woman obey one of the rules cooperative principles that is maxims of quantity.
It is also obeying maxims of quality where the woman answers truthfully the question.
For maxims of relation the woman also gives the relevant answer.
The maxims of manner the woman also do not give the ambiguous answer.
Data 11:
Jack: Well, here you are.
Rose: Here I am.
I--I want to thank you for what you did.
Not just for, for pulling me But for your discretion.
Jack: You're welcome.
Rose.
Data above shows that the conversation include cooperative principal phenomena.
the conversation the phenomenon of cooperative principle is maxims.
Maxims based on the theory used in this research namely Grice.
Maxims of quantity seen in the conversation that rose give the statement that require this is shows that rose obey this rule.
Maxims of quantity it can be seen in the statement from rose that give the answer surely.
In the Maxims of relevant she is also giving the relevant answer.
Maxims of manner is also obeyed as in her statement it is so clearly and did not ambiguous.
Data 12:
Jack: Where to.
Miss? Rose: To the stars.
Data above shows the phenomena of cooperative principle.
The cooperative principal phenomena that happened in the conversation is maxims.
Maxims used the theory from Grice.
In the conversation it can be seen participants that involved obey the rules of maxims in accordance with theory of Grice.
As which uttered by rose to answer Jack question it is related to the rules of maxims of quantity.
Rose answer truthfully and it is related to the rules of maxims of quality.
Rose gives the relevant answer about Jack question it is related to the rules of maxims of relation.
Rose gives the answer clearly it is related to the rules of maxims of manner.
Data 13:
Smith: What was that.
Mr.
Murdoch? Murdoch: An iceberg, sir.
The data include the phenomena of cooperative principle.
The cooperative principal phenomena can be seen in the conversation is maxims.
Maxims used the theory from Grice.
In the conversation, it can show from Murdoch statement that he gives the information require with smith question.
In this case, it is related to the rules of maxims of quantity.
the answer from Murdoch indicates that he surely and truthfully to answer Smith question.
This is related to the rules of maxims of quality as stated by Grice.
Murdoch give the answer relevant, and it is indicating that Murdoch also obey the rules of the maxims of relation.
Murdoch also give the answer clearly and it is indicating that Murdoch obey the rules of the maxims of manner.
Data 14:
Steward Barnes: Please, sir.
There's no emergency-Cal: Yes, there is.
I have been robbed.
As the data that presented above, there is a phenomenon in cooperative principle.
The phenomenon of cooperative principle is maxims.
Maxims is theory which stated by Grice .
Maxims in this conversation obey by the participants.
This can be seen from CalAos statement which reveals that he has been robbed when Steward Barnes said that there is no In this it can be seen it is related to the rules of maxims of quantity.
From Cal statement it is indicates that he speak honestly according to the facts and also with the If examining Cal's statement, it can be concluded that Cal provides relevant information which is related to the rules of maxims of relation.
Cal uttered clearly it is indicating rules of the maxims of manner.
Data 15:
Smay: Why have we stopped? Smith: We've struck ice.
The data above include the phenomena of cooperative principle.
One of the parts of the cooperative principle is maxims.
Maxims is the theory that developed by Grice .
In the conversation it seems clear that the participants obey the rules of maxims.
For the first maxim that is maxims of quantity it is can be seen that Smith give the information require based on the SmayAos question.
In the second maxims that is maxims of quality it is can be seen from the statement Smith which said truthfully and surely it is indicates that smithAos answer obeys the second rules of maxims.
The third is maxims of relevant which is the statement is relevant with what is asked.
The last of maxim is maxims of manner it also seems clear that smith does not give the ambiguous statement.
Data 16:
Rose: Come with me.
Jack.
I jump, you jump, right? Jack: Right.
In the data above there is a phenomenon of cooperative principle.
The part of cooperative principle is maxims.
Maxims developed by Grice.
The conversation shows that the participants obey the rules of maxims.
In the first maxim namely maxims of quantity it is can be known from Jack statement as require from Rose.
The second maxims are maxims of quality Jack answer the question that he believes to be true.
Jack answer also with relevant of the question.
According to Jack answer he didnAot give the ambiguous statement it is correlated with the maxims of manner.
Data 17:
Immigration officer: Name? Rose: Dawson.
Rose Dawson.
In the data above, it is including the cooperative principal phenomena.
The phenomena of cooperative principle that contains in the conversation is maxims.
The theory of maxims was developed by Grice .
Maxims of quantity is related to give the sufficient In the conversation it can be seen from roseAos answer.
Maxims of quality is related to give or tell something based on the evidence or something to believe to be true.
the conversation it can be prove with which rose said.
Maxims of relation is related to the relevant information.
It can be seen from the conversation that rose give the relevant answer.
Maxims of manner is related to give the information clearly.
It is shows from Rose answer which is she didnAot not say ambiguous statement.
Data 18:
Steward Barnes: Is this it? Cal: That's it.
In the data above can be seen that in the conversation there is a cooperative principal phenomenon.
In the conversation the phenomena are maxims.
In the first rules of maxims Cal give the information as required.
In the second rules of maxims of quality it seems that Cal answer truthfully the question.
Cal give the relevant answer related to the rules of maxims of relation.
Cal answer the question clearly related to the rules of maxims of manner.
Data 19:
Fabrizio: No Italian? Some little English.
Helga: No, no.
Norwegian.
Only.
In the data above there is cooperative principle.
The part of the cooperative principle that contains in the conversation is maxims.
First rules of maxims are give the answer or information as required it is related to the maxims of quantity as stated by Helga when she answer the question.
The second rules of maxims of quality give the evidence or tell something truthfully.
Based on the Helga's answer.
In the third rules of maxims of relation it is related to the relevant answer or information in accordance with Helga's answer.
The last rules of maxims of manner are related to information that give clearly as utterance by Helga.
Data 20:
Smith: And how many aboard.
Mr.
Murdoch? Murdoch: Two thousand two hundred souls aboard, sir.
In the data above is include cooperative principle.
One of the parts of cooperative principle is In the first rules of maxims of quantity is give the sufficient information or answer.
In this conversation Smith give the sufficient information related to the question.
In the second rules of maxims of quality is give the evidence or something that believe to be true.
In conversation it can be seen from Murdoch answer stated truthfully.
In the third rules of maxims of relation is give the relevant answer.
It can see from Murdoch answer.
The last rules of maxims of manner are related to give clearly information as stated by Murdoch answer.
Data 21:
Smith: How much time? Andrews: An hour, two at most.
In the conversation above include cooperative principal phenomena.
The phenomena is maxims.
The maxims have the rules.
The first rules are maxims of quantity this is for give the sufficient information.
In the conversation Andrews give the sufficient information.
means that he obeys the first rules of maxims of quantity.
The second rules of maxims of quality that is give or tell something truthfully or based on the evidence.
It can be seen from AndrewsAos statement which said that about the time.
In the third rules of maxims of relation is related to give relevant answer.
It can be seen from AndrewsAos statement which said that in accordance with the question.
The last of rules of maxims of manner is related to give clearly information.
It can be seen from AndrewsAos statement that give clearly information about the time.
CONCLUSION
In the titanic movie the researcher found 21 data that contains cooperative principle.
All the participants that involved in the dialog of the movie obey the rules of the cooperative principle that is maxims.
Cooperative principle used the theory from Grice.
Based on the theory the part of cooperative principle is maxims.
Maxims itself have 4 rules among Maxims of quantity, maxims of quality, maxims of relation, and maxims of manner.
This film shows the conversation between superiors and subordinates based on class, namely upper class/class and lower class/class.
The difference between these groups is that there are no multiple interpretations or misunderstandings in their discussions.
Therefore, in conversation it is necessary to use the cooperative principle so that miscommunication does not occur between the speaker and the listener.
REFERENCES