APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT) Vol.
No.
March 2025, pp.
294Oe305 E-ISSN: 2656-8888 | P-ISSN: 2655-8807.
DOI:10.
ye Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Quercetin: Innovation in Biopreneur Ratih Dyah Pertiwi1* .
Pika Ayu Fitria2 Pradana5 .
Tyas Putri Utami3 .
Rian Adi Pamungkas4 .
Reinaldo .
Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi6 1,2,3,5 Department of Pharmacy.
Universitas Esa Unggul.
Indonesia 4 Department of Nursing.
Universitas Esa Unggul.
Indonesia 6 Department of Family Health.
Mahidol University.
Thailand 1 ratih.
dyah@esaunggul.
id, 2 pikaayufitria@student.
id, 3 tyas.
putri@esaunggul.
id, 4 rian.
adi@esaunggul.
5 reinaldo.
pradana@esaunggul.
id, 6 kanittha.
cha@mahidol.
*Corresponding Author
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Biosynthesis offers an environmentally friendly approach for manufacturing nanoparticles, with flavonoids such as quercetin showing potential as reducing agents.
This study aimed to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNP.
from HAuCl4 using quercetin as a reducing agent.
The synthesis process was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the particle size and stability of the nanoparticles were characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA).
The synthesized AuNPs exhibited a color change from light yellow to deep purple, with a peak absorbance between 500-600 nm.
The average particle size was found to be 116.
7 nm, with a zeta potential of -12.
2 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.
The inhibitory activity of the AuNPs was assessed by their effect on the tyrosinase enzyme, yielding an IC50 value of 970 AAg/mL.
These results suggest that gold nanoparticles synthesized using quercetin are stable and exhibit potential inhibitory activity against tyrosinase.
The study concludes that this green synthesis method has the potential for further development in drug delivery systems, providing an innovative approach in biopreneurship.
Submission May 7, 2024 Revised October 3, 2024 Accepted March 7, 2025 Published March 11, 2025 Keywords:
AuNPs Quercetin UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) Tyrosinase Enzyme This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.
0 license.
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
34306/att.
This is an open-access article under the CC-BY license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
AAuthors retain all copyrights INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology has seen rapid advancements in recent decades, particularly in drug delivery systems.
This is due to its ability to enhance solubility, absorption, bioavailability, and controlled drug release .
definition, nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers .
, .
This technology can be applied in various fields, including optics, electronics, biomedical sciences, drug delivery systems, and the chemical industry .
One notable development in nanotechnology is the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNP.
In this study, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using quercetin as a reducing agent exemplifies a sustainable approach to nanotechnology.
This aligns with the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG.
, particularly SDG 9: Industry.
Innovation, and Infrastructure, by promoting innovation in the field of biopreneurship.
The environmentally friendly biosynthesis process, utilizing natural Journal homepage: https://att.
id/index.
php/att APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT) ye compounds like quercetin, also contributes to SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, as it avoids the use of toxic chemicals and reduces environmental impact.
Furthermore, the potential applications of these gold nanoparticles in drug delivery systems could advance healthcare technologies, thus supporting SDG 3:
Good Health and Well-being by providing novel solutions for disease treatment.
Through such innovations, this research demonstrates how scientific advancements can contribute to the achievement of broader global sustainability goals.
AuNPs have gained attention due to their unique characteristics, ease of synthesis, and controllable particle size .
Their benefits, such as biocompatibility, unique optical properties, and readily modifiable surface chemistry, have made AuNPs highly desirable.
Consequently.
AuNPs are widely used as drug-delivery systems for various diseases .
Moreover, its unique physicochemical properties, including its inert and non-toxic nature, make it an effective delivery system for pharmaceuticals.
It can deliver drugs, recombinant proteins, and vaccines to their targets while also controlling drug release .
, .
Nanoparticles are produced using two primary methods: top-down and bottom-up.
The top-down approach, a physical method, has drawbacks such as surface structural defects, lengthy synthesis times, and demanding high energy and spacious space .
The bottom-up approach, a chemical method, often involves metal reduction using stabilizers, which can be toxic and limit its use in medical research .
To address the challenges associated with traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods, green synthesis has emerged as a promising alternative.
Biosynthesis utilizes biological agents like bacteria, fungi, and plants to synthesize nanoparticles .
This approach offers several advantages, including environmental friendliness, affordability, scalability, and the elimination of the need for high-pressure, energy, temperature, and toxic chemicals .
One application of biosynthesis involves using flavonoid compounds as reducing agents.
Flavonoids are chosen for their reducing properties, which facilitate the formation of AuNPs .
Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have been extensively studied for their significant pharmacological 3,3Ao, 4Ao, 5,7 pentahydroxyflavone, one example of a flavonoid is Quercetin.
A flavonol compound derived from the Latin word AyQuercetumAy meaning oak forest and this compound cannot be produced by the human body.
Quercetin effectively inhibits both monophenolase and diphenolase tyrosinase activities.
Additionally, it competitively and reversibly inhibits the formation of dopaquinone .
Previous research has explored the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using quercetin .
Moreover, employing quercetin as a capping agent in gold nanoparticle synthesis has demonstrated its cost-effectiveness .
This research aimed to synthesize gold nanoparticles using quercetin as a reducing agent.
The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA).
The inhibitory activity of the synthesized gold nanoparticles on tyrosinase was also evaluated.
RESEARCH METHOD
Materials Quercetin (Sigma-Aldric.
Au foil 24-carat purity 99.
99% (PT.
Antam.
Indonesi.
L-Tyrosine substrate (Sigma-Aldric.
Tyrosinase enzyme (Sigma-Aldric.
Kojic Acid .
, aqua pro injection (Otsuka.
Japa.
HNO3 65%.
HCl 37%.
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate/KH2PO4 (Merc.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (Merc.
, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide/DMSO (Vivanti.
Methods Preparation of HAuCl4 0.
002 M Solutions Au foil 120 mg was dissolved in 30 mL hot aqua regia that was prepared by mixing HNO3 and HCl in a ratio of 1:3 at 100 C, and 60 mL of aqua pro injection will be added three times.
The final solution will be added with 0.
01 MHCl solution up to 300 mL to reach a 0.
002 M HAuCl4 solution .
Preparation of HAuCl4 0.
002 M with Gummy Arabic Solutions Gum Arabic was dissolved in 250 mL of sterile water .
qua pro injectio.
with stirring at 1000 rpm at a temperature of 100 C.
Subsequently, 205 mL of the gum Arabic solution was combined with 7.
5 mL of sterile water, heated to 55 C, and stirred at 1000 rpm.
HAuCl4 solution was then added to the gum Arabic solution while stirring at 1000 rpm.
UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded immediately after the preparation.
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles AuNPs were synthesized according to the procedure outlined in our previous study.
The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using quercetin as a reducing agent was conducted with varying concentrations of E-ISSN: 2656-8888 | P-ISSN: 2655-8807 ye quercetin solution .
4 mM.
8 mM) and HAuCl4 solution (Table .
The formation of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by measuring their maximum wavelength using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Table 1.
Variation of Biosynthesis Gold Nanoparticles Formula Formula HAuCl4 Quercetin HAuCl4 0.
002 M Gum Arabic 2 mM HAuCl4 0.
002 M Gum Arabic 4 mM HAuCl4 0.
002 M Gum Arabic 8 mM HAuCl4 0.
2 mM HAuCl4 0.
4 mM HAuCl4 0.
8 mM Table 1 outlines the different formulations used for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNP.
in this study, utilizing varying concentrations of quercetin .
mM, 4 mM, 8 mM) combined with HAuCl4 solutions.
These formulations were designed to explore the influence of quercetin concentration on the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, such as their size, stability, and potential for drug delivery applications.
The varying concentrations of quercetin serve to evaluate how the reducing agent affects the overall synthesis process, particularly in terms of nanoparticle formation and characteristics, as confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
Stability study and characterization of Gold nanoparticles The stability of the gold nanoparticles was assessed over eight weeks .
wo month.
using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (TECAN.
Switzerlan.
at a wavelength of 400-700 nm.
The stability was determined by monitoring any changes in the ruby red colour of the nanoparticles, which is reflected in their absorbance.
The optimal gold nanoparticle formulation was characterized using a PSA model HORIBA SZ-100 (HORIBA Ltd.
Kyoto.
Japa.
This instrument was used to determine the characteristics of the gold nanoparticles, including particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential.
Tyrosinase assay of Gold Nanoparticles The optimal quercetin gold nanoparticle formulation was selected.
Serial dilutions were performed using 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.
5 to obtain a series of concentrations ranging from 9457 to 18.
AAg/mL.
Kojic acid, used as a standard, was also dissolved in 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.
5 to create a series of concentrations ranging from 500 to 7.
8125 AAg/mL.
Both the gold nanoparticles and kojic acid were tested for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 480 nm .
The percentage (%) of tyrosinase inhibitory activity was calculated using Equation 1 .
AOeB y 100% .
Percentage Inhibition = Note:
A A = Blank Absorbance A B = Sample Absorbance The IC50 value is calculated using Equation 2, where the x-axis shows the concentration, the y-axis shows the percentage (%) of inhibition, and the values of a, b, and R2 are generated.
A and b are entered into equation 2, and the IC50 value is obtained from x after replacing y with 50 .
y = a b ln.
The IC50 calculation is crucial in determining the inhibition potency of the synthesized gold nanoparticles.
The IC50 value represents the concentration at which 50% of the enzyme activity is inhibited, indicating the effectiveness of the nanoparticles in reducing tyrosinase enzyme activity.
A lower IC50 value corresponds to a stronger inhibitory effect of the nanoparticles.
Therefore.
IC50 testing is essential in evaluating the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications.
The IC50 results provide a clearer understanding of the quality and effectiveness of gold nanoparticles in addressing conditions associated with tyrosinase activity.
APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT).
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March 2025, pp.
294Ae305 ye APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT) RESULT AND DISCUSSION Preparation HAuCl4 0.
002 M Solutions This study utilized gold foil (Figure 1.
to prepare a 0.
002 M HAuCl4 solution (Figure 1.
The HAuCl4 solution was synthesized from gold foil using aqua regia.
The conversion of gold foil (Au.
to AuCl4 was accompanied by a distinct change in the solution appearance.
Since no Nitrogen Oxide (NO) gas was produced, 60 mL of sterile water .
qua pro injectio.
was required .
Au Foil .
HAuCl4 0.
Solutions Figure 1.
Preparation HAuCl4 0.
002 M Solutions The solution was supplemented with 0.
01 M HCl to prepare a 0.
002 M HAuCl4 solution .
UVvisible absorption spectroscopy is a commonly used technique for analyzing the quantum optical properties of HAuCl4 .
The HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution was confirmed to have its maximum wavelength at 310 nm, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Maximum Wavelength and Absorbance of HAuCl4 0.
002 M Solution Figure 2 show the maximum wavelength and absorbance of the HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution, which was confirmed at 310 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
This absorption spectrum is essential for understanding the quantum optical properties of HAuCl4 , providing insight into the characteristics of the solution before it undergoes the nanoparticle synthesis process.
The specific wavelength of 310 nm indicates the presence of HAuCl4 , and its stability at this wavelength serves as a baseline for monitoring the subsequent formation of gold nanoparticles in the following steps of the experiment.
Preparation of HAuCl4 0.
002 M with Gummy Arabic Solutions The HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution was combined with gum Arabic to form a HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution gum Arabic mixture (Figure .
The HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution gum Arabic mixture was then analyzed for its maximum wavelength, which was found to be at 310 nm (Figure .
E-ISSN: 2656-8888 | P-ISSN: 2655-8807
Gummy Arabic .
HAuCl4 0.
Gummy Arabic Solutions Figure 3.
Preparation of HAuCl4 0.
002 M with Gummy Arabic Solutions The HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution was combined with gum Arabic, a non-toxic, hydrophilic phytochemical glycoprotein polymer commonly used as a stabilizer in the food and pharmaceutical industries .
Previous studies have demonstrated gum Arabic ability to stabilize gold nanoparticle solutions .
The HAuCl4 002 M gum Arabic solutions exhibited their highest absorbance peak at 310 nm.
Figure 4.
Wavelength curve HAuCl4 0.
002 M with Gummy Arabic Solutions Figure 4 presents the wavelength curve of the HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution combined with gum Arabic.
The absorption peak at 310 nm indicates the effective stabilization of the gold chloride solution by gum Arabic, a natural stabilizer known for its non-toxic properties.
This stabilization ensures that the gold ions remain dispersed in solution, preventing aggregation and facilitating the subsequent formation of gold nanoparticles.
The observed peak confirms the successful integration of gum Arabic into the solution, making it a suitable candidate for further nanoparticle biosynthesis processes.
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles The formula used a HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution gum arabic (F1AeF.
and a HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution (F4AeF.
HAuCl4 solutions and HAuCl4 0.
002 M solution gum arabic will be synthesized using quercetin solution (DMSO aqua pro injectio.
with various concentrations of 2 mM, 4 mM, and 8 mM.
The results of each formula (F1-F.
can be seen in Figure 5.
The HAuCl4 solution could be completely reduced to form APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT).
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294Ae305 APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT) ye gold nanoparticles of formula 1 (F.
, which was confirmed by the fact that there was no further change in the UV-vis spectrum after quercetin was added to the prepared gold solution .
Figure 5.
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Nanoparticle biosynthesis was conducted using a quercetin solution prepared in DMSO and aqua pro injection at 40 C with 1000 rpm stirring for 90 minutes.
Quercetin exhibits high solubility in DMSO, reaching 150 AAg/mL .
Aqua pro injection is sterile water free from microbes and other additives .
Its use as a solvent minimizes the presence of other substances, including microbes, which can act as reducing agents .
, .
The observed colour change is a characteristic of the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of the formed gold nanoparticles.
UV-vis spectroscopy is a crucial tool for confirming the formation and stability of gold nanoparticles in solution.
Figure 6 illustrates the UV spectra of the various Au NP formulations (F1-F.
Figure 6.
UVAeVisible Spectra of Bio-Synthesized AuNPs (F1-F.
The six gold nanoparticle synthesis formulas were analyzed for their maximum wavelength .
ax ), which varied across the formulations (Figure .
The maximum wavelength of the HAuCl4 solution and F1 were 310 nm and 500-600 nm, respectively (Figure .
Figure 7.
Comparison of the HAuCl4 and F1 Wavelengths Curve ye
E-ISSN: 2656-8888 | P-ISSN: 2655-8807
The colour of the solution changed from a slightly cloudy yellow to a clear white after adding 2 mM quercetin for 40 minutes.
At 62 minutes, the colour shifted to purple streaks, which became thicker until the 90th minute (Figure .
Figure 8.
The Colour Change During the Synthesis Process of F1 The combination of the HAuCl4 solution with gum Arabic, a natural stabilizer.
The gum Arabic solution helps stabilize the gold chloride solution, preventing aggregation and promoting the effective dispersion of gold ions.
This stabilization is essential for the successful formation of gold nanoparticles.
The results of this mixture were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, confirming that the highest absorbance peak occurred at 310 nm, which indicates the stability and uniformity of the solution.
This combination is critical for ensuring that the nanoparticle synthesis process proceeds smoothly, ensuring that the gold ions are ready for reduction in the following steps.
Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles The stability of the gold nanoparticles was assessed over two months by monitoring their maximum wavelength using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer weekly.
This was to ensure that the gold nanoparticles did not revert to the HAuCl4 solution during storage.
The maximum wavelength shift of the gold nanoparticles was observed to remain within the 500-600 nm range (Figure .
The organoleptic stability of the gold nanoparticles was monitored for two months, at months 0, 1, and 2.
Sensory observations revealed a fading purple colour (Figure .
The storage conditions, duration, and exposure to light can influence nanoparticle size due to Aggregation can occur due to storage factors and zeta potential values outside the acceptable range of -30 mV to 30 mV.
The zeta potential value of the gold nanoparticles was -12.
2 mV.
Particles with zeta potentials between -10 mV and 10 mV are considered neutral and prone to aggregation .
Figure 9.
Stability Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles Figure 9 presents the stability analysis of the gold nanoparticles over an 8-week period.
The stability was monitored by tracking the maximum wavelength using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, confirming that the gold nanoparticles remained stable within the 500-600 nm range.
This observation ensures that the gold nanoparticles did not revert to the HAuCl4 solution during storage.
The consistency in the absorption spectrum across the weeks suggests that the nanoparticles maintained their stability, with no significant aggregation occurring over the duration of the study.
This stability is critical for ensuring the reliability of the gold nanoparticles in future applications, particularly in drug delivery systems.
APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT).
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294Ae305 APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT) ye Figure 10.
Colour Change Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles Figure 10 show the color change of the gold nanoparticles over a two-month period, showing the visual changes at 0, 1, and 2 months.
At month 0, the solution appears dark purple, and by month 1, it shows a noticeable fading of the color.
By the second month, the color has lightened further, suggesting some degree of nanoparticle aggregation.
This observation correlates with the stability analysis in Figure 9, indicating that while the gold nanoparticles remained stable in terms of their absorption characteristics, their visual color change may be attributed to storage factors and slight aggregation, which could affect their long-term usability in applications such as drug delivery.
Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles The gold nanoparticles were characterized using a particle size analyzer.
The particle sizes ranged 03 to 580.
41 nm, with an average particle size of 116.
7 nm (Figure .
The polydispersity index was 293, indicating a relatively low degree of particle size variation, as it was below 0.
This suggests that the nanoparticles have the potential for use in nanomedicine, which often requires particles smaller than 200 nm .
, .
However, the zeta potential produced was not optimal for gold nanoparticles (Table .
The ideal zeta potential range for gold nanoparticles is below -30 mV or above 30 mV .
A zeta potential between -10 mV and 10 mV indicates aggregation.
If the zeta potential falls within this range, nanoparticles can aggregate to form larger microparticles.
The poor zeta potential may have contributed to the observed colour change from dark purple to light purple.
Figure 11.
Colour Change Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles Figure 11 shows the particle size distribution of the gold nanoparticles, obtained through the particle size analyzer.
The particle diameters range from 35.
03 nm to 580.
41 nm, with an average size of 116.
7 nm.
The graph illustrates the typical distribution curve for nanoparticles, where the majority of particles fall within a certain size range.
The polydispersity index of 0.
293 indicates a relatively low degree of size variation, suggesting that the nanoparticles are fairly uniform in size, which is ideal for applications in nanomedicine.
However, the broad distribution of particle sizes also points to the need for optimization to achieve a more ye
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consistent size for specific applications.
The observed color change from dark purple to light purple in the nanoparticles may be associated with variations in particle size and the zeta potential, as explained in the text.
Table 2.
Characterization of F1 Gold Nanoparticles Parameter Unit Result Particle Size Zeta Potential Polydispersity Index Table 2 shows the characterization results of F1 gold nanoparticles.
The particle size was reported to be 116.
7 nm, which is within the ideal size range for nanomedicine applications, where particles smaller than 200 nm are usually preferred.
The zeta potential was measured at -12.
2 mV, indicating a slightly negative surface charge.
Although this value is not optimal for gold nanoparticles, it does indicate stability.
nanoparticles with a zeta potential between -30 mV and 30 mV are ideal to avoid aggregation.
The polydispersity index of 0.
293 indicates that the gold nanoparticles have a relatively low degree of size variation, which is beneficial for ensuring consistency and stability in nanoparticle formulations.
Tyrosinase Assay on Gold Nanoparticles The optimal gold nanoparticle formulation (F.
was evaluated for its tyrosinase inhibitory activity using a tyrosinase enzyme.
The study compared the IC50 values of the standard solution .
ojic aci.
and the F1 gold nanoparticle solution.
The IC50 value represents the concentration of a compound required to inhibit a biological or biochemical function by 50% .
The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of gold nanoparticle samples of Quercetin (F.
at various concentrations .
7, 4728.
5, 295.
53, 147.
76, and 73.
88 AAg/mL) exhibited inhibition rates of 92.
2%, 92.
2%, 16.
3%, 8.
83%, and 3.
4%, respectively.
As shown in Table 3, the resulting R2 value is 0.
9702, and the IC50 value is 970 AAg/mL.
The standard tyrosinase .
ojic aci.
enzyme inhibitory activity test results for various concentrations .
8125 AAg/mL) were 89.
26%, 38.
04%, 21.
91%, and 5.
52%, respectively.
The R2 value for the standard tyrosinase was 0.
9843, and the IC50 value was 36.
7537 AAg/mL .
Table 3.
The IC50 of Tyrosinase Assay Data IC50 (AAg/mL) Kojic acid Gold nanoparticles -92.
The IC50 value of gold bio-nanoparticles (F.
was 970 AAg/mL, indicating weak tyrosinase inhibitory The high IC50 value may be attributed to temperature variations during the tyrosinase assay.
Temperature is a crucial factor in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and improper temperature control can lead to enzyme In addition to temperature, the prolonged testing time of four weeks may have contributed to the reduced tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the gold nanoparticles due to aggregation.
Previous studies have reported lower IC50 values for gold nanoparticles synthesized using Panax ginseng leaf extract .
06 AAg/mL) and ginseng berry extract .
6 AAg/mL) as reducing agents.
The lower IC50 values in these studies were likely due to the purification of nanoparticles using sterile distilled water and centrifugation, which was not performed in this study.
While the F1 sample demonstrated weak tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to the literature, it is possible that these gold bio-nanoparticles still retain some inhibitory activity.
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATION
The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using quercetin as a reducing agent presents significant opportunities for biotechnological innovations.
This environmentally friendly approach, which reduces reliance on toxic chemicals and high-energy processes, offers a sustainable alternative for nanoparticle production.
For businesses involved in nanomedicine or drug delivery systems, this method can reduce operational costs and increase production scalability.
Companies should consider adopting this green synthesis strategy to meet the growing demand for sustainable practices in manufacturing.
Additionally, the stability and unique properties of the synthesized gold nanoparticles suggest their potential use in therapeutic applications, such as targeted APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT).
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Managers in the pharmaceutical sector should explore collaborations with research institutions to leverage this technology and develop innovative drug delivery systems.
Furthermore, the development of gold nanoparticles using quercetin presents a promising opportunity for biopreneurs to capitalize on the growing interest in nanotechnology.
Given the relatively low cost and ecofriendly nature of the synthesis process, biopreneurs can create cost-effective, high-quality gold nanoparticle products for a variety of applications, including medical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries.
By focusing on the commercialization of these nanoparticles, businesses can provide novel solutions in drug delivery, cancer treatment, and other biomedical fields.
Moreover, this method aligns with the global shift towards sustainability, making it an attractive business model for those looking to invest in future-oriented, environmentally-conscious CONCLUSION Quercetin has proven to be an effective reducing agent in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, demonstrating its potential for use in various biomedical and industrial applications.
The gold nanoparticles produced using quercetin have an average particle size (Z-averag.
7 nm, which is ideal for nanomedicine and drug delivery applications.
With a polydispersity index of 0.
293, these nanoparticles show a relatively low degree of size variation, suggesting uniformity in particle size.
This consistency is crucial for ensuring the stability and efficacy of nanoparticle-based systems, particularly in controlled drug release and targeting.
The synthesized gold nanoparticles also exhibit a zeta potential of -12.
2 mV, which indicates a slightly negative surface charge, providing some stability against aggregation.
While the zeta potential value is not optimal for long-term stability, it is still within a range that can prevent significant aggregation over short periods, as demonstrated by their stability for up to eight weeks.
The stability of these nanoparticles is an essential factor for their use in drug delivery systems, where prolonged shelf-life and consistent performance are crucial for medical applications.
Furthermore, the gold nanoparticles have demonstrated inhibitory activity against the tyrosinase enzyme, with an IC50 value of 970 AAg/mL, making them promising candidates for cosmetic and therapeutic This characteristic suggests their potential in treating hyperpigmentation and other skin-related The ability of quercetin-based gold nanoparticles to exhibit such biological activity adds an innovative edge to the biopreneurship space.
As a sustainable and cost-effective method, this synthesis approach offers new possibilities for the development of nanoparticles for drug delivery, therapeutics, and other biotechnological innovations.
DECLARATIONS
About Authors https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-2500-9189 Ratih Dyah Pertiwi (RD) Pika Ayu Fitria (PA) https://orcid.
org/0009-0004-0916-9926 Tyas Putri Utami (TP) https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-8666-9877 Rian Adi Pamungkas (RA) Reinaldo Pradana (RP) https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-3299-2820 https://orcid.
org/0000-0003-1982-4723 Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi (KC) https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-0340-6562 Author Contributions Conceptualization: RD and PA.
Methodology.
Software.
Validation: TP and RA.
Formal Analysis:
RP.
Investigation: KC.
Resources: RD and TP.
Data Curation: PA and RA.
Writing Original Draft Preparation:
KC.
RD, and PA.
Writing Review and Editing: RA and RP.
Visualization: TP.
All authors.
RD.
PA.
TP.
RA.
RP and KC, have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data Availability Statement The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
E-ISSN: 2656-8888 | P-ISSN: 2655-8807
Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Declaration of Conflicting Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES