1st ICASGI 2022 Considerations for the Development of the Capital Region Based on Public Opinion on Environmental Issues Junaidi#.
Sakti Adji Adisasmita *.
Muhammad Saleh Pallu *.
Muhammad Isran Ramli * # Civil Engineering Doctoral Program Student.
Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin University.
Gowa.
Indonesia E-mail: junaedicivileng09@gmail.
* Department of Civil Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin University.
Gowa.
Indonesia E-mail: adjiadisasmita@yahoo.
com , salehpallu@gmail.
com , isranramli@unhas.
AbstractAi Environmental issues will certainly accompany development in all places.
Currently, the development of new infrastructure is dominantly demanding land clearing, especially for the road network.
The road network often encounters many obstacles related to nature due to the many aspects that need to be considered in planning the route of the road.
This road route often has to cut through watersheds, forest areas, mountains, valleys, swamps, and productive land areas.
With the disruption of the natural ecosystem around the development area, environmental issues arise and cause environmental stakeholders to confront development.
Therefore, the involvement of stakeholders related to the environment in planning and design needs to be prioritized in order to avoid confrontation during development.
This study underlines the importance of stakeholder opinions related to the environment in the planning of the capital city area, especially in the development of the road network.
The method used in this study is a quantitative and qualitative assessment through a questionnaire given to stakeholders, who, in this case, are environmental organizations and related government The survey results in this study prove that environmental impacts will certainly occur with development.
However, several alternatives can be recommended, taking into account the long-term environmental effects that can be caused.
In this way, the confrontation with development related to environmental issues can be prevented, even eliminated.
KeywordsAi Capital Region.
Environment.
Public Opinion.
Road Network.
INTRODUCTION
II.
LITERATURE STUDY
The transfer of IKN (Capital Cit.
is inseparable from the development strategy to respond to social, economic, and environmental conditions as well as future development Overview of Borneo Ecosystem and IKN Design The prospective IKN area is located in East Kalimantan Province, precisely in North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
The position of this IKN is in a strategic area of biodiversity protection located in East Kalimantan Province, which is part of the island of Kalimantan.
This island, also known as Borneo, is designated as the AuLung of the WorldAy because it has forests with a large amount of biodiversity and plays an important role in sequestering carbon and providing oxygen.
The direction of the spatial planning of the island of Kalimantan is to realize the preservation of biodiversity conservation areas and protected areas with wet tropical forest vegetation of at least 45 percent of the island of Kalimantan as the "Lungs of the World," in accordance with Presidential Regulation No.
3 of 2012 concerning the spatial planning of the island of Kalimantan .
There are four main motivations for moving IKN, namely achieving the Indonesia Vision 2045 target, including the need to build IKN with a national perspective, the desire to balance development from Java-centric to Indonesia-centric, and accelerating the recovery and transformation of the national economy after COVID-19.
IKN development will become a national identity.
Therefore.
IKN development must pay attention to environmental aspects.
According to the Capital City master plan, 75 percent of the land area at the construction site will be set aside for environmental improvements.
environmental impact analysis is needed in the master plan for IKN development in order to minimize the impact of environmental risks.
According to the regulation, the world's lungs are a vegetated area of wet tropical forests in a vast expanse that has the function of being a carbon dioxide absorber, an oxygen producer, and a global climate balancer.
The policy of the island of Kalimantan as the Lungs of the World includes the preservation of areas with endemic plant and animal biodiversity, the development of ecosystem corridors between conservation areas, stabilization and rehabilitation of protected areas, and control of cultivation activities that have the potential to disrupt protected areas .
Some environmental activists argue that the physical development of IKN Nusantara (Capital Cit.
will have an impact on flora and fauna, flooding, garbage, waste, social, economic, and cultural aspects that must also be considered .
1st ICASGI 2022 The IKN area is surrounded by essential ecosystem areas and protected areas which not only require extra caution .
afety regulatio.
in their development but also must be able to create a symbiotic mutualism between urban ecosystems and tropical rain forest ecosystems.
Essential ecosystem areas and protected forests in the IKN area need to be maintained, maintained and restored their ecological functions and roles.
Furthermore, taking sides with vulnerable groups in this case local communities is an important part in preparing environmental security and management .
Construction stage, the impacts includes decreasing surface water quality, decreasing groundwater quality, increasing waste generation, decreasing environmental sanitation, disrupting the function of existing culverts and drainage, decreasing air quality, decreasing terrestrial flora, decreasing agricultural land, increasing waste generation, increasing job opportunities , livelihoods, increased social jealousy, increased noise, increased vibration, increased road damage, reduced traffic comfort, increased traffic congestion, reduced Green Open Space as a catchment area, increased surface water runoff, floods .
uddles of water around the locatio.
, decreased community accessibility, reduced aquatic biota, increased terrestrial flora, increased land fauna.
Operational phase, the impacts of which include the increase in Regional Original Income, increase in noise, decrease in air quality, decrease in community Regarding the impact of decreasing air quality, predictions of CO.
CO2.
CH4 and N2O from vehicle emissions in 2014-2048 have been made, which produces a regression equation that can be used to calculate the amount of emissions each year .
The existence of conflicts that lead to encroachment and cause damage to conservation forest areas can be seen from various perspectives such as weak supervision, history of settlement/occupation, customary rights of local communities, population growth, investors, increased access due to road construction, and supporting infrastructure.
weak assistance to the community on market access, capital, and infrastructure to support production activities .
Fig.
1 IKN Area Land Cover Map According to .
, the IKN area also has a Conservation Forest area, named Tahura Bukit Soeharto covering an area of 64,814 ha of the IKN area of 256,654 ha.
The Bukit Soeharto Tahura has mixed ecosystem types of lowland Dipterocarpaceae, heath forest, coastal forest, shrubs, and reeds (UPTD Tahura Bukit Soeharto, 2.
The Bukit Soeharto Tahura area has now turned into a plantation forest ecosystem which is a rehabilitation effort with various types of plants such as Acasia (Acasia mangiu.
Sengon (Albizia paraserianthe.
, and Mahogany (Swietenia mahagon.
The native flora is dominated by Meranti (Shorea spp.
), and part of it is research forest in the form of nurseries of various types of plants such as Mahang (Macaranga hypoleuc.
Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwager.
Kayu Charcoal (Diospyros borneensi.
Kempas (Koompassia malaccensi.
Palaman (Iristani.
Resak (Vatica spp.
Bayur (Pterospermum ).
Gmelina (Gmelina arbore.
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensi.
Rattan (Calamus spp.
Sugar palm (Arenga pinnat.
, and Ketapang (Terminalia catapp.
In the Bukit Soeharto Tahura area there are also 46 types of mammals and other animals, most of which are protected species .
Mitigation of Ecosystem Damage Risk Several previous studies (.
, .
, .
) have shown that the impact of road construction has a significant impact on the damage to the ecosystem around the road network.
The damage is mostly caused by increased economic activity and development around the road network, resulting in more land use change, carbon dioxide emissions, and climate change due to rising temperatures.
To overcome the problems above, of course, appropriate policy instruments are needed according to the root of the problem in each location of the conservation area.
To make the right policy, it is necessary to study the root causes of each encroached conservation area.
The formulation of policy instruments in overcoming damage to conservation areas needs to emphasize the interests and needs, not on positions and facts and conduct constructive communication to develop a common understanding rather than negative criticism and strengthen the arguments of each party or stakeholder.
It is important to find the intersection of the intrinsic interests of each stakeholder to shift contestation into collaboration (.
, .
, .
Impact of Road Construction on Conservation Areas Road construction can have a significant impact on the surrounding area.
It is undeniable that there are many benefits from an economic and other aspect .
, except for the environmental aspect.
According to .
, road construction at each stage can provide an overview of the general impact as A The pre-construction stage, the impacts includes increasing public unrest, decreasing agricultural production, and decreasing pond production The concept of long-lasting or sustainable development is expected to facilitate environmental problems that occur.
Sustainable development is a development paradigm that is directly related to the balance of nature or the environment.
1st ICASGI 2022 is often mentioned that the paradigm of sustainable development is accepted as a political development agenda for all countries in the world (.
, .
METHODOLOGY
The data collection for the design of the IKN road network is sourced from the East Kalimantan National Road Implementation Center (BBPJN), the Central Statistics Agency for East Kalimantan and related references, while the primary data is based on observations, field interviews and focus group discussions with relevant stakeholders either directly or indirectly.
indirectly related to the development of the IKN road network.
The sample size is 92 people using a confidence level of 90%-95%.
Stakeholders who become respondents consist of.
Community Organizations.
Environment Service.
Forestry Service and community Fig.
3 Flowchart of the study IV.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Concept of Land Connectivity of IKN The land connectivity plan will connect the Balikpapan Tenggarong - Samarinda - Bontang Urban National Activity Center (PKN).
An integrated regional transportation network will be planned through the KP-IKN, including through the primary arterial network and toll roads, the Trans Kalimantan double-track rail network, the planned development of the KKT port terminal, the IKN cross-urban MRT line network and towards Sepinggan Airport Balikpapan.
The river shipping line network will connect the KP-IKN logistics system through integration with the Balikpapan Main Port.
Several logistics points are placed between the shipping Community Organization Environment Service Office Forestry Service Office Community Leaders Fig.
2 Distribution of respondents The analytical method used is descriptive quantitative.
Measurements were made using a Likert scale with criteria of A 5 = very influential.
A 4 = influential.
A 3 = moderately influential.
A 2 = less influential.
A 1 = not influential.
The government targets trips in IKN to mostly use public Therefore, it is necessary to provide adequate public transportation facilities and infrastructure.
In the draft Perpres, 80 percent of trips on IKN are targeted to use public transportation .
Measurement of perception through the stages of making a contingency table to find out the frequency of answers from The aspect that becomes the element of the assessment are the air quality, land function, conservatory forest area, nature source conservation, cultural reserves and natural reserves and borders of river and lake.
1st ICASGI 2022 be the basis for determining the East Kalimantan region as the capital city is unknown, according to the Civil Society Coalition.
In other words, the determination of East Kalimantan as the capital city is not based on an in-depth study.
The study published by the government is actually a quick Strategic Environmental Study (KLHS).
This KLHS is a study that was made after the new capital city was established in East Kalimantan, not a study on why East Kalimantan, and not other regions, were chosen as the IKN area.
Even in the fast KLHS, potential environmental problems in the IKN area will be revealed later, from threats to water systems, flora and fauna, and pollution .
Public Perspective on Environmental Impact of IKN Road Network Development The results of the survey and analysis using a Likert Scale are shown in Figure 5.
Fig.
4 IKN Road Network Plan Forest City Concept of IKN The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) said that logging in the national capital (IKN) of the Archipelago would be kept to a minimum.
This will be done at the direction of the president so that the development of IKN is truly environment-based, it will even be called a forest city.
The President also requested that the forest in IKN will be as much as 80-90% of the total area, larger than the master plan of The Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappena.
which targets 65% of the land to become forest.
According to 2019 data .
, the forest in IKN Nusantara has reached 53T%.
Borders of Rivers and Lakes Air Quality Cultural Reserves and Nature Reserves Rising Issues in the development of IKN Based on Law 3/2022, it is known that the IKN area will annex parts of North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara (Kuka.
Regency.
The coverage area of IKN Nusantara reaches 256,142 hectares, of which the Central Government Core Area (KIPP) in the Sepaku District will cover an area of 6,671 ha.
Land Function Conservatory Forest Area Natural Source Conservation Fig.
5 Environmental Impact Probability Based on Public Opinion The majority of respondents gave critical answers to the road network development plan in the IKN area.
Based on the results of the analysis, a significant impact will occur in the Conservatory Forest Area.
Natural Source Conservation.
Cultural Reserves and Nature Reserves.
This is because with the development of the road network, there will be a very significant increase in activities in the IKN area.
A number of residents in the Sepaku Village said that their village area could not be certified as property rights so far because it had not been converted into an Other Use Area (APL) or is still considered by the state as a Forestry Cultivation Area (KBK).
The Civil Society Coalition accused the new state capital (IKN) project as an oligarchic mega-project that threatens the safety of the people.
The Civil Coalition consists of the East Kalimantan Mining Advocacy Network (JATAM), the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) and 17 legal entities, the Srikandi Lestari Foundation, the Sajogyo institute, and #BersihIndonesia Movement.
This increase in activity can be a big magnet for business actors to carry out their activities around IKN.
As a result, even though IKN development itself has met the criteria for environmental sustainability, indirect impacts will be caused by the development and activities carried out by business These activities can have a negative impact on the environment, because the standards adopted by government and non-government institutions are definitely different.
So, the awareness of business actors on environmental issues will certainly be lower.
When the environmental impact has occurred, it is likely that the party that will be the point of attention is the government, especially those in this new IKN.
The determination of East Kalimantan as a new IKN area is judged to only "export" Jakarta's problems to the area.
remember, when announcing that he would move the capital city.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo admitted that he would wait for a study to determine the IKN area.
However, until now, the study intended by the President and claimed to 1st ICASGI 2022 Furthermore, the impact that may be caused to the decrease in air quality and changes in the boundaries of rivers and lakes is considered to have an effect even though it is not as significant as the other three parameters.
This is because development activities tend to stay away from areas with abundant water deposits.
because it affects the bearing capacity of the soil.
However, water resources have the potential to become tourism and industrial centers.
Of course, the role of the private sector will be more responsible for the developments that occur when it comes to tourism and industrial centers.
REFERENCES
Indeed.
IKN itself will later become the new center of government for Indonesia.
However, various business activities will certainly develop in IKN.
Because it is certain.
IKN will become a new source of growth which will further accelerate economic growth and accelerate welfare in the area around IKN.
In the short term, the development of the Nusantara IKN can encourage economic activity through infrastructure investment in the IKN and surrounding areas.
In the medium and long term.
IKN development can be a source of new economic growth for the IKN and surrounding Because there is an increase in various economic activities and the development of new economic sectors .
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