97| Indonesian Journal
of Science
& Technology,Volume
4 Issue
1, (2019)
April 2019
Page 97-118
Indonesian
Journal
of Science & Technology
4 (1)
97-118

Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/

How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic
Material
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Rosi Oktiani, Risti Ragadhita
Departemen Kimia, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi no 229 Bandung 40154, Indonesia


Correspondence: E-mail: nandiyanto@upi.edu

ABSTRACT

ARTICLE INFO

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) has been developed as a
tool for the simultaneous determination of organic
components, including chemical bond, as well as organic
content (e.g., protein, carbohydrate, and lipid). However,
until now, there is no further documents for describing the
detailed information in the FTIR peaks. The objective of this
study was to demonstrate how to read and assess chemical
bond and structure of organic material in the FTIR, in which
the analysis results were then compared with the literatures.
The step-by-step method on how to read the FTIR data was
also presented, including reviewing simple to the complex
organic materials. This study is potential to be used as a
standard information on how to read FTIR peaks in the
biochemical and organic materials.
.

Article History:
Submitted/Received 10 Nov 2018
First revised 20 Jan 2019
Accepted 06 Mar 2019
First available online 09 Mar 2019
Publication date 01 Apr 2019
____________________
Keywords:
FTIR,
infrared spectrum,
organic material,
chemical bond,
organic structure.

© 2019Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI

1. INTRODUCTION
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is one
of the important analytical techniques for
researchers. This type of analysis can be used
for characterizing samples in the forms of
liquids, solutions, pastes, powders, films,
fibers, and gases. This analysis is also possible
for analyzing material on the surfaces of
substrate (Fan et al., 2012). Compared to
other types of characterization analysis, FTIR
is quite popular. This characterization

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

analysis is quite rapid, good in accuracy, and
relatively sensitive (Jaggi and Vij, 2006).
In the FTIR analysis procedure, samples
are subjected to contact with infrared (IR)
radiation. The IR radiations then have
impacts on the atomic vibrations of a
molecule in the sample, resulting the specific
absorption and/or transmission of energy.
This makes the FTIR useful for determining
specific molecular vibrations contained in the
sample (Kirk and Othmer, 1953).

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 98

Many techniques for explaining in detail
regarding the FTIR analysis have been
reported (Coates, 2000; Jaggi and Vij, 2006;
Kirk and Othmer, 1953). However, most
papers did not report in detail about how to
read and interpret the FTIR results. In fact,
the way to understand in detail for beginner
scientists and students are inevitable.
This report was to discuss and explain
how to read and interpret FTIR data in the
organic material. The analysis was then
compared with the literatures. The step-bystep method on how to read the FTIR data
was presented, including reviewing simple to
the complex organic materials.
As a model of complex organic materials,
Lumbricus rubellus (LR) was used. LR has
quite high protein (64-76%), fat (7-10%),
calcium (0.55%), phosphorus (1%), and crude
fiber (1.08%) (Istiqomah et al., 1958). LR also
has at least 9 types of essential amino acids
and 4 types of non-essential amino acids
(Desi, 2016; Istiqomah et al., 1958). As a
consequence, LR is classified as one of the
most complex organic materials. To ensure
the effectiveness in the step-by-step reading
procedure, various samples of LR that were
heated at specific temperatures were also
analyzed since LR is vulnerable against heat.
We believe that this paper can be used as a
basic knowledge for students and beginner
scientists in comprehending and interpreting
FTIR data.

2.

CURRENT
KNOWLEDGE
FOR
UNDERSTANDING FTIR SPECTRUM

2.1. Spectrum in the FTIR analysis result.
The main idea gained from the FTIR
analysis is to understand what the meaning
of the FTIR spectrum (see example FTIR
spectrum in Figure 1). The spectrum can
result “absorption versus wavenumber” or
“transmission versus wavenumber” data. In
this paper, we discuss only the “absorption
versus wavenumber” curves.
In short, the IR spectrum is divided into
three wavenumber regions: far-IR spectrum
(<400 cm-1), mid-IR spectrum (400-4000 cm1), and near-IR spectrum (4000-13000 cm-1).
The mid-IR spectrum is the most widely used
in the sample analysis, but far- and near-IR
spectrum also contribute in providing
information about the samples analyzed. This
study focused on the analysis of FTIR in the
mid-IR spectrum.
The mid-IR spectrum is divided into four
regions:
(i) the single bond region (2500-4000 cm-1),
(ii) the triple bond region (2000-2500 cm-1),
(iii) the double bond region (1500-2000 cm1), and
(iv) the fingerprint region (600-1500 cm-1).
The schematic IR spectrum is available in
Figure 1, and the specific frequency of each
functional groups is available in Table 1.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

99| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Figure 1. Mid-IR spectrum regions
Table 1. Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data was adopted
from reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment

Wavenumber (cm-1)

1. Saturated Aliphatic (alkene/alkyl)
a) Methyl (−CH3)
Methyl C-H asym./sym. Stretch
Methyl C-H asym./sym. Bend
gem-Dimethyl or ‘‘iso’’- (doublet)
Trimethyl or ‘‘tert-butyl’’ (multiplet)
b) Methylene (>CH2)
Methylene C-H asym./sym. Stretch
Methylene C-H bend
Methylene ―(CH2)n― rocking (n ≥ 3)
Cyclohexane ring vibrations
c) Methyne (>CH−)
Methyne C-H stretch
Methyne C-H bend
Skeletal C-C vibrations
d) Special methyl (−CH3) frequencies
Methoxy, methyl ether O-CH3, C-H stretch
Methylamino, N-CH3, C-H stretch

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

2970–2950/2880–2860
1470–1430/1380–1370
1385–1380/1370–1365
1395–1385/1365
2935–2915/2865–2845
1485–1445
750–720
1055–1000/1005–925
2900–2880
1350–1330
1300–700
2850–2815
2820–2780

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 100

Table 1 (continue). Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data
was adopted from reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment

Wavenumber (cm-1)

2. Olefinic (alkene)
Alkenyl C=C stretch
Aryl-substituted C=C
Conjugated C=C
Terminal (vinyl) C-H stretch

1680–1620
1625
1600
3095–3075
3040–3010
Pendant (vinylidene) C-H stretch
3095–3075
Medial, cis- or trans-C-H stretch
3040–3010
Table 1 (continue). Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data was adopted from
reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Vinyl C-H in-plane bend
1420–1410
Vinylidene C-H in-plane bend
1310–1290
Vinyl C-H out-of-plane bend
995–985 + 915–890
Vinylidene C-H out-of-plane bend
895–885
trans-C-H out-of-plane bend
970–960
cis-C-H out-of-plane bend
700 (broad)
3. Olefinic (alkene)
Alkenyl C=C stretch
1680–1620
Aryl-substituted C=C
1625
Conjugated C=C
1600
Terminal (vinyl) C-H stretch
3095–3075
3040–3010
Pendant (vinylidene) C-H stretch
3095–3075
Medial, cis- or trans-C-H stretch
3040–3010
Vinyl C-H in-plane bend
1420–1410
Vinylidene C-H in-plane bend
1310–1290
Vinyl C-H out-of-plane bend
995–985 + 915–890
Vinylidene C-H out-of-plane bend
895–885
trans-C-H out-of-plane bend
970–960
cis-C-H out-of-plane bend
700 (broad)
4. Aromatic ring (aryl)
C=C-C Aromatic ring stretch
1615–1580
1510–1450
Aromatic C-H stretch
3130–3070
Aromatic C-H in-plane bend
1225–950 (several)
Aromatic C-H out-of-plane bend
900–670 (several)
C-H Monosubstitution (phenyl)
770–730 + 710–690
C-H 1,2-Disubstitution (ortho)
770–735
C-H 1,3-Disubstitution (meta)
810–750 + 900–860
C-H 1,4-Disubstitution (para)
860–800
Aromatic combination bands
2000–1660 (several)

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

101| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 1 (continue). Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data
was adopted from reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment

Wavenumber (cm-1)

5. Acetylenic(alkyne)
C≡C Terminal alkyne (monosubstituted)
C≡C Medial alkyne (disubstituted)
Alkyne C-H stretch
Alkyne C-H bend
Alkyne C-H bend
6. Aliphatic organohalogen compound
Aliphatic fluoro compounds, C-F stretch
Aliphatic chloro compounds, C-Cl stretch
Aliphatic bromo compounds, C-Br stretch
Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch
7. Alcohol and hydroxy compound
Hydroxy group, H-bonded OH stretch
Normal ‘‘polymeric’’ OH stretch
Dimeric OH stretch
Internally bonded OH stretch
Nonbonded hydroxy group, OH stretch
Primary alcohol, OH stretch
Secondary alcohol, OH stretch
Tertiary alcohol, OH stretch
Phenols, OH stretch
Primary or secondary, OH in-plane bend
Phenol or tertiary alcohol, OH bend
Alcohol, OH out-of-plane bend
Primary alcohol, C-O stretch
Secondary alcohol, C-O stretch
Tertiary alcohol, C-O stretch
Phenol, C-O stretch
8. Ether and oxy compound
Methoxy, C-H stretch (CH3-O-)
Alkyl-substituted ether, C-O stretch
Cyclic ethers, large rings, C-O stretch
Aromatic ethers, aryl -O stretch
Epoxy and oxirane rings
Peroxides, C-O-O- stretch

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

2140–2100
2260–2190
3320–3310
680–610
630 (typical)
1150–1000
800–700
700–600
600–500
3570–3200 (broad)
3400–3200
3550–3450
3570–3540
3645–3600 (narrow)
3645–3630
3635–3620
3620–3540
3640–3530
1350–1260
1410–1310
720–590
~1050
~1100
~1150
~1200
2820–2810
1150–1050
1140–1070
1270–1230
~1250 + 890–8001)
890–8201)

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 102

Table 1 (continue). Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data
was adopted from reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment

Wavenumber (cm-1)

9.

Ether and oxy compound
Methoxy, C-H stretch (CH3-O-)
Alkyl-substituted ether, C-O stretch
Cyclic ethers, large rings, C-O stretch
Aromatic ethers, aryl -O stretch
Epoxy and oxirane rings
Peroxides, C-O-O- stretch
a) Primary amino
Aliphatic primary amine, NH stretch
Aromatic primary amine, NH stretch
Primary amine, NH bend
Primary amine, CN stretch
b) Secondary amino
Aliphatic secondary amine, >N-H stretch
Aromatic secondary amine, >N-H stretch
Heterocyclic amine, >N-H stretch
Imino compounds, =N-H stretch
Secondary amine, >N-H bend
Secondary amine, CN stretch

2820–2810
1150–1050
1140–1070
1270–1230
~1250 + 890–8001)
890–8201)
3400–3380 + 3345–3325
3510–3460 + 3415–3380
1650–1590
1090–1020
3360–3310
~3450
3490–3430
3350–3320
1650–1550
1190–1130

c) Tertiary amino
Tertiary amine, CN stretch

1210–1150

d) Aromatic amino
Aromatic primary amine, CN stretch
Aromatic secondary amine, CN stretch
Aromatic tertiary amine, CN stretch
10.Carbonyl compound
Carboxylate (carboxylic acid salt)
Amide
Quinone or conjugated ketone
Carboxylic acid
Ketone
Aldehyde
Ester
Six-membered ring lactone
Alkyl carbonate
Acid (acyl) halide
Aryl carbonate
Five-membered ring anhydride
Transition metal carbonyls

1340–1250
1350–1280
1360–1310
1610–1550/1420–1300
1680–1630
1690–1675/(1650–1600)2)
1725–1700
1725–1705
1740–1725/(2800–2700)3)
1750–1725
1735
1760–1740
1815–1770
1820–1775
1870–1820/1800–1775
2100–1800

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

103| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 1 (continue). Functional group and its quantified frequencies. Data
was adopted from reference (Coates, 2000)
Functional group/assignment

Wavenumber (cm-1)

11.Nitrogen multiple and cumulated double bond compound
Aliphatic cyanide/nitrile
Aromatic cyanide/nitrile
Cyanate (-OCN and C-OCN stretch)
Isocyanate (-N=C=O asym. stretch)
Thiocyanate (-SCN)
Isothiocyanate (-NCS)
Open-chain imino (-C=N-)
Open-chain azo (-N=N-)
12. Simple hetero-oxy compounds
a) Nitrogen-oxy compounds
Aliphatic nitro compounds
Organic nitrates
Aromatic nitro compounds
b) Phosphorus-oxy compounds
Organic phosphates (P=O stretch)
Aliphatic phosphates (P-O-C stretch)
Aromatic phosphates (P-O-C stretch)
c) Sulfur-oxy compounds
Dialkyl/aryl sulfones
Organic sulfates
Sulfonates
d) Silicon-oxy compounds
Organic siloxane or silicone (Si-O-Si)
Organic siloxane or silicone (Si-O-C)
13.Thiols and thio-substituted compounds
Thiols (S-H stretch)
Thiol or thioether, CH2-S-(C-S stretch)
Thioethers, CH3-S-(C-S stretch)
Aryl thioethers, ø-S (C-S stretch)
Disulfides (C-S stretch)
Disulfides (S-S stretch)
Aryl disulfides (S-S stretch)
Polysulfides (S-S stretch)
14.Common inorganic ions
Carbonate ion
Sulfate ion
Nitrate ion
Phosphate ion
Ammonium ion
Cyanide ion, thiocyanate ion, and related ions
Silicate ion

2280–2240
2240–2220
2260–2240/1190–1080
2276–2240
2175–2140
2150–1990
1690–1590
1630–1575

1560–1540/1380–13504)
1640–1620/1285–12704)
1555–1485/1355–13204)
1350–1250
1050–990
1240–1190/995–850
1335–1300/1170–11354)
1420–1370/1200–11804)
1365–1340/1200–11004)
1095–1075/1055–1020
1110–1080
2600–2550
710–685
660–630
715–670
705–570
620–600
500–430
500–470
1490–1410/880–8605)
1130–1080/680–6105)
1380–1350/840–8155)
1100–1000
3300–3030/1430–13905)
2200–2000
1100–900

Note: 1) Normally, it is very weak in the infrared but more characteristic in the Raman spectrum; 2)Lower frequency band
because of the conjugated double bond; 3)Higher frequency band characteristic of aldehydes, related with the
terminal aldehydic C-H stretch; 4)Asymmetric/symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 and SO2); 5)Normally, the first
absorption is intense and broad, and the second has weak to medium intensity and narrow. The both often exist
as multiple band structures, and it may be used to characterize individual compounds.
| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 104

2.2. Step-by-step Analysis Procedure.
There are five steps to interpret FTIR:
1. Step 1: Identification of number of
absorption bands in the entire IR spectrum. If
the sample has a simple spectrum (has less
than 5 absorption bands, the compounds
analyzed are simple organic compounds,
small mass molecular weight, or inorganic
compounds (such as simple salts). But, if the
FTIR spectrum has more than 5 absorption
bands, the sample can be a complex
molecule.
2. Step 2: Identifying single bond area (25004000 cm-1). There are several peaks in this
area:
(1) A broad absorption band in the range of
between 3650 and 3250 cm-1, indicating
hydrogen bond. This band confirms the
existence of hydrate (H2O), hydroxyl (OH), ammonium, or amino. For hydroxyl
compound, it should be followed by the
presence of spectra at frequencies of
1600–1300, 1200–1000 and 800–600
cm-1. However, if there is a sharp
intensity absorption in the absorption
areas of 3670 and 3550 cm-1, it allows
the compound to contain an oxygenrelated group, such as alcohol or phenol
(illustrates the absence of hydrogen
bonding).
(2) A narrow band at above 3000 cm-1,
indicating unsaturated compounds or
aromatic rings. For example, the
presence of absorption in the
wavenumber of between 3010 and
3040 cm-1 confirms the existence of
simple unsaturated olefinic compounds.
(3) A narrow band at below 3000 cm-1,
showing aliphatic compounds. For
example, absorption band for longchain linear aliphatic compounds is
identified at 2935 and 2860 cm-1. The

bond will be followed by peaks at
between 1470 and 720 cm-1.
(4) Specific peak for Aldehyde at between
2700 and 2800 cm-1.
3. Step 3: Identifying the triple bond region
(2000-2500 cm-1)
For example, if there is a peak at 2200 cm-1,
it should be absorption band of C≡C. The
peak is usually followed by the presence of
additional spectra at frequencies of 1600–
1300, 1200–1000 and 800–600 cm-1.
4. Step 4: Identifying the double bond region
(1500-2000 cm-1)
Double bound can be as carbonyl (C = C),
imino (C = N), and azo (N = N) groups.
(1) 1850 - 1650 cm-1for carbonyl
compounds
(2) Above 1775 cm-1, informing active
carbonyl groups such as anhydrides,
halide acids, or halogenated carbonyl,
or ring-carbonyl carbons, such as
lactone, or organics carbonate.
(3) Range of between 1750 and 1700 cm1,
describing simple carbonyl
compounds such as ketones,
aldehydes, esters, or carboxyl.
(4) Below 1700 cm-1, replying amides or
carboxylates functional group.
(5) If there is a conjugation with another
carbonyl group, the peak intensities
for double bond or aromatic
compound
will
be
reduced.
Therefore,
the
presence
of
conjugated functional groups such as
aldehydes, ketones, esters, and
carboxylic acids can reduce the
frequency of carbonyl absorption.
(6) 1670 - 1620 cm-1for unsaturation
bond (double and triple bond).
Specifically, the peak at 1650 cm-1is
for double bond carbon or olefinic
compounds (C = C). Typical
conjugations with other double bond
structures such as C = C, C = O or
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

105| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

aromatic rings will reduce the
intensity frequency with intense or
strong absorption bands. When
diagnosing unsaturated bonds, it is
also necessary to check absorption
below 3000 cm-1. If the absorption
band is identified at 3085 and 3025
cm-1, it is intended for C-H. Normally
C-H has absorption above 3000 cm-1.
(7) Strong intensity at between 1650 and
1600 cm-1, informing double bonds or
aromatic compounds.
(8) Between 1615 and 1495 cm-1,
responding aromatic rings. They
appeared as two sets of absorption
bands around 1600 and 1500 cm-1.
These aromatic rings usually followed
by the existence of weak to moderate
absorption in the area of between
3150 and 3000 cm-1(for C-H
stretching).
For the simple aromatic compounds,
several bands can be also observed
between 2000 and 1700 cm-1in the
form of multiple bands with a weak
intensity. It is also support the
aromatic ring absorption band (at
1600/1500
cm-1absorption
frequency), namely C-H bending
vibration with the intensity of
medium absorption to strong which
sometimes has single or multiple
absorption bands found in the area
between 850 and 670 cm-1.
5. Step 5: Identifying the fingerprint region
(600-1500 cm-1)
This area is typically specific and unique.
See detailed information in Table 1. But,
several identification can be found:
(1) Between 1000 and 880 cm-1 for
multiple band absorption, there are
absorption bands at 1650, 3010, and
3040 cm-1.
(2) For C-H (out-of-plane bending), it
should be combined with absorption
bands at 1650, 3010, and 3040 cm-1
| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

which show characteristics of
compound unsaturation.
(3) Regarding vinyl-related compound,
about 900 and 990 cm-1 for identifing
vinyl terminals (-CH=CH2), between
965 and 960 cm-1 for trans unsatrated
vinyl (CH=CH), and about 890 cm-1 for
double olefinic bonds in single vinyl
(C=CH2).
(4) Regarding aromatic compound, a
single and strong absorption band is
around 750 cm-1 for orto and 830 cm1 for para.
3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
To understand how to read and interpret
the FTIR analysis, the present study used
several FTIR patterns. Two FTIR patterns
were obtained from reference (Coates, 2000)
(as a standard comparison) and the others
are from LR microparticles.
In short of the experimental procedure
for the preparation of LR microparticles, LR
was obtained and purchased from CV
Bengkel dan Agrobisnis, Indonesia. Prior to
using, LR was washed in warm water
(temperature of 40°C) for several hours. The
washed LR was then dried at 70°C for about
15 minutes in the electrical drier. The dried
LR was then put into a batch-typed sawmilling apparatus, in which the saw-milling
process was explained in our previous study
(Nandiyanto et al., 2018a). Then, for
evaluating the formation of carbon particles
from LR, 0.360 g of saw-milled LR was put
into an electrical furnace and heated in the
atmospheric condition under a fixed
condition: a heating rate of 50°C/min and a
holding time at a specific temperature for 30
min. To obtain the clear evaluation in the
transformation of LR into carbon particles,
heating temperatures were varied from 80 to
250°C in a small step of almost every 10°C.
The heated material was subsequently
cooled to room temperature with a cooling
rate of 50°C/min. To support the FTIR

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 106

analysis, FTIR (FTIR-4600, Jasco Corp., Japan)
was utilized.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. FTIR analysis of sample gained from
literature
Figure 2 shows the analysis of 2propanone. To understand the appearance
peaks in the FTIR below, step-by-step process
can be used. The results can be concluded as
follows:
(1) Regarding the number of peaks, there
are more than five peaks, informing that
the analyzed chemical is not a simple
chemical.
(2) The peaks contained single bond area
(2500-4000 cm-1).
- No broad absorption band was found,
informing there is no hydrogen bond
in the material.
- There is a sharp bond at about 3500
cm-1, replying the existence of
oxygen-related bonding.
- No other peaks between 3000 and
3200 cm-1 was found, informing there
is no aromatic structure
- Narrow bond at less than 3000 cm-1
responded to the C-C bond.
- No specific peak for aldehyde has
been found at between 2700 and
2800 cm-1.

(3) No triple bond region (2000-2500 cm-1)
was detected, informing no C≡C bond in
the material.
(4) Regarding the double bond region
(1500-2000 cm-1), there is a huge and
sharp peak was detected at about 1700
cm-1. This informs some carbonyl double
bond, which can be from ketones,
aldehydes, esters, or carboxyl. Since
there is no specific peak for aldehyde at
between 2700 and 2800 cm-1 (as
desribed in the previous step), the
prospective peak for carbonyl should be
from ketone. No peak at about 1600 cm1, informing there is no C=C bonding in
the material.
(5) Based on above interpretation,
several conclusions can be obtained,
including the analyzed material has no
hydrate component. This material has
ketones-related
component,
no
double or triple bond in the material.
Since the peaks were only about 10
peaks, the material should be a small
organic compound.
(6) The other example in the FTIR analysis
is shown in Figure 3. This figure is the
FTIR analysis result of toluene

Figure 2. Example of FTIR spectra 1. Adopted from: Coates (2000)
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

107| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

(7) The result showed that a lot of numbers
of peaks were detected, informing the
complex structure material
(8) In the single bond area (2500-4000 cm-1),
several peaks were detected.
- No broad absorption band in the range
of between 3650 and 3250 cm-1,
indicating no hydrogen bond.
- Peaks at between 3000 and 3200 cm-1,
replying the aromatic ring.
- Peaks at below 3000 cm-1, responding
the single bond of carbon.
- No aldehyde peak was detected at
between 2700 and 2800 cm-1.
(9) Regarding the triple bond region (20002500 cm-1), no peak was detected,
informing no C≡C bonding.
(10) In the double bond region (1500-2000
cm-1), several peaks were detected:
- Above 1775 cm-1, informing active
carbonyl groups, in which this should
be from ring-carbonyl carbons.
- Range of between 1750 and 1700 cm-1,
describing
simple
carbonyl
compounds, in which this is due to the
bonding between methyl (CH3) to the
benzene ring.
- Huge band at about 1600 cm-1,
informing double bonds or aromatic
compounds.
(11) In the fingerprint region (600-1500 cm1),
strong signal was found at about 1500
cm-1 (informing aromatic ring). Vinylrelated compound was also found at
about 1000 cm-1.

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

Based on the above analysis, the analysis
showed that the material has aromatic ring,
and simple functional bonding (methyl). This
is in a good agreement with the chemical
compound of toluene.

4.2. FTIR analysis of the LR microparticles
FTIR analysis results of saw-milled LR
particles are shown in Figure 4. This figure
shows the change of FTIR peak and pattern.
There is a change in the peaks after the
heating process. Informing there is a change
in the chemical structure. In short, since LR is
vulnerable against heat, this should be the
decomposition of organic component into
carbon material. The change in the FTIR peak
and pattern was found when heating at
temperature that higher than 180°C, in which
the FTIR pattern was near to the carbon as
explained in the literature (Nandiyanto et al.,
2016, Nandiyanto et al., 2017).
Using above interpreting method and
compared to the literature for some organic
material, ftir peaks are shown in Table 2. The
results shows that these peaks contained
several organic materials. This can be used as
a standard ftir peaks for organic materials,
related to protein, carbohydrate, fat, etc.

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 108

Figure 3. Example of FTIR spectra 2. Adopted from: Coates (2000)

Figure 4. FTIR analysis results of saw-milled LR heated with various temperatures

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

109| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 2. FTIR peaks identified in LR
No
1

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
601
600-608

Assignment
CH out-of-plane bending
vibrations

Possible
nutrient type
Organic material

Ring deformation of phenyl
2
3

929**
1051

about 930
1045-1053

Carbon
carbon-related component
Gives an estimate carbohydrate
concentrations (lower in
malignant cells)
C-O-O-C
C-O stretching coupled with C-O
bending of the C-OH of
carbohydrates
Glycogen
C-O-C stretching (nucleic acids
and phospholipids), C-O-C
stretching of DNA and RNA
Indicates a degree of oxidative
damage to DNA
Phosphate, oligosaccharides,
PO2- stretching modes, P-O-C
antisymmetric stretching mode of
phosphate ester, and C-OH
stretching of oligosaccharides
Phosphate I band for two
different C-O vibrations of
deoxyribose in DNA in A and B
forms of helix or ordering
structure
C-O in carbohydrates

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

Carbohydrate

Ref.
(Chiang et al., 1999)
(Schulz and Baranska,
2007)
(Nandiyanto et al., 2016,
Nandiyanto et al., 2017)
(Huleihel et al.,
2002,Mordechai et al.,
2001)
(Paluszkiewicz and
Kwiatek, 2001)
(Wang et al., 1997)

(Wood et al., 1998)
(Fabian et al., 1995)

(Andrus and Strickland,
1998)
(Yoshida et al., 1997)

(Dovbeshko et al., 2002)

(Fung et al., 1996)

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 110

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR

No
4

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
1160
11591164

Possible nutrient
type
Protein (serine,
threosine, and
tyrosine) and
collagen

Assignment
C-O of proteins and
carbohydrates, stretching
modes of the C-OH groups of
serine, threonine, and tyrosine
residues of cellular proteins,
hydrogen-bonded stretching
mode of C-OH groups

Ref.
(Fung et al., 1996)

CO stretching, stretching
vibrations of hydrogen-bonding
C-OH groups

(Wang et al., 1997)

Mainly from the C-O stretching
mode of C-OH groups of serine,
threosine, and tyrosine of
proteins

(Fujioka et al.,
2004)

C-C, C-OH, C-O stretching

(Wong et al., 1993,
Yang et al., 2005)

C-O-C, ring (polysaccharides,
cellulose)

(Shetty et al.,
2006)

CH deformations

(Schulz and
Baranska, 2007)

C-O stretching band of collagen
(type I)

(Fukuyama et al.,
1999)

Mainly from the C-O stretching
mode of C-OH groups of serine,
threosine, and tyrosine of
proteins

(Yang et al., 2005)

n(CC), d(COH), n(CO) stretching

(Lucassen et al.,
1998, Yang et al.,
2005)

C-O stretching (in normal tissue)

(Rigas et al., 1990)

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

111| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR

No
5

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
1233
12301238

Assignment

Stretching PO2- asymmetric
Overlapping of the protein
amide III and the nucleic acid
phosphate vibration, composed
of amide III as well as phosphate
vibration of nucleic acids, amide
III
C-H component

Possible nutrient
type
Protein (Amide III)

Ref.
(Chiriboga et al.,
1998, Dovbeshko
et al., 2002)
(Chiriboga et al.,
1998)

(Schulz and
Baranska, 2007)

Amide III and asymmetric
phosphodiester stretching mode
(PO2-), mainly from the nucleic
acids

(Eckel et al., 2001)

PO2- of nucleic acids

(Fung et al., 1996)

Relatively specific for collagen
and nucleic acids
Stretching PO2- asymmetric
(phosphate I), PO2- asymmetric
(phosphate I), Stretching PO2asymmetric (phosphate I)
PO2- asymmetric
Asymmetric phosphate [PO2(asym.)] stretching modes

(Andrus and
Strickland, 1998)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)

Stretching PO2- asymmetric
Asymmetric PO2- stretching

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

(Barry et al., 1992)
(Wang et al., 1997)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2002)
(Fukuyama et al.,
1999)

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 112

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR

No
6

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
1401
14001403

Assignment
Symmetric stretching vibration
of COO- group of fatty acids and
amino acids
CH3 of proteins, symmetric
bending modes of methyl
groups in skeletal proteins, CH3
of collagen

Possible nutrient
type
Protein and
Collagen

(Argov et al.,
2004)
(Fujioka et al.,
2004, Wood et al.,
1998)
(Schulz and
Baranska, 2007)

Symmetric stretch of methyl
groups in protein
Ring stretching vibrations mixed
strongly with CH in-plane
bending
COO2 symmetric stretching of
acidic amino acids aspartate and
glutamate, and fatty acids

(Fabian et al.,
1995)

CH3 symmetric deformation
Symmetric CH3 bending modes
of the methyl groups of proteins

7

1410**

about
1410

(Wood et al.,
1996)
(Fung et al., 1996)

Specific absorption of proteins

(CH3) symmetric
Stretching C-N, deformation NH, deformation C-H
C(CH3)2 symmetric
Carbon-related component

Ref.

carbon

(Agarwal et al.,
2006)
(Fujioka et al.,
2004)
(Barry et al., 1992,
Fujioka et al.,
2004, Lucassen et
al., 1998, Rigas
and Wong, 1992,
Wu et al., 2001)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Yang et al., 2005)
(Nandiyanto et al.,
2016, Nandiyanto
et al., 2017)

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

113| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR

No
8

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
1457
14551458

Assignment
C-O-H
Less characteristic, due to
aliphatic side groups of the
amino acid residues
CH3 of proteins, symmetric
bending modes of methyl
groups in skeletal proteins, CH3
of collagen

Possible nutrient
type
Protein and
Collagen

(Fujioka et al.,
2004)
(Fujioka et al.,
2004, Lucassen et
al., 1998, Wong et
al., 1991, Yang et
al., 2005)

(CH3) asymmetric
CH3 bending vibration (lipids
and proteins)

10

1522

1633

15171526

16301635

(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Chiriboga et al.,
1998)
(Fung et al., 1996)

Asymmetric CH3 bending modes
of the methyl groups of proteins

9

Ref.

(Fabian et al.,
1995)

Extremely weak peaks of DNA &
RNA arises mainly from the
vibrational modes of methyl and
methylene groups of proteins
and lipids and amide groups

(Wang et al., 1997)

Asymmetric CH3bending modes
of the methyl groups of proteins

(Fujioka et al.,
2004)

Amide II

Protein (Amide II)

(Paluszkiewicz and
Kwiatek, 2001)

Stretching C=N, C=C, C=N
guanine

(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
Protein (Amide I)

Amide I
C-C stretch of phenyl
C=C uracyl, C=O
Amide I

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

(Wood et al.,
1998)
(Schulz and
Baranska, 2007)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Eckel et al., 2001)

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 114

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR
No
11

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
1651
16491652

Possible nutrient
type
Protein (Amide I)

Assignment
Unordered random coils and
turns of amide I
C=O, C=N, N-H of adenine,
thymine, guanine, cytosine

Fat

(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Andrus, 2006,
Sukuta and Bruch,
1999)
(Mordechai et al.,
2004)
(Wu et al., 2001)

Amino-related
component
Amino-related
component
Amino-related
component
Fat

(Shetty et al.,
2006)
(Nandiyanto et al.,
2018b)
(Nandiyanto et al.,
2018b)
(Nandiyanto et al.,
2018b)
(Fung et al., 1996)

Fat

(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Wu et al., 2001)

C=O, stretching C=C uracyl, NH2
guanine Peptide amide I

13

1747

2332

14

2341

15

2359

16

2857*

17

18

2925

2958**

17451750

about
2350
about
2350
about
2350
28532860

29232930

29562959

(Eckel et al., 2001)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2002)
(Fabian et al.,
1995)
(Wood et al.,
1996, Wood et al.,
1998)

O-H bending (water)
Amide I absorption
(predominantly the C=O
stretching vibration of the
amide C=O)
Protein amide I absorption,
C2=O cytosine

12

Ref.

Amide I
Ester group (C=O) vibration of
triglycerides
C=O, polysaccharides, pectin,
C=C, lipids, fatty Acid
NH component
NH component
NH component
CH2 of lipids, Asymmetric CH2
stretching mode of the
methylene chains in membrane
lipids
Stretching C-H
C-H stretching bands in
malignant and normal tissues
Stretching C-H
CH2 lipids
CH2
Asymmetric stretching vibration
of CH3 of acyl chains (lipids)
C-H stretching
CH3 of lipids, DNA, and proteins,
asymmetric stretching mode of
the methyl groups from cellular
proteins, nucleic acids, and
lipids

Fat

(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Fung et al., 1996)
(Yang et al., 2005)
(Fabian et al.,
1995)
(Wu et al., 2001)
(Fung et al., 1996)

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

115| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Table 2 (continue). FTIR peaks identified in LR

No
19

Wavenumber
Exp.
Lit.
2991** about
3000

Possible nutrient
type
Carbon

Assignment

Carbon-related component
20

3092

21

3284**

30783111
32733293

Organic material
C-H ring
Water

Stretching O-H symmetric
Note: * appeared in the initial raw LR; ** appeared after heating LR with
temperature of more than 180°C

5. CONCLUSION
The present study demonstrated the
simplest ways for understanding FTIR
analysis results. The step-by-step method on
how to read the FTIR data was presented in
detail, including reviewing simple to the
complex organic materials. This study also
tested to the analysis of LR microparticles
since this material has quite complicated
organic
structure.
To
ensure
the
effectiveness in the step-by-step reading
procedure, various samples of LR that were
heated at specific temperatures were also
analyzed, since LR is vulnerable against heat.

Ref.
(Nandiyanto et al.,
2016, Nandiyanto
et al., 2017)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000)
(Dovbeshko et al.,
2000, Schulz and
Baranska, 2007)

We believe that this paper can be used as a
basic knowledge for students and beginner
scientists in comprehending and interpreting
FTIR data.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by RISTEK
DIKTI.
7. AUTHORS’ NOTE
The author(s) declare(s) that there is no
conflict of interest regarding the publication
of this article. Authors confirmed that the
data and the paper are free of plagiaris.

8. REFERENCES
Agarwal, R., Tandon, P., and Gupta, V. D. (2006). Phonon dispersion in poly (dimethylsilane).
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 691(13), 2902-2908.
Andrus, P. G., and Strickland, R. D. (1998). Cancer grading by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy. Biospectroscopy, 4(1), 37-46.
Andrus, P. G. (2006). Cancer monitoring by FTIR spectroscopy. Technology in cancer research
and treatment, 5(2), 157-167.
Argov, S., Sahu, R. K., Bernshtain, E., Salman, A., Shohat, G., Zelig, U., and Mordechai, S.
(2004). Inflamatory bowel diseases as an intermediate stage between normal and
cancer: A FTIR-microspectroscopy approach. Biopolymers: Original Research on
Biomolecules, 75(5), 384-392.

| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.xxxx
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 116

Barry, B. W., Edwards, H. G. M., and Williams, A. C. (1992). Fourier transform Raman and
infrared vibrational study of human skin: assignment of spectral bands. Journal of
Raman spectroscopy, 23(11), 641-645.
Chiang, H. P., Song, R., Mou, B., Li, K., Chiang, P., Wang, D., Tse, W., and Ho, L. (1999). Fourier
transform Raman spectroscopy of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
biological systems: Binding to heme proteins. Journal of Raman spectroscopy, 30(7),
551-555.
Chiriboga, L., Xie, P., Yee, H., Vigorita, V., Zarou, D., Zakim, D., and Diem, M. (1998). Infrared
spectroscopy of human tissue. I. Differentiation and maturation of epithelial cells in
the human cervix. Biospectroscopy, 4(1), 47-53.
Coates, J. (2000). Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Encyclopedia of
analytical chemistry, 12, 10815-10837.
Desi, I. R. (2016). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Alkaloid dari Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus
Rubellus Hoffmeister) (Doctoral dissertation, Fakultas MIPA (UNISBA)).
Dovbeshko, G., Chegel, V., Gridina, N. Y., Repnytska, O., Shirshov, Y., Tryndiak, V., Todor, I.,
and Solyanik, G. (2002). Surface enhanced IR absorption of nucleic acids from tumor
cells: FTIR reflectance study. Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 67(6),
470-486.
Dovbeshko, G. I., Gridina, N. Y., Kruglova, E. B., and Pashchuk, O. P. (2000). FTIR spectroscopy
studies of nucleic acid damage. Talanta, 53(1), 233-246.
Eckel, R., Huo, H., Guan, H. W., Hu, X., Che, X., and Huang, W. D. (2001). Characteristic infrared
spectroscopic patterns in the protein bands of human breast cancer tissue. Vibrational
Spectroscopy, 27(2), 165-173.
Fabian, H., Jackson, M., Murphy, L., Watson, P. H., Fichtner, I., and Mantsch, H. H. (1995). A
comparative infrared spectroscopic study of human breast tumors and breast tumor
cell xenografts. Biospectroscopy, 1(1), 37-45.
Fan, M., Dai, D., and Huang, B. (2012). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for natural
fibres. In Fourier transform-materials analysis: InTech.
Fujioka, N., Morimoto, Y., Arai, T., and Kikuchi, M. (2004). Discrimination between normal and
malignant human gastric tissues by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cancer
Detection and Prevention, 28(1), 32-36.
Fukuyama, Y., Yoshida, S., Yanagisawa, S., and Shimizu, M. (1999). A study on the differences
between oral squamous cell carcinomas and normal oral mucosas measured by
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biospectroscopy, 5(2), 117-126.
Fung, M. F. K., Senterman, M. K., Mikhael, N. Z., Lacelle, S., and Wong, P. T. (1996). Pressuretuning fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of carcinogenesis in human
endometrium. Biospectroscopy, 2(3), 155-165.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |

117| Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology,Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2019 Page 97-118

Huleihel, M., Salman, A., Erukhimovitch, V., Ramesh, J., Hammody, Z., and Mordechai, S.
(2002). Novel spectral method for the study of viral carcinogenesis in vitro. Journal of
biochemical and biophysical methods, 50, 111-121.
Istiqomah, L., Sofyan, A., Damayanti, E., and Julendra, H. (2009). Amino acid 7. profile of
earthworm and earthworm meal (Lumbricus rubellus) for animal feedstuff. Journal of
the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 34(4), 253-257.
Moore S, Spackman D. H, and Stein W. H. (1958). Chromatography of amino 8. acids on
sulfonated polystyrene resins. An improved system. Anal Chem, 30(7), 1185-1190.
Jaggi, N., and Vij, D. (2006). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In Handbook of Applied
Solid State Spectroscopy. Boston: Springer, 411-450.
Kirk, R. E., and Othmer, D. F. (1953). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Vol. 2. The
Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc; New York.
Lucassen, G. W., Van Veen, G. N., and Jansen, J. A. (1998). Band analysis of hydrated human
skin stratum corneum attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra
in vivo. Journal of biomedical optics, 3(3), 267-281.
Mordechai, S., Mordehai, J., Ramesh, J., Levi, C., Huleihal, M., Erukhimovitch, V., Moser, A.,
and Kapelushnik, J. (2001). Application of FTIR microspectroscopy for the follow-up of
childhood leukemia chemotherapy. Subsurface and Surface Sensing Technologies and
Applications, 3, 243-251.
Mordechai, S., Sahu, R. K., Hammody, Z., Mark, S., Kantarovich, K., Guterman, H.,
Podshyvalov, J., Goldstein, J., and Argov, S. (2004). Possible common biomarkers from
FTIR microspectroscopy of cervical cancer and melanoma. Journal of Microscopy,
215(1), 86-41.
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Fadhlulloh, M. A., Rahman, T., and Mudzakir, A. (2016). Synthesis of
carbon nanoparticles from commercially available liquified petroleum gas. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 128(1), 012042.
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Putra, Z. A., Andika, R., Bilad, M. R., Kurniawan, T., Zulhijah, R., and
Hamidah, I. (2017). Porous activated carbon particles from rice straw waste and their
adsorption properties. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 12, 1-11.
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Andika, R., Aziz, M., and Riza, L. S. (2018a). Working Volume and Milling
Time on the Product Size/Morphology, Product Yield, and Electricity Consumption in
the Ball-Milling Process of Organic Material. Indonesian Journal of Science and
Technology, 3(2), 82-94.
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., Ragadhita, R., Sukmafitri, A., and Zaen, R. (2018b).
Amorphous content on the photocatalytic performance of micrometer-sized tungsten
trioxide particles. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, in press.
Paluszkiewicz, C., and Kwiatek, W. M. (2001). Analysis of human cancer prostate tissues using
FTIR microspectroscopy and SRIXE techniques. Journal of Molecular Structure, 565,
329-334.
| DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
| p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045

A.B.D. Nandiyanto, et al. Title – How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic...| 118

Rigas, B., Morgello, S., Goldman, I. S., and Wong, P. T. (1990). Human colorectal cancers
display abnormal Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 87(20), 8140-8144.
Rigas, B., and Wong, P. T. (1992). Human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines display infrared
spectroscopic features of malignant colon tissues. Cancer Research, 52(1), 84-88.
Schulz, H., and Baranska, M. (2007). Identification and quantification of valuable plant
substances by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 43(1), 13-25.
Shetty, G., Kendall, C., Shepherd, N., Stone, N., and Barr, H. (2006). Raman spectroscopy:
elucidation of biochemical changes in carcinogenesis of oesophagus. British journal of
cancer, 94(10), 1460-1464.
Sukuta, S., and Bruch, R. (1999). Factor analysis of cancer fourier transform infrared
evanescent wave fiberoptical (FTIR-FEW) spectra. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine,
24(5), 382-388.
Wang, H., Wang, H. C., and Huang, Y. J. (1997). Microscopic FTIR studies of lung cancer cells
in pleural fluid. Science of the Total Environment, 204(3), 283-287.
Wong, P. T., Goldstein, S. M., Grekin, R. C., Godwin, T. A., Pivik, C., and Rigas, B. (1993). Distinct
infrared spectroscopic patterns of human basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cancer
Research, 53(4), 762-765.
Wong, P. T. T., Papavassiliou, E. D., and Rigas, B. (1991). Phosphodiester stretching bands in
the infrared spectra of human tissues and cultured cells. Applied spectroscopy, 45(9),
1563-1567.
Wood, B. R., Quinn, M. A., Burden, F. R., and McNaughton, D. (1996). An investigation into
FTIR spectroscopy as a biodiagnostic tool for cervical cancer. Biospectroscopy, 2(3),
143-153.
Wood, B. R., Quinn, M. A., Tait, B., Ashdown, M., Hislop, T., Romeo, M., and McNaughton, D.
(1998). FTIR microspectroscopic study of cell types and potential confounding
variables in screening for cervical malignancies. Biospectroscopy, 4(2), 75-91.
Wu, J. G., Xu, Y. Z., Sun, C. W., Soloway, R. D., Xu, D. F., Wu, Q. G., and Xu, G. X. (2001).
Distinguishing malignant from normal oral tissues using FTIR fiber-optic techniques.
Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 62(4), 185-192.
Yang, Y., Sulé-Suso, J., Sockalingum, G. D., Kegelaer, G., Manfait, M., and El Haj, A. J. (2005).
Study of tumor cell invasion by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.
Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 78(6), 311-317.
Yoshida, S., Miyazaki, M., Sakai, K., Takeshita, M., Yuasa, S., Sato, A., Kobayashi, T., Watanabe,
S., and Okuyama, H. (1997). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of rat
brain microsomal membranes modified by dietary fatty acids: possible correlation
with altered learning behavior. Biospectroscopy, 3(4), 281-290.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806 |
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 |