JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8 .
: 106-111.
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
31289/jppuma.
JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA) Available online http://ojs.
id/index.
php/jppuma Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia Rahani Itsia Kurnianingrum * Election Governance Concentration.
Masters Program in Political Science.
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences.
Universitas Airlangga.
Indonesia Received: March 08, 2018.
Reviewed: April 19, 2020.
Accepted: May 12, 2020 Abstract This paper explains how the application of an open proportional system and a closed proportional system in the legislative elections in Indonesia.
The problem is focused on how the consequences of implementing an open proportional system compared to closed proportionality after the widespread discourse to return to a closed proportional system.
Moreover, a number of problems emerged after the 2019 simultaneous elections were carried out in an open proportional system.
The open proportional system was considered more complicated for voters and for election administrators.
Meanwhile, for election participants, an open proportional system created internal conflicts in political parties.
The data in this paper were collected through literature study and analyzed This study concludes that a closed proportional system was considered to be more efficient in the process of casting and printing the ballots.
The closed proportional system was also simple for voters, because voters only chose images of political parties.
On the other hand, political parties as election participants must also improve their party system to be more democratic so that the cadres of the best political parties who side with the people have the same opportunity to compete in the election.
Ease of voters and the quality of election participants are important because the essence of elections is participation and contestation.
Keywords: Election.
Proportional Closed.
Proportional Open.
How to Cite: Kurnianingrum.
Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia.
JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8.
: 106-111 ISSN 2549-1660 (Prin.
*Corresponding author:
ISSN 2550-1305 (Onlin.
E-mail: hani.
itsia2@gmail.
JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8.
: 106-114
INTRODUCTION
In a democratic country.
General Election is a measure of the success of a country in democracy, where the more democratic process of implementing elections in a country indicates that democratic life in that country has been already running well.
Democracy is characterized by three prerequisites, firstly competition in competing for and maintaining power, secondly public participation and thirdly, the guarantee of civil and political rights.
Through this participation and guarantee of political rights can be seen (Marijan, 2.
In this way, it is expected that a harmonious government can be created with stable accompanied by legal certainty so that it can support high economic growth for a democratic country.
Therefore, every democratic country attempts to look for the most suitable general election system for their own country.
The general election system is important for several reasons.
First, there is a perception that it will have an impact on the level of coherence of the party system, and ultimately on the effectiveness of government.
The general election system can also help alleviate or exacerbate political conflicts.
In addition, whether the general election system helps to form the public policy outcomes and the behavior and incentive structures of political actors or not.
Whether politicians depend directly on voters or on their parties to advance their careers is based on an electoral formula in determining who they feel most It will affect to what they might strive for from public resources to build relationships with their voters, and for the sake of contestation whether it will lead to election corruption and malpractice.
(Menocal, 2.
In his speech.
Ramlan Surbakti said that the Election system is a set of procedures for converting voters' votes into seats.
The Election system has several elements including .
the size of the electoral district, .
participants and nomination patterns, .
voting model and .
formula for selecting and determining elected candidates.
These four elements absolutely must be present in the Election The next elements are .
electoral threshold and .
election calendar, which exist because of the objectives to be achieved, for example the electoral threshold serves to reduce the number of parties in parliament (Surbakti, 2.
voting model and .
formula for selecting and determining the elected candidates.
These four elements absolutely must be present in the Election system.
The next elements are .
the electoral threshold and .
the election calendar, which exist because of the objectives to be achieved, for example the electoral threshold which has function to reduce the number of parties in parliament (Surbakti, 2.
There are many models of general election systems in the world.
These variations can be grouped into the three broad families of the Election system.
Based on the electoral formula, there are three models of the electoral system, namely the majority / plurality system, the proportional system and the mixed system (Reynold et al.
First, the majority / plurality system known in Indonesia by the district system.
The majority system cannot represent the voices of minorities and diversity in Indonesia.
In the majority system, the winner takes all, so that a lot of votes will be The second is the proportional election system.
This system has two variations, namely the open proportional system and the closed proportional system.
Although there is another variation of the open proportional system, namely Single Transferable Vote (STV), where voters provide the serial number of candidates in multiple-member constituencies and is another very well-established proportional In the context of Indonesia, the STV system is still not applicable because of the Rahani Itsia Kurnianingrum.
Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia low political literacy of voters, which makes because there was an increase in the number it difficult for voters.
The third is a mixed of residents based on the aggregate system where this system combines the population list per district (DAK.
benefits of the majority system / plurality addition, there are 17 new autonomous with a proportional system.
Because of this regions resulting from regional expansion.
merger, the implementation of the mixed (ANTARA, 2.
The number of seats for system becomes complex.
Provincial Regional PeopleAos Representative Of course there is no perfect electoral Council members also increased from the system, because each has advantages and previous 2,112 seats to 2,207 seats in the disadvantages so that an ideal election 2019 Election.
Likewise, the seats for system in one country will not necessarily be Regency / City PeopleAos Representative suitable for other countries.
There are Council seats from 16,896 became 17.
several things that underlie why a country seats.
(Akbar, 2.
chooses an electoral system, for example, is From the implementation of the it a federal state or a unitary state? Is it a General Election in Indonesia, it can be presidential or parliamentary system? concluded that several things have become Likewise with the voters, is the level of facts, including the General Election in political literacy well established? Has the Indonesia which is the largest General democratic climate been established or not? Election in the world which is held in one Indonesia has held elections since the day.
It is so called because with the total independence era.
Through these Elections, number of voters of 192,828,520 in the 2019 efforts are made to find out what kind of simultaneous elections, both at home and Election system is suitable to be applied in abroad, the voting and counting processes Indonesia.
Indonesia country is an adherent were carried out in one day.
In comparison of the representative proportional election to India which also holds the largest Election It is because the number of in the world but voting is held in about a participants in every election takes place month and is held alternately in various tends to be large.
In this system, the states.
It is a definitely democratic party that allocation of the number of seats in demands strong mental and physical representative institutions was carried out endurance from the election organizers, proportionally based on the votes acquired especially the Voting Organizing Group by each election participant.
The allocation (KPPS) as the front guard.
However, the and distribution of seats is based on the process of voting and counting votes at the polling stations (TPS) is considered the best The 2019 election was Indonesia's practice in the world.
(Supriyanto, 2.
first simultaneous election.
In addition, there It is stated to be the best practice was an increase in the number of electoral because: first, during voting, the principles of districts compared to the 2014 Election.
For direct, general, free, confidentiality was the 2019 Election, the General Election materialized.
Second, the principle of Commission had determined 80 electoral transparency was implemented during vote districts throughout Indonesia for members counting because it was jointly witnessed of the Indonesian Parliament compared to and counted, there was no gap for only 77 electoral districts in the 2014 manipulation.
Third, the recapitulation elections (Wiwoho, 2.
The number of process is the longest in the world because it members of the PeopleAos Representative has to be do in stages and manually from Council for the 2019-2024 period has polling stations to district / city for PeopleAos become 575, more than 560 members of the Representative Council in Regency / City, to PeopleAos Representative Council in the 2014- provincial Provincial PeopleAos 2019 period.
The number of seats increased Representative Council and up to the center JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8.
: 106-114
for PeopleAos Representative Council and were studied by theoretical studies and Regional PeopleAos Representative Council.
other references.
This simultaneous election was a The stage of this paper was to find the complicated election throughout history problem of topic and then collect data from with records of victims from the organizers, various relevant sources.
After the data were namely Voting Organizing Group who died collected, it was analyzed using a qualitative as many as 469 people.
It was suspected approach and compiled into a writing.
because many Voting Organizing Group officers were tired with very high workloads.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There were 2 pairs of presidential and vice Closed Proportional System presidential candidates, 16 national political In Indonesia, the General Election has parties and 4 Aceh local parties at the been held since 1955, and the Indonesian PeopleAos Representative Council.
Provincial Election system has changed from a closed Regional PeopleAos Representative Council, proportional Election system, to an open Regency/City Regional PeopleAos proportional election system that has been Representative Council and Regional implemented in the 2004, 2009, 2014 Representative Council levels which must be Elections and in 2019.
Due to the fourth collected and counted at the Polling station amendment of the 1945 Constitution in level in a short time so that it is impossible to 2002, the previous elections were only used take rest and stop (Harahap, 2.
to elect members of legislative institutions Currently in Indonesian politics, such as the People's Representative Council there is a discourse to return the open (DPR).
Provincial Regional proportional system back to the closed Representatives Council (DPRD), and the proportional system.
Among those who Regional People's Representative Council provided this discourse was the Association (DPRD) districts / cities, and now are also for Elections and Democracy (Perlude.
In used to elect the president and vice this paper, it is examined the consequences president with the terms and conditions of implementing an open proportional stipulated in the Election Law.
In addition, system compared to a closed proportional the General Election can also be used for system after the implementation of the 2019 regional head elections both at the Election.
Therefore, rational provincial level, namely the governor and considerations can be obtained in also at the district and city levels, namely determining an election system that can be regents and mayors, it is in accordance with used sustainably and not interchangeably.
Law Number 22 of 2007 concerning General Election Administrators up to the 2014
RESEARCH METHOD
Election.
Based on the problems to be studied.
After the issuance of the Decision of the data in this paper were collected from the Constitutional Court (MK) Number 14 / books, literature, research results.
Election PUU-XI / 2013, the implementation of Governance lecture discussions and direct Presidential Election was carried out observations of the author in the field as simultaneously with the Legislative Election election administrators.
The author is which its implementation is regulated in looking for as much information as possible book 1 .
ne ) of laws since 2017.
While the on the topic of writing including from other Local Election or Regional Head Election sources such as the internet.
According to (Pilkad.
) was carried out based on the Sugiyono .
, literature studies are schedule of the respective regional head closely related to values, culture and norms elections because the Constitutional Court's that develop in the social situation which decision considers that Regional Head Rahani Itsia Kurnianingrum.
Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia Election is not a general election, so it is the function of political parties as election regulated in a separate law book.
participants, namely preparing cadres to Meanwhile, political conditions, occupy leadership positions in the regional conditions, and cultural conditions parliament so that they were expected to be of a country really determine the Election able to push the representative people in a system which is suitable for use in the better direction.
General Election process in a democratic The closed proportional system Indonesia is a developing country required less costed than the open where the level of education and welfare of proportional system because first ballots the population is still not evenly high.
It is an were printed uniformly throughout important element in establishing an Indonesia so that they costed less than Election system to make it easier for voters ballots in an open proportional system to vote.
Based on the data from the Central where ballots for each region were different Statistics Agency, there are still six provinces because there were different names of in Indonesia with illiteracy rates of more candidates, secondly, campaign costs would than four percent in 2018, namely West be cheaper because the campaign of political Kalimantan .
21%).
South Sulawesi parties in all regions was same and only the .
63%).
West Sulawesi .
64%).
East Nusa campaign of political parties.
Meanwhile, in Tenggara .
24%).
West Nusa Tenggara open proportions, each candidate would .
51%) and Papua .
88%).
(Antara, compete to campaign which of course the campaign costs would be more expensive Based characteristics because the campaign props (APK) were possessed by Indonesian country which has each issued by the legislative candidates.
many ethnic groups, many islands, several From a voter perspective, using a religions, the level of education and uneven closed proportional system also made it welfare of the society and there are still easier for the voters to understand ballots many who are not technologically literate, and cast their votes.
It was since the ballots especially the internet, so the suitable were not too wide so it was easy to open and Election system for Indonesia is a system fold them back.
Ballot papers only contain Proportional election.
It is due to every vote pictures of political parties and choosing was counted so that no vote was wasted and pictures will be easier for voters than small parties and minorities had the reading the list of names of legislative opportunity to send their representatives in candidates from each political party.
Of course it was very especially for non-literate and elderly voters.
representative of the diverse society in If voters did not vote too long, of course, it Indonesia.
would reduce the queue time at polling A closed proportional system was a stations (TPS) so that it fulfilled the element system where voters only cast a party image of voter convenience.
Convenience in the on the ballot.
Furthermore, the elected form of ease of casting votes would increase candidates were determined internally the voter turnout and can reduce the number based on the serial number set by the of invalid votes.
political party.
The closed proportional The closed proportional system was system ensured that the public chose also simpler and easier in terms of sufficiently the party and political parties implementation of the elections.
In the sent the best cadres based on their calculation, the logistics arrangement and assumption to parliament.
With the distribution was clearly easier for the assumption that it was the party that knew General Election Commission (KPU), which cadres had the best capabilities as especially easier for the adhoc organizer at representatives of the people.
It can revive the Polling Station level, namely Voting JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8.
: 106-114
Organizing Group, because the ballots were from the previous General Elections.
same so that there was no distinction in each Elections to elect members of PeopleAos electoral district.
In the recapitulation it was Representative Council and Provincial also easier because it only counted the Regional PeopleAos Representative Council as pictures of political parties chosen by voters well as Regency / Municipal PeopleAos without counting the names of each Representative Council were conducted legislative candidate.
Therefore by this using an open proportional system.
The valid closed proportional election system, it can votes a Political Party got will determine the be stated that it was far more economical number of seats obtained.
Then the seat because the results of the printing of ballots quota obtained would be given to candidates were same at almost all election levels, both who meet or exceed the majority value.
at the central and regional levels, so that it Unless, then a seat will be given to the coukd save costs and time in the Election candidate based on the serial number.
process starting from printing ballots to Meanwhile, the Election for Regional People counting voting results.
Representative Council members was However many people thought that carried out with a multi-representative using a closed proportional system means to district system.
return to the Election model during the New The open list system of candidates or Order Era.
It is since this system has several also known as the open proportional system weaknesses, namely distancing access to has been used until the 2019 elections.
In an relations between constituents or voters and open proportional system, the people are representatives of the people after the considered to be fully sovereign.
This system election and narrowing the space for public also guaranteed and ensured that the voice participation in the Election.
The voters of the people determined who sat in cannot directly elected representatives parliament.
The open proportional system according to their preferences.
The closed had a candidate center voting model, where proportional system also makes political voters directly elect legislative candidates Because who according to voters would represent everything became the decision of a political them in parliament and the elected party, a crisis for legislative candidates could candidates were determined based on the also occur because there were only a few most votes.
Therefore in the ballot there is who were interested and serious in not only a picture of a political party but also advancing to become legislative candidates.
the name of the candidate proposed by the The party, of course, has full power and party according to the serial number, determines which cadres will sit in the provided that 30 percent must reflect parliament (Republika, 2.
However, in women's representation (Law Number 7 of national elections where voters vote for a 2.
closed party list, party leaders had a great The open proportional system power as they determine the rank of each provided equal opportunities for all candidate on that list.
With such systems, legislative candidates even though they had parliamentarians tend to feel more different serial numbers and financial accountable to party leadership than to capacities, to be entitled to occupy voters, their political future rests with the parliament (Halim, 2.
In an open party rather than with the voters.
(Effendi, proportional system, because voters knew the names of the people's representatives they would elect, it can lead to a closer Open Proportional System relationship between the voters and the The 2004 General Elections began to elected people's representatives.
The voters be implemented with a different system who had close feeling can increase their Rahani Itsia Kurnianingrum.
Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia participation and control over the dynamic.
The popular candidates would In addition, party electability certainly be able to increase the electability could also increase due to the high of the political party (Jamil, 2.
popularity of the legislative candidates in In an open list proportional system society, which can lead to a more dynamic with the determination of elected candidates internal party.
Thus, it can be said that with based on the principle of majority votes, an open proportional system, the diversity of political parties were not the only main society can be facilitated.
However, this actors controlling campaign funds.
Thus if an system also provided weaknesses where the open list proportional system was chosen, internal party competition would occur the provisions on campaign funds should between cadres which can reduce party stipulate that each legislative candidate had This system reduced the role of the the responsibility to report campaign funds party, as well as created contestations in an integrated manner with the campaign between cadres within the party and hinders fund reports of political parties.
The party ideological cadres (Supriyadi, 2.
reporting must be periodic.
The law should In an open proportional system, it also provide for administrative sanctions.
could cause the cadres competed with each candidates for PeopleAos Representative other for the influence of voters by all means Council Regional PeopleAos so that unhealthy contestations could occur Representative Council members did not both internally and externally.
It is due to report campaign funds to be integrated into basically these candidates competed with the political party's campaign fund reports, candidates in the same electoral district and the General Election Commission must in the same political party.
Each candidate subject the administrative sanctions in the competed to win the votes of the people with form of cancellation of his / her candidacy at the biggest possible campaign which of the recommendation of a political party course required large funds and can also (Pramono, 2.
encouraged the buying and selling of voters' Campaign finance reporting was votes in order to get seats.
In addition, the important because it was to regulate the high political costs that must be incurred by contestation to run equally and ensure that each cadre will cause rampant corruption the candidates did not get a source of when they become People's Representative campaign fund contributions only from a Council.
Thus, this system could create a certain person or group.
If it happened, it potential conflict, where cadres who later would make the candidates who would be become members of parliament would representatives in the parliament not prioritize their own interests over the responsible to the voters or the public but to interests of the people, and could also reduce the contributors.
It would be better for the the role of political parties in the legislature.
candidates to receive contributions that are The injustice in the process of regenerating not too large but come from various people.
political parties would also be seen because The open proportional system was the instant cadres such as public figures or considered ideal for Indonesia because artists who run for political party vehicles public aspirations were not such pig in a will be easily recognized by voters without poke.
However the open proportional considering their political journey in the election system that has been implemented political party.
Of course it would get rid of since the 2009 elections was an election old political party cadres who had served as system that is difficult to understand for administrators and cadres in raising the ordinary voters because it was very complex But on the other hand, political party in the world.
In fact, the Election system infrastructure would be more vibrant should be simple, that is, simple to because internal party dynamics tend to be understand by all elements of voters and JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 8.
: 106-114
simple to be implemented by election degree of voter participation is equally organizers and election participants.
important compared to the degree of (Pahlevi, 2.
A simple, well-established and sustainable general election system
CONCLUSION
would have a positive impact on many The design of an effective and aspects.
The general election system and sustainable general election system would regulations that did not often change would be easier for voters and politicians to guarantee legal certainty in implementation Too many complications could of elections.
Voters were also not confused lead to misunderstanding, undesirable by the voting mechanism which changes consequences and voter distrust of the frequently, thus avoiding to participate in election results including the death of the Election.
The voterAos education hundreds of Voting Organizing Group such background was also not just fixated on the as in the 2019 simultaneous elections.
If voting and counting process but also could should be back to closed proportional affect many things in the General Election system it was better accompanied by that then would increase the political increasing the party system to be more literacy The process of recruiting implementation, a sustainable Election candidates was a very important factor in system facilitated the budget and program winning competitions during elections.
planning process, because the Election Political parties should recruit candidates in stages did not change and restarted from a transparent and opened and make clear zero so that they could focus more on fixing rules so that the conflicts did not occur the deficiencies in the previous Election, during campaign implementation and the which of course would save a lot of budget.
determination of elected candidates.
It could Because of the well-established election be done through internal elections or such system, political parties were expected to be open convention that allowed every member more focused on struggling the public of a political party to be involved in the agenda through their representatives in nominating mechanism.
The recruitment of parliament.
The Election System was not legislative candidates should be carried out only a matter of efficiency in its by considering manAos political capacity and implementation, but the democratic factor ability so that the elected man was able to or not the Election resulting from the guard the party's political agenda maximally.
Election system was more important.
Political parties should provide political education to the constituents and the voters.
REFERENCES so that the political literacy increases and Akbar.
KPU: Ada Penambahan Kursi Anggota DPR dan DPRD Pada 2019.
Diunduh di votes trading would decrease so that the https://nasional.
co/read/1080992/kp election results will be high quality u-ada-penambahan-kursi-anggota-dpr-dan(Mahmud, 2.
A party should be able to dprd-pada-2019 tanggal 08 Februari 2020.
become an institution for its members so Antara.
575 Anggota DPR Dilantik Hari Ini.
Berikut Data dan Faktanya, diunduh di that the members of a party did not move to https://w.
com/nasional/5776 another party easily and become instant 60/575-anggota-dpr-dilantik-hari-inilegislative candidates whose competence as berikut-data-dan-faktanya tanggal a politician had not been tested.
Februari 2020.
Another important thing was the Antara.
Mendikbud Sebut Angka Buta Huruf Di Indonesia Timur Masih Tinggi, diunduh di Election system should aim to strengthen the https://nasional.
co/read/12448458/ democracy so that it must increase the voter mendikbud-sebut-angka-buta-huruf-diparticipation.
In a democracy it was better if indonesia-timur-masih-tinggi tanggal the voter participation was higher.
Thus the Februari 2020.
Rahani Itsia Kurnianingrum.
Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia Effendi.
Studi Komparatif Pengaturan Sisitem Pemilu Anggota DPR Di Indonesia.
Jurnal Fiat Justisia, 10.
Halim.
Dampak Sistem Proporsional Terbuka Terhadap Perilaku Politik (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Sumenep Madura Dalam Pemilihan Legislatif 2.
Jurnal Humanity, 9.
Harahap.
F & Fahmi.
Analisis UndangUndang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum.
JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA).
Jamil.
Ini Plus Minus Dengan Sistem Proporsional Tertutup.
Diunduh https://m.
id/berita/oaqz26354 /ini-plus-minus-pemilu-dengan-sistemprporsional-tertutup tanggal 09 Februari Mahmud.
Strategi Pemenangan Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia (PKPI) dan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) Dalam Pemilu Legislatif Kota Salatiga Tahun 2009.
Jurnal Politika, 9.
Marijan.
Sistem Politik Indonesia:
Konsolidasi Demokrasi Pasca-Orde Baru.
Jakarta: Kencana.
Menocal.
R .
Why Electoral System Matter: An Analysis Of Their Incentives And Effects On Key Areas Of Goverment.
London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI).
Pahlevi.
Sistem Pemilu Di Indonesia Antara Proporsional dan Mayoritarian.
Jakarta: P3DI.
Pramono.
Menimbang Konsekuensi Pilihan Sistem Pemilu.
Diunduh https://amp.
com/tekno/read/2012/ 03/20/05154820/menimbang.
pemilu tanggal 08 Februari Reynolds.
Reily & A.
Ellis.
Desain Sistem Pemilu: Buku Panduan Baru International IDEA.
Stockholm: International IDEA.
Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum.
Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2017.
No.
Sekretariat Negara.
Jakarta.
Sugiyono.
Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D.
Bandung: Alfabeta.
Supriyadi.
Ini Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Sistem Proporsional Terbuka.
Diunduh di https://m.
id/berita/0jyvqu354/ ini-kelebihan-dan-kekurangan-sistemproporsional-terbuka tanggal 09 Februari Surbakti.
Pidato Inagurasi Anggota Baru Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI) pada 20 November 2016.
Tidak diterbitkan.
Surabaya: FISIP Universitas Airlangga Supriyanto.
Pemilu dan Teknologi .
: Kerugian E-Voting.
Keuntungan ERekap https://m.
com/news/kolom/d4843615/pemilu-dan-teknologi-3-habiskerugian-e-voting-keuntungan-e-recap Februari 2020.
Wiwoho.
KPU Tetapkan Jumlah Dapil dan Kursi Pemilu https://m.
cnnIndonesia.
com/nasional/2018 0418181605-32-291797/kpu-tetapkanjumlah-dapil-dan-kursi-pemilu-2019 diunduh tanggal 08 Februari 2020.