Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journa.
A Journal of Nursing Values.
Innovation.
Collaboration, and Global Impact Volume 12.
Issue 2.
April 2026 Published by STIKep PPNI Jawa Barat ISSN 2354-8428, e-ISSN 2598-8727 Original Article Impact of Android-Based Reproductive Health Education on Knowledge Improvement Among Adolescent Girls in Takalar.
Indonesia: A Quasi-Experimental Study in a Senior High School Sumarmi Sumarmi1.
Wahyuni Hidayati2.
Ernawati Ernawati2.
Salmah Arafah2.
Alwi Alwi2.
Raufina Riandhani Mulyoto3 1Department of Nursing.
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar.
South Sulawesi, 90222.
Indonesia 2Department of Nursing.
STIKES Tanawali Takalar.
Indonesia 3Department of Physiotherapy.
Faculty of Health Science.
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.
Indonesia Abstract Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journa.
Volume 12 .
, 242-249 https://doi.
org/10.
33755/jkk.
Article info Received Revised Accepted Published April 04, 2026 April 19, 2026 April 23, 2026 April 25, 2026 Corresponding author Sumarmi* Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar Jl.
Sultan Alauddin No.
63 Makassar Phone : 62 81343934150 Email: sumarmi@uin-alauddin.
Citation Sumarmi.
Hidayati.
Ernawati.
Arafah.
Alwi.
, & Mulyoto.
Impact of Android-based reproductive health education on knowledge improvement among adolescent girls in Takalar.
Indonesia: A quasi-experimental study in a senior high school.
Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journa.
, 12.
, 242Ae249.
https://doi.
org/10.
33755/jkk.
Website https://journal.
stikep-ppnijabar.
id/jkk This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribu tionNonCommercial 4.
0 International License Background: Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to reproductive health problems due to limited knowledge and inadequate access to reliable information.
Innovative educational strategies are needed to improve their understanding of reproductive health.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Android-based reproductive health education in improving knowledge among adolescent girls.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a pretestAeposttest control group design was conducted among 100 female students at a senior high school in Takalar.
Indonesia.
Participants were divided into an intervention group .
= .
and a control group .
= .
The intervention group received reproductive health education through an Android-based application, while the control group continued routine school Knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire administered before and after the intervention.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the MannAe Whitney U test.
Results: The intervention group showed a substantial increase in mean knowledge scores from pre-test to post-test .
04 to 17.
54 A 2.
, while the control group demonstrated only a slight change .
86 A 3.
74 to 13.
24 A 4.
, indicating greater short-term knowledge improvement in the intervention group.
Conclusion: Android-based reproductive health education effectively improves knowledge among adolescent girls and represents a promising digital approach for school-based health promotion.
Keywords: : Adolescent girls, android application, knowledge, mHealth, reproductive health education p-ISSN : 2354 8428 e-ISSN: 2598 8727 Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Sumarmi et al.
INTRODUCTION
users to access information anytime and anywhere, incorporate multimedia elements such as videos and animations, and facilitate selfpaced learning.
Evidence suggests that digital learning tools enhance knowledge retention and engagement, especially among technologyoriented adolescents.
Adolescence is a critical transitional stage characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development .
This period requires appropriate guidance and support to promote optimal growth and However, insufficient knowledge and limited access to accurate reproductive health information remain significant challenges among adolescents, particularly girls.
This gap often leads to various reproductive health issues, including a poor understanding of menstruation, early pregnancy, and increased vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections.
Although previous studies have demonstrated the potential of digital reproductive health education, several gaps remain.
Existing research has primarily focused on general digital or webbased interventions, with limited evidence on Android-based applications in real-world school settings, particularly in resource-limited In addition, few studies have focused exclusively on adolescent girls or included a nointervention control group, limiting the ability to clearly assess the added value of such Adolescent physiological and psychological changes, including the onset of menarche .
, .
and the development of secondary sexual characteristics .
, .
These biological changes are accompanied by evolving cognitive abilities, emotional fluctuations, and shifts in social relationships .
Without adequate knowledge and support, these transitions may negatively impact their reproductive health and overall well-being.
Indonesia, adolescents represent a substantial proportion of the population.
National statistics indicate that adolescents account for nearly a quarter of the total population, highlighting the importance of targeted health education At the regional level, data from South Sulawesi and Takalar Regency also demonstrate a considerable number of adolescents aged 15Ae19 years, emphasizing the urgency of addressing their reproductive health Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of Android-based reproductive health education on knowledge among adolescent girls in Takalar.
Indonesia.
This study contributes by providing context-specific evidence from a resource-limited school setting, focusing on a female adolescent population, and applying a quasi-experimental design with a no-intervention control group.
METHODS
Study Design.
Sampling Population.
Sample.
This study employed a quantitative quasiexperimental design using a pretestAepost-test control group approach.
The research was conducted among female students at Senior High School SMAN 8 Takalar.
The population of this study consisted of all female students enrolled at Senior High School 8 Takalar.
Indonesia.
These students were within the adolescent age range, predominantly between 15 and 18 years, representing a critical developmental stage for reproductive health education.
Despite its importance, reproductive health education among adolescents remains limited.
Many young individuals lack adequate understanding of essential topics such as menstrual health, prevention of early pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases .
This lack of knowledge is often associated with risky sexual behaviors and increased incidence of unplanned pregnancies and infections.
Previous studies have shown that adolescents who lack comprehensive reproductive health education are more likely to engage in unsafe practices .
The sample consisted of 100 female students from Senior High School 8 Takalar.
Indonesia.
non-probability sampling technique, specifically purposive sampling, was employed to select participants who met the inclusion criteria.
The inclusion criteria were: .
female students enrolled in grade X or XI, .
aged between 15 and 18 years, .
willing to participate in the study, and .
able to access and use an Android-based Students who were absent during The rapid advancement of digital technology provides new opportunities for delivering health education .
Mobile applications, particularly Android-based environments .
These applications enable Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Android-Based Reproductive Health Education Impact data collection or did not complete both pre-test and post-test assessments were excluded from the study.
classroom communication to access the application according to the recommended Although direct monitoring of application usage .
, log dat.
was not available, adherence was encouraged through regular follow-up and supervision during school The allocation of participants into intervention and control groups was conducted based on contamination between groups and ensure the feasibility of the intervention.
Sample Size The power analysis was conducted using G*Power software .
to determine the minimum required sample size for detecting differences in knowledge outcomes between the intervention and control groups.
Power analysis is an essential step in quantitative research to ensure that the study has a sufficient probability of detecting a true effect while minimizing Type I and Type II errors.
The calculation was based on a two-tailed test with a significance level () of 1.
05 and a desired statistical power .
Oe ) of 80, which are commonly accepted standards in health and behavioral research.
A medium effect size (CohenAos d = 0.
was assumed, following conventional recommendations for experimental and quasi-experimental studies when prior effect size estimates are limited.
Using these parameters ( = 0.
05, power = 0.
effect size = 0.
5, allocation ratio = 1:.
, the minimum required sample size was estimated to be approximately 64 participants .
per grou.
However, this study included a total of 100 participants .
per grou.
, exceeding the minimum requirement.
This larger sample size enhances the statistical reliability, increases power, and improves the precision of the estimated effects.
Android-Based Education Reproductive The educational content was standardized for all participants and included topics such as puberty, menstrual health, prevention of early pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections.
All participants in the intervention group received the same version of the application and were exposed to identical learning materials.
Data Collection Instruments The study measured participant characteristics and Reproductive Health knowledge.
Participant Characteristics Participant characteristics were collected using a demographic questionnaire developed by the researchers, which included items on age, prior exposure to reproductive health information, and parentsAo occupation.
These variables were used to describe the baseline profile of respondents and to assess group comparability.
Reproductive Health knowledge Reproductive health knowledge was assessed self-administered questionnaire developed based on relevant The instrument consisted of 20 items covering domains such as puberty, menstrual health, prevention of early pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections.
Content validity was evaluated by two experts in nursing, and necessary revisions were made.
Reliability testing using CronbachAos alpha yielded a coefficient of 0.
78, indicating acceptable internal Health The Android-based education intervention was delivered over a period of two weeks.
Participants in the intervention group were instructed to use the application at least 3Ae4 times per week, with each session lasting approximately 15Ae20 minutes.
At the beginning of the intervention, participants attended a brief orientation session conducted by the researcher, which included instructions on how to install, navigate, and use the application During the intervention period, participants primarily used the application independently, allowing for self-paced learning.
Each item had one correct answer, and responses were scored as Au1Ay for correct and Au0Ay for incorrect answers.
The total knowledge score was calculated by summing all item scores, with higher scores indicating better knowledge.
Data Collection At the initial stage, respondents in both the intervention and control groups completed a pretest using a structured questionnaire to assess baseline knowledge of reproductive health.
Following the pre-test, the intervention group received reproductive health education through an Android-based application.
Participants were To support engagement, participants were periodically reminded by the researcher through Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Sumarmi et al.
guided on how to install and use the application and were instructed to access the educational materials over the designated intervention The content included topics on puberty, menstrual health, prevention of early pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections, presented in an interactive multimedia format.
the purpose, procedures, potential benefits, and risks of the study.
Participation was entirely voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all respondents.
For participants under the age of 18 years, consent was also obtained from parents or legal guardians.
Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study.
ParticipantsAo identities were not recorded, and all data were coded and used solely for research purposes.
Respondents were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any In addition, the study ensured that the intervention posed no harm to participants.
The educational content delivered through the Android-based application was designed to be appropriate, accurate, and aligned with reproductive health guidelines for adolescents.
Meanwhile, the control group did not receive the Android-based intervention and continued with routine school activities based on the standard They did not receive any structured reproductive health education comparable to the Although exposure to general health or biology topics and informal sources .
, peers or medi.
may have occurred, these were not specifically designed as comprehensive reproductive health education and were not controlled during the study period.
Data Analysis RESULTS Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23 for Windows.
Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values, were used to summarize participantsAo characteristics and knowledge Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of respondents in both groups.
The mean age in the intervention group was 15 years (SD = 0.
while the control group had a slightly higher mean age of 16 years (SD = 0.
, indicating comparable age distribution.
The majority of respondents in both groups had previously received information on reproductive health, with 86% in the intervention group and 90% in the control group.
Inferential analysis was performed using the MannAeWhitney U test to compare differences in knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups.
This non-parametric test was selected because the data did not meet the assumptions of normal distribution and was appropriate for comparing two independent The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.
The MannAeWhitney test was applied to evaluate whether there were differences in knowledge scores between groups before and after the intervention.
The results were interpreted based on p-values, where values less than 0.
05 indicated statistically significant differences.
Regarding respondents in both groups were from farming families, representing 70% in the intervention group and 96% in the control group.
These findings indicate that the study participants were predominantly from similar demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, supporting the comparability between the intervention and control groups.
Table 2 shows a notable increase in knowledge scores in the intervention group, where the mean score rose from 11.
52 A 3.
04 at pre-test to 17.
A 2.
29 at post-test.
In contrast, the control group exhibited only a slight increase .
86 A 3.
74 to 24 A 4.
The range of scores also shifted upward in the intervention group after the intervention, while the control group remained relatively stable.
These findings indicate a more pronounced improvement in knowledge levels among participants who received the Androidbased reproductive health education compared to those who did not.
Ethical Considerations This study was conducted in accordance with established ethical principles for research involving human participants.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Tanawali Persada Ethics Committee (Approval No.
15/LPPM/TPT/VI/2.
prior to data Permission to conduct the study was also obtained from the school authorities of Senior High School 8 Takalar.
All participants were provided with clear information regarding Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Android-Based Reproductive Health Education Impact Table1.
Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables by Group .
Variable Intervention .
Age .
, mean A SD 00 A 0.
Previous information about reproductive health Ever Never Parents' occupation Labor Entrepreneur Farmer Civil servant Notes: Values are presented as mean A standard deviation or frequency (%) Control .
00 A 0.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics outcome measure between groups .
Group Variable Knowledge pre-test Knowledge post-test Knowledge pre-test Knowledge post-test Intervention Control Minimum Maximum Mean A SD 52 A 3.
54 A 2.
86 A 3.
24 A 4.
SE Mean Table 3.
PreAePost Outcomes in Intervention and Control Groups .
Group Variable Knowledge pre-test Intervention Knowledge post-test Knowledge pre-test Control Knowledge post-test Mann-Whitney U test Mean A SD 52 A 3.
54 A 2.
86 A 3.
24 A 4.
Table 3 shows a significant improvement in knowledge scores in the intervention group .
= large effect siz.
, whereas the control group showed no significant change .
= 0.
effect siz.
These findings highlight the dominant effect of the Android-based educational adolescentsAo knowledge compared to no intervention.
SE Mean Effect size .
adolescents, who are highly engaged with mobile The observed improvement in knowledge among participants who received the intervention may be explained by the inherent advantages of mobile-based learning platforms.
In this study, the use of an Android-based application enabled adolescents to access educational content in a flexible and continuous manner, allowing them to engage with the material at their own pace and revisit information as needed.
Such accessibility is particularly important for adolescent learners, as it supports self-directed learning and comprehension .
, 19, .
DISCUSSION
The findings of this study indicate that Androidbased reproductive health education is associated with a significant improvement in knowledge among adolescent girls.
The marked increase in post-test scores in the intervention group indicates that mobile-based learning platforms can effectively enhance adolescentsAo understanding of reproductive health topics.
This finding supports previous evidence that digital health education interventions are effective for The effectiveness of the intervention can be attributed to several key factors.
First, mobile applications provide flexible and continuous access to information, allowing users to learn at their own pace and revisit content as needed.
Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Sumarmi et al.
Second, the integration of multimedia elements such as videos, animations, and interactive quizzes enhances engagement and knowledge Recent studies have highlighted that .
Healt.
interventions significantly improve health literacy and knowledge outcomes among adolescents due to their interactive and usercentered design .
, .
These findings align with the current study, where the intervention group exhibited a substantial improvement compared to the control group.
health education but also in its implementation within a school-based setting in a resourcelimited context.
By focusing on adolescent girls and comparing the intervention with a nointervention control group, this study provides context-specific evidence that may inform practical applications in similar educational While the findings show improved knowledge, several factors should be considered.
The lower baseline score in the intervention group may have allowed greater room for improvement, and the novelty of the Android-based application may have enhanced short-term engagement.
addition, outcomes were measured shortly after the intervention, reflecting short-term gains rather than long-term retention.
Furthermore, the results are consistent with technology-based reproductive health education is more effective than traditional methods .
For instance, a study by Widman et al.
found that digital sexual health interventions significantly increased knowledge and awareness among adolescents across diverse settings .
Similarly, a systematic review by Feroz et al.
interventions improve adolescentsAo knowledge and attitudes toward reproductive health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries .
These studies support the notion that digital platforms are not only accessible but also capable of delivering sensitive health information in a more acceptable and engaging manner.
It is also important to note that this study focused solely on knowledge outcomes.
As knowledge improvement does not necessarily translate into implications for attitudes, self-efficacy, and health practices remain uncertain.
Future studies should include longer follow-up periods and additional outcome measures to better assess these aspects.
Limitations Despite these promising findings, this study has several limitations.
First, the study was conducted in a single school with a relatively small sample size, which may limit the generalizability of the results to broader Second, the study focused solely on knowledge outcomes and did not assess changes in attitudes or behavioral practices related to reproductive health.
Third, the short duration of the intervention may not fully capture the longterm impact and sustainability of knowledge Future research should consider multi-center studies, incorporate longitudinal designs, and include behavioural and attitudinal outcomes to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of The minimal improvement observed in the control group further highlights the limitations of conventional learning approaches.
Without structured and engaging educational strategies, adolescents may rely on informal or unreliable sources of information, resulting in only marginal knowledge gains.
This finding is consistent with previous studies showing that traditional lecturebased methods are less effective in enhancing learning outcomes compared to interactive and technology-supported provide greater engagement and flexibility .
In addition, the demographic similarity between the intervention and control groups strengthens the validity of the findings, suggesting that the observed differences in knowledge outcomes are primarily attributable to the intervention rather than external factors.
The predominance of respondents from similar socioeconomic backgrounds also indicates that the effectiveness of the Android-based application is applicable across relatively homogeneous populations, particularly in school-based settings.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that Androidbased reproductive health education is associated with improved knowledge among adolescent girls.
These findings suggest that mobile-based educational tools may serve as a practical approach for delivering reproductive The contribution of this study lies not only in confirming the potential of digital reproductive Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif.
Volume 12 Issue 2.
April 2026 Android-Based Reproductive Health Education Impact health information, particularly in resourcelimited contexts.
However, further research is needed to examine their impact on broader outcomes, including attitudes and health-related Integrating digital health education into school programs may offer a scalable strategy to enhance adolescent reproductive health education in similar settings.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the school authorities, teachers, and students of Senior High School 8 Takalar, for their cooperation and participation in this study.
also thank all individuals who contributed to the implementation of the intervention and data collection process.
Their support was essential to the successful completion of this research.
Funding Statement None Author Contributions SS conceptualized and designed the study, supervised data collection, and drafted the original manuscript.
WH contributed to the study design, conducted data collection, and assisted in data EE performed data analysis, interpreted the results, and contributed to manuscript drafting.
SA contributed to the development of the educational intervention and conducted data AA contributed to data collection, manuscript drafting, and assisted in data interpretation RRM contributed to the literature review, manuscript revision Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest for this research.
Data Availability Statement The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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