Herpetology Notes, volume 15: 1-11 .
ublished online on 13 January 2.
Frog diversity of Santana Island.
Amapy State, northern Brazil Marcos R.
Dias-Souza1,*.
Sonaira L.
Gama2.
Francisco T.
Melo1.
Gabriel L.
Rebylo1, and Carlos E.
Costa-Campos2 Abstract.
We here provide information on the species composition of frogs for Santana Island.
Amapy State, northern Brazil.
A series of visual active searches allowed us to record 24 species from five families, including Hylidae .
Leptodactylidae .
Bufonidae .
Microhylidae .
, and Pipidae .
Four of these.
Boana lanciformis.
Dendropsophus haraldschultzi.
Scinax garbei, and Elachistocleis helianneae, are new records for Amapy State.
Almost all frogs occurring on Santana Island were classified as Least Concern based on Red List criteria, with only two species (Rhinella major.
Lysapsus bolivianu.
classified as Data Deficient.
The species accumulation curve showed a strong tendency toward stabilization but indicated that some additional sampling is needed to record all species.
In addition, the correlation between climatic conditions and species richness was only significant for rainfall.
Our results increase the knowledge of the frog fauna in the eastern Amazon and provide needed information for conservation activities in the region.
Key words.
Amphibians, conservation, eastern Amazon.
Boana lanciformis.
Dendropsophus haraldschultzi.
Scinax garbei.
Elachistocleis helianneae, new records Introduction The amphibian fauna of Brazil comprises 1188 species (Segalla et al.
, 2.
By far the highest diversity exists among the frogs .
4 species, including two exotic.
, which are represented by 20 families and 107 genera, followed by caecilians with 39 species .
our families, 13 gener.
, and five salamanders .
ne family and genu.
Despite conservation efforts, deforestation throughout Brazil has caused amphibian population declines and even some extinctions, and deforestation is considered the greatest threat to the countryAos biodiversity .
Young et al.
, 2001.
Eterovick et al.
, 2005.
Fearnside.
Campos et al.
, 2.
In this context, a better understanding of the local diversity of anurans can contribute to preventing amphibian population declines, an effort that has been hampered by a lack of information and implementation of effective government policies (Eterovick et al.
, 2005.
Laboratyrio de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia AuProf.
Dr.
Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi,Ay Instituto de Ciyncias Biolygicas.
Universidade Federal do Pary.
Avenida Augusto Corrya 01.
Guamy.
Belym.
Pary 66075-110.
Brazil.
Laboratyrio de Herpetologia.
Departamento de Ciyncias Biolygicas e da Sayde.
Universidade Federal do Amapy.
Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02.
Macapy.
Amapy 68903-419.
Brazil.
Corresponding author.
E-mail: marcosrobertobio@gmail.
A 2022 by Herpetology Notes.
Open Access by CC BY-NC-ND 4.
Campos et al.
, 2.
Thus, amphibian inventories are of great relevance so that region-specific strategies for conservation can be defined (Nogueira et al.
, 2.
Such studies have often led to the description of new species, and they contribute significantly to the knowledge of this critical natural resource .
, yAvila-Pires et al.
, 2.
In the Brazilian Amazon, amphibian inventories are still relatively scarce, due to the difficulty with access to many areas (Azevedo-Ramos and Galatti, 2002.
Funk et al.
, 2.
For this reason, most studies have been restricted to the states of Amazonas (Prudente et al.
Waldez et al.
, 2013.
Ramalho et al.
, 2016.
Menin et al.
, 2017.
SimyAes et al.
, 2.
Pary (Mendes-Pinto and Souza, 2011.
Bernardo et al.
, 2012.
Vaz-Silva et , 2015, yAvila-Pires et al.
, 2.
Rondynia (Bernarde.
Piatti et al.
, 2.
, and Acre (Bernarde et al.
, 2011.
Bernarde et al.
, 2013.
Miranda et al.
, 2015.
Venyncio and Souza, 2016.
Fonseca et al.
, 2019.
Freitas et al.
, 2.
Amapy State, located in eastern Amazonia, has high biodiversity but there are relatively few studies of the frog fauna (Queiroz et al.
, 2011.
Pereira-Jynior et al.
Arayjo and Costa-Campos, 2014.
Benycio and Lima, 2017.
Lima et al.
, 2017.
Silva e Silva and CostaCampos, 2018.
Costa-Campos and Freire, 2019.
PedrosoSantos et al.
, 2.
However, these studies allowed an assessment of the species distribution of frogs in the state (Costa-Campos et al.
, 2014.
Silva e Silva and CostaCampos, 2014.
Corrya et al.
, 2015.
Costa-Campos and Freire, 2015.
Costa-Campos et al.
, 2016.
Silva e Silva and Costa-Campos, 2016.
Missassi et al.
, 2017.
Lima et , 2019.
Costa-Campos et al.
, 2020a, b, c.
Figueiredo et , 2020.
Costa-Campos et al.
, 2021.
Dias-Souza et al.
Figueiredo et al.
, 2.
Santana Island is part of the geomorphological unit known as the Plain of Estuaries and Deltas of Amapy, and it receives fluvial influence from the Amazon River with some areas subject to periodic flooding from rainwater and river water levels (Valente et al.
, 1.
With a high level of landscape and human disturbance, only studies of vegetation (Freitas et al.
, 2.
, host plants and parasitoids (Silva et al.
, 2007.
Saraiva et al.
, 2.
, and use of soil and climate (EMBRAPA, 1996.
Freitas, 2008.
Vilhena, 2.
have been completed on the island.
this context, the present study provides the first listing of frogs, including richness and constancy of occurrence of species, for Santana Island.
Santana Municipality.
Amapy State, eastern Amazon.
Brazil.
Materials and Methods Study area.
Fieldwork was conducted on the banks of the North Channel.
Santana Island Santana Municipality.
Amapy State, northern Brazil .
0795AS, 51.
1743AW).
This is an island of approximately 20.
05 km2 area, with a predominance of savanna, terra firme AuuplandAy forest, and vyrzea forest (Valente et al.
, 1.
Sampling.
We employed two sampling strategies during the months of October 2012AeAugust 2013, visual encounter survey and auditory recording (Crump and Scott, 1994.
Heyer et al.
, 1994.
Zimmerman, 1.
Three collection points were determined, one in flooded forest (FF), another at a permanent pond (PP), and the third in upland forest (UF), where the collections were performed at night .
:00 h to midnigh.
All specimens were euthanized with 5% lidocaine, fixed in 10% formalin, preserved in 70% ethanol, and deposited in the herpetological collection of Universidade Federal do Amapy.
Species conservation status was obtained from the Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2.
and the Brazil Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (ICMBio, 2.
Data analysis.
To analyse the relative abundance of anurans, we built a Whittaker plot obtained by ranking species starting with the most abundant along the Y-axis and with the logarithm of abundances on the X-axis (Magurran, 2.
Each recorded species was classified according to the constancy of occurrence index (Dajoz, 1.
, which allowed its presence to be considered constant .
resent in > 50% of sample.
, accessory .
resent in 25Ae50% of sample.
, or accidental .
resent in < 25% of sample.
Marcos R.
Dias-Souza et al.
To evaluate sampling effort, we constructed an accumulation species curve.
Species richness of the sampled area was estimated by extrapolation of a species accumulation curve using Jackknife 1 and Bootstrap estimators with 1000 randomizations in the software EstimateS v.
0 (Colwell, 2.
We conducted the richness comparisons using the Jaccard similarity index and the unweighted pair-group method with averaging (UPGMA) (Magurran, 2.
The cophenetic correlation coefficient was calculated to indicate the degree of representability of the similarity matrix in the dendrogram, allowing for the identification of groups formed by the evaluated localities, considering the similarities they presented in relation to species richness.
The cluster analysis was performed on the software Past 06 (Hammer et al.
, 2.
The Spearman Correlation Coefficient was applicated to compare climatic conditions .
vailable from the NHMET databas.
during studies with species richness.
Statistical analyses were performed with BIOESTAT 3 software (Ayres et al.
, 2.
, using a significance index of p < 0.
05 for all analyses.
Results We recorded 24 species of anurans from five families (Figs.
1Ae4.
Table .
The family with most representatives was Hylidae .
, followed by Leptodactylidae .
Bufonidae .
Microhylidae .
, and Pipidae .
Three species (Rhinella major, marina.
Scinax rube.
were found in all sampled According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2.
, 91.
6% .
= .
of the species that occur on Santana Island are classified as Least Concern.
Only two species (Rhinella major.
Lysapsus bolivianu.
are classified as Data Deficient.
Lysapsus bolivianus.
Adenomera hylaedactyla, and Leptodactylus fuscus were the most abundant species, together representing 38.
9% of all specimens collected, followed by Rhinella major .
5%) and Scinax ruber .
%).
According to the constancy of occurrence index, the presence of eight species was constant, eight were accessory, and eight should be considered accidental (Fig.
Table .
The species accumulation curve showed that the sampling effort was not enough to record all species but showed a strong tendency toward stabilization (Fig.
The cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups, one comprising the upland forest and flooded forest, which were similar in their composition of anurans, and the other, consisting of the permanent pond (Fig.
Frog Diversity of Santana Island.
Amapy State.
Brazil Figure 1.
Selected anuran species recorded on Santana Island.
Amapy State, northeastern Brazil.
(A) Rhinella major.
(B) R.
(C) R.
(D) Dendropsophus haraldschultzi.
(E) D.
(F) D.
Photos by Carlos E.
Costa-Campos (AAeD.
F) and Wirley Almeida-Santos (E).
verified that each of these groups contains a different set of species.
The Spearman Coefficient Correlation values for species richness were not significant for temperature (A = Ae0.
4518, p = 0.
and relative air humidity (A = 0.
5263, p = 0.
, but there was a significant difference for rainfall (A = 0.
7277, p = 0.
Discussion The frog assemblage recorded on Santana Island represent a subset of the species diversity seen at other localities in Amapy State.
It includes about 33.
3% of the species found in the Reserva Biolygica do Parazinho (Arayjo and Costa-Campos, 2.
, 35.
5% of species in the yArea de Proteyyo Ambiental do Rio Curiay (Lima et , 2.
, 17.
5% of species in the Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari (Queiroz et al.
, 2.
, 26.
5% of species Marcos R.
Dias-Souza et al.
Figure 2.
Additional anuran species from Santana Island.
Amapy State, northeastern Brazil.
(A) Boana boans.
(B) B.
(C) B.
(D) Osteocephalus taurinus.
(E) Lysapsus bolivianus.
(F) Pseudis paradoxa.
Photos by Carlos E.
Costa-Campos.
in the Parque Natural Municipal do Cancyo (Silva e Silva and Costa-Campos, 2.
, 16% of species in the Reserva Extrativista Municipal Beija-Flor Brilho de Fogo (Pedroso-Santos et al.
, 2.
, and 57.
1% of the species in the savanna areas of Amapy State (Costa-Campos and Freire, 2.
The lower diversity of anurans found in our study may be related to the close association of the island with the adjacent urban matrix, a factor that has been observed to reduce the diversity of frog species in other areas of Amapy State (Pereira-Jynior et al.
, 2013.
Pedroso-Santos et al.
, 2.
and in the Brazilian Amazon (Knispel and Barros, 2009.
Menin et al.
, 2.
The greatest frog diversity on Santana Island was found among hylid and leptodactylid species, a similar scenario as found in other studies of neotropical frogs .
, yAvilaPires et al.
, 2010.
Menin et al.
, 2.
Boana lanciformis.
Dendropsophus haraldschultzi.
Scinax garbei, and Elachistocleis helianneae are new records for this island, which demonstrates that continued sampling of frogs in the region is needed to provide a better understanding of Frog Diversity of Santana Island.
Amapy State.
Brazil Figure 3.
More anuran species found on Santana Island.
Amapy State, northeastern Brazil.
(A) Scinax boesemani.
(B) S.
(C) S.
(D) S.
(E) Sphaenorhynchus lacteus.
(F) Trachycephalus typhonius.
Photos by Carlos E.
Costa-Campos.
biodiversity (Costa-Campos et al.
, 2014.
Silva e Silva and Costa-Campos, 2014.
Costa-Campos and Freire.
Missassi et al.
, 2.
Rhinella gr.
presents uncertainties in terms of unresolved taxonomic issues, which indicates the need for additional taxonomic work on the local fauna.
Despite the rarefaction curve showing a tendency toward stabilization, future and complementary studies using different collection methods and increased sampling time during fieldwork are necessary, to finalize the count of species diversity in the studied area.
In fact, there are environments on Santana Island that have not yet been surveyed .
, open area.
and which may shelter frog species not yet recorded.
The dominance of a few species over the others is demonstrated by the inverted AuJAy distribution in the Whittaker plot.
According to Magurran .
, most biological assemblages follow this pattern, and this can be explained by the central limit theory, which states that if a large number of independent factors, such as rainfall, acts on a certain variable .
richness, abundanc.
, it tends to acquire a normal distribution.
Marcos R.
Dias-Souza et al.
Figure 4.
Another set of anuran species record on Santana Island.
Amapy State, northeastern Brazil.
(A) Adenomera hylaedactyla.
(B) Leptodactylus fuscus.
(C) L.
(D) L.
(E) Elachistocleis helianneae.
(F) Pipa pipa.
Photos by Carlos Costa-Campos.
The cluster analysis of the anuran assemblages generated revealed three distinct groups.
Groups 1 and 2 reveal a more distinct assemblage.
Group 3 is located on the right bank of the Amazon River, which generally has high values of abundance and richness.
Our results corroborate the river hypothesis, in which rivers may play a major role in creating barriers separating populations and allowing their differentiation (Haffer.
Vaz-Silva et al.
, 2015.
Pirani et al.
, 2.
The positive correlation between species richness and rainfall corroborates the idea that anuran breeding activity is closely related to the rainy season (Canelas and Bertoluci, 2007.
Kopp et al.
, 2010.
Vasconcelos et al.
, 2010.
Dias et al.
, 2014.
Silva e Silva and CostaCampos, 2.
Results such as these are important in supporting conservation action in the region.
addition, this list of species increases our knowledge of the frog fauna in the eastern Amazon.
Frog Diversity of Santana Island.
Amapy State.
Brazil Table 1.
List of anuran species recorded on Santana Island.
Amapy State.
Brazil.
Abbreviated column headings include the total number of collected specimens .
, sample areas .
looded forest Ae FF, permanent pond Ae PP, upland forest Ae UF), the sampling technique .
ctive visual search Ae AVS, auditory search Ae AS), and the constancy of occurrence .
onstant Ae CON, accessory Ae ACE.
Accidental Ae ACC).
Family/Species Bufonidae Rhinella gr.
margaritifera (Laurenti, 1.
Sampling Sample Area
AVS
CON
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1.
Rhinella major (Spix, 1.
Hylidae Boana boans (Linnaeus, 1.
Boana lanciformis (Cope, 1.
Boana punctata (Schneider, 1.
Dendropsophus haraldschultzi (Bokermann, 1.
Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (Beireis, 1.
Dendropsophus walfordi (Bokermann, 1.
Lysapsus bolivianus (Gallardo, 1.
Osteocephalus taurinus (Steindachner, 1.
Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1.
Scinax boesemani (Goin, 1.
Scinax garbei (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1.
Scinax nebulosus (Spix, 1.
Scinax ruber (Laurenti, 1.
Sphaenorhynchus lacteus (Daudin, 1.
Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus, 1.
Leptodactylidae Adenomera hylaedactyla (Cope, 1.
Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1.
Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1.
Leptodactylus podicipinus (Cope, 1.
Microhylidae Elachistocleis helianneae (Caramaschi, 2.
Pipidae Pipa pipa (Linnaeus, 1.
References