Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
PLANTS FOR WOMENAoS HEALTH IN EAST KALIMANTAN: LESSON
LEARNED FROM LOCAL WISDOM
Faiqotul Falah*1 and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo2 Forest Technology Research Institute for Watershed Management.
Jl.
Ahmad Yani Pabelan Kotak Pos 295.
Surakarta 57012.
Indonesia Research Institute of Natural Resources Conservation Technology.
Jl.
Sukarno Hatta Km.
Samboja.
Po.
Box 578.
Balikpapan 76112.
Indonesia Received: 9 September 2014.
Revised: 4 April 2017.
Accepted: 10 April 2017 SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PLANTS FOR WOMENAoS HEALTH IN EAST KALIMANTAN: LESSON LEARNED FROM LOCAL WISDOM.
Traditional communities in East Kalimantan have been using traditional medicinal plants for centuries.
This paper aims to identify the plant species used for traditional medicine for womenAos health in three tribes in East Kalimantan: Dayak Benuaq around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest.
Dayak Bahau around Wehea Forest, and Kutai tribe around Kutai National Park.
Medicinal plant species identification is important for plant breeding and developing utilization technology of those species.
Data were collected by: .
interview with traditional midwives and traditional medicinal plants users in those villages.
collecting the medicinal plant specimens in their natural habitat.
qualitative analysis of the interview records.
botanical identification of the specimens in Herbarium Wanariset Samboja.
literature review about the usage of those medicinal plants by traditional communities in other places.
This research result showed 44 medicinal plant species from 30 families for cosmetics, maternal uses, and womenAos reproductive health.
The used parts of the medicinal plants were the roots, leaves, barks, stem, and fruits.
The medicinal plants were processed by simple methods.
There were 27 species also used by other communities for similar or different efficacies, and the active chemical compounds of 25 species have been known.
The utilization of traditional medicinal plants are cheaper, more available, and accessible.
However, the quality of the medicinal plants can not be guaranteed, and the dosage was not standardized.
Therefore the medicinal plants need to be cultivated to ensure the quality and quantity, and to prevent species extinction.
Keywords: Traditional medicinal plants, species identification.
East Kalimantan, tribes, women health
IDENTIFIKASI
JENIS TUMBUHAN OBAT UNTUK KESEHATAN PEREMPUAN DI
KALIMANTAN TIMUR: PEMBELAJARAN DARI KEARIFAN LOKAL.
Masyarakat tradisional di Kalimantan Timur telah menggunakan tumbuhan obat tradisional sejak beratus tahun lalu.
Tulisan ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat tradisional yang dimanfaatkan untuk kesehatan perempuan oleh tiga suku di Kalimantan Timur, yaitu: suku Dayak Benuaq .
ekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Beratu.
Dayak Bahau (Hutan Wehe.
, dan Kutai .
ekitar Taman Nasional Kuta.
Identifikasi jenis tumbuhan obat penting dilakukan sebagai dasar upaya budidaya dan pengembangan teknologi pemanfaatannya.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara: .
melakukan wawancara dengan 5 .
bidan tradisional dan pengguna tanaman obat tradisional di desa-desa tersebut.
mengumpulkan spesimen tumbuhan obat di habitat alaminya.
melakukan analisis kualitatif terhadap hasil wawancara.
melakukan identifikasi botani spesimen tumbuhan obat di Herbarium Wanariset Samboja.
Studi pustaka untuk memperoleh informasi tentang penggunaan jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat tersebut oleh masyarakat tradisional di daerah lain.
Penelitian ini telah mengidentifikasi dan mendokumentasikan 44 jenis tumbuhan obat dari 30 famili yang digunakan oleh masyarakat tradisional untuk kosmetika, kebidanan, dan kesehatan reproduksi perempuan.
Bagian tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai obat adalah daun, akar, batang, kulit batang, buah, bunga, dan biji.
Pengolahan dilakukan dengan metode sederhana.
Corresponding author: fikefalah77@gmail.
A 2017 IJFR All rights reserved.
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
doi: https://doi.
org/10.
20886/ijfr.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Paling sedikit ada 27 jenis yang juga digunakan oleh masyarakat di tempat lain untuk khasiat yang sama maupun berbeda, dan senyawa kimia aktif 25 jenis telah diketahui.
Penggunaan tumbuhan obat tradisional lebih murah, lebih tersedia, dan mudah diakses.
Namun kualitas tumbuhan obat tersebut tidak bisa dijamin dan dosisnya tidak terstandar.
Oleh karena itu tumbuhan obat tersebut perlu dibudidayakan untuk memastikan kualitas dan kuantitasnya, dan untuk mencegah kepunahan jenis.
Kata kunci : Tumbuhan obat tradisional, identifikasi jenis.
Kalimantan Timur, suku, kesehatan perempuan INTRODUCTION Traditional communities living around the forest, especially those who had difficulties to reach modern health facilities, have been utilizing traditional medicinal forest plants from time immemorial.
In those olden days herbal remedies provided the only relief when modern medicines were not available (Kulip, 2.
Traditional medicine is the only feasible source of healthcare for a vast number of people living in less developed countries, especially in rural areas (Marshall, 2.
Traditional medicine is the total sum of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in the maintenance of health, and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illnesses.
There is a significant demand for traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) both in terms of practices and practitioners worldwide.
Over 100 million Europeans are currently users of traditional and complementary medicines.
There are many more T&CM users in Africa.
Asia.
Australia and North America (World Health Organization, 2.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported in 2011 that an estimated 80% of the population in Africa and Asia rely largely on these plant-based drugs for their health care needs (Marshall, 2.
In the 21st century, natural products represent more than 50% of all drugs in clinical use.
During the last 3 decades, up to 50% of the approved herbal medicines are either directly or indirectly taken from natural products, including plants, microorganisms, fungi and animals (Sakhya.
The growing demand of herbal drugs are also driven by emphasis on a healthy living, and concerns over the side-effects of mainstream drugs (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2.
Therefore, further medical based research and cultivation efforts of the medicinal plant species is needed.
The tropical rain forests of East Kalimantan are rich in medicinal plant species.
However, the medicinal plants are only known by their local names or specific characteristics.
Traditional medicinal plant species identification has not yet been conducted.
Species identification is important to plan further research on phytochemical contents and to conduct species cultivation in the future.
The women .
s a different sex from me.
have specific needs of medicine due to their biological and social conditions.
Women are the main consumers of the herbal drugs, especially for the dietary supplements (Rinaldi & Shetty.
The women in traditional communities around remoted forest areas are no exception for those specific need of medicine.
The women in traditional communities usually use traditional medicinal plants for daily reproductive health, maternal purposes and beauty treatments.
The knowledge of womenAos daily medicine needs has been inherited from mothers to daughters for years.
A traditional community usually has one or several traditional midwives who are considered to have special knowledge in child birth, maternal, and reproductive health issues (Falah.
Noorcahyati, & Sayektiningsih, 2013.
Mupfimira, 2012.
Okonofua, 2002.
Strathy.
Knowledge about traditional medicinal plants for womenAos health has been handed down for generations orally, without written Moreover, in the inheriting process, the species used was only mentioned by local name, or even only by mentioning the specific characteristics of the species.
The Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
species identification of womenAos medicinal plants has not been studied intensively.
Once the medicinal plants species have been thoroughly identified and documented, then future research on their biological and phytochemical potential may provide important information on their safety and efficacy for women worldwide, who are searching for natural treatment for their medical problems.
Furthermore, the cultivation effort of the medicinal plant species should be This paper studies species identification and utilization of womenAos health medicine plants in three forest traditional communities in East Kalimantan.
In addition to the purpose of documenting traditional knowledge, this paper is also expected to contribute information for ethno-botanists in developing technology for the utilization of medicinal plants.
II.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Studi Site The field research has been conducted from June to November, 2010.
Primary data was collected in three sites: .
Tanjung Soke and Gerunggung villages, around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest (GBPF), sub district of Bongan.
West Kutai Regency.
Nehas Liah Bing village, sub district of Muara Wahau.
East Kutai Regency .
round Wehea Fores.
Menamang villages, around the Kutai National Park (KNP), sub district of Sebulu.
Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
The three study sites were selected because traditional communities who lived in the surroundings have the knowledge and habit of using traditional medicinal plants for health.
The research subjects included:
Dayak Benuaq tribe community in Tanjung Soke and Gerunggung villages.
Dayak Bahau community in Nehas Liah Bing village, and .
Kutai tribe community in Menamang Kiri and Menamang Kanan villages.
The literature study had been conducted in 2013, and then it had been deepened in 2017.
General condition of the research location is described in Table 1.
Material and Tools The objects of this research were: .
the traditional midwives and village women in five villages (Tanjung Soke.
Gerunggung.
Nehas Liah Bing.
Menamang Kiri, and Menamang Kanan village.
who considered have much knowledge about medicinal plants for womenAos and .
medicinal plants around the Gunung Beratus Protection Forest.
Nehas Liah Bing village.
Wehea Forest, and Menamang Materials used in this study included: .
an interview guidance, and .
methylated spirit for preservation of medicinal plant specimens.
Tools used in data collection were recorder, camera, plastic bags, machetes, cutting scissors, label paper, and newsprint.
Data Collection and Analysis Methods This research used qualitative methods of the moderate participant observation, where the researchers were involved in the day-today activities of the informants .
ike farming activities or participation in traditional meetin.
, but did not follow the overall activities of the informants within a day (Sugiyono, 2.
The key informants were the traditional midwives, who according to the members of the traditional community were considered most knowledgeable or could recognize womenAos medicinal plants.
There were five key informants who were selected using purposive sampling, one traditional midwife for each village of Tanjung Soke.
Gerunggung.
Nehas Liah Bing.
Menamang Kiri, and Menamang Kanan.
addition to the key informants, interviews were also carried out with several village women who still use traditional medicines in everyday life.
Interview with the village women have been conducted in their house separately .
n Tanjung Soke and Gerunggung, and Menaman.
, and collectively in the community service centre .
otong royon.
in Nehas Liah Bing.
The data were collected through the four steps outlined below :
Structured interviews with the key Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
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April 2017, 49-67
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Table 1.
General conditions of research location Tanjung Soke and Gerunggung Name of nearest Gunung Beratus forest area Protection Forest .
,800 h.
Geographic location 1o00Ao00.
00Ay Ae of the forest area 1005Ao03.
24Ay LS 16015Ao51.
61Ay 116021Ao22.
98Ay BT Major tribe Dayak Benuaq Other tribe Banjar Number of residents Major religion Major education level Major livelihood Other livelihoods Customary ritual/ Aspect of condition 117 (Tanjung Sok.
, 99 (Gerunggun.
Islam
Elementary school
(> 70%)
Farmers Wood industries labors, elementary school Still carried out several Dayak ceremonies as cultural heritages The local name, efficacy, used part, and utilization method of each medicinal plant were recorded.
Field observation guided by the key informants, and collecting herbarium specimens of the medicinal plants from their natural habitat around settlements, gardens, and the forest areas.
Specimens that were easily identified in the field were only recorded, not collected.
Unidentified specimens were numbered, collected and brought to the Herbarium at Wanariset Samboja for further identification.
Whole parts of the small plants were should be From a large plants or trees, 30- Nehas Liah Bing Menamang Wehea Forest .
,000 h.
Kutai National Park .
,604 h.
010 34Ao 04.
3Ay LU 1160 46Ao 02.
2Au BT 1160 57Ao 7.
3Ay LU 0013Ao41.
7Ay BT Dayak Bahau Javanese.
Buginese, and other tribes of Dayak 2500 people Kutai Menamang Javanese.
Banjar.
Buginese Catholics Elementary school
Islam
Elementary school
(>60%)
Farmers Oil palm plantation Farmers Chainsawmen, oil palm plantation and coal mining labors, fishermen.
Ritual ceremony before starting the rice planting and harvest festival 1089 people Not actively carried out, only for wedding 40 cm long pieces of organs were collected, mostly branches with leaves, flowers and Collected plant specimens were diluted in 70% alcohol in airproof plastic These specimens were later dried and pressed in the Herbarium at Wanariset Samboja.
East Kalimantan.
Identifcation of the herbarium specimens was done in the Herbarium at Wanariset.
Species identification used morphological characteristics that could be compared with known databases in the Herbarium Wanariset.
Characteristics included general characters, the structures of stems, roots and leaves, embryology Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
and flowers.
The specimens were also deposited if have not yet been collected in the Herbarium Wanariset.
Literature review to get information about the usage of those medicinal plants by traditional communities in other places in the world.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
People have found remedies within their habitat, and have adopted different strategies depending upon the climatic, phyto-geographic and faunal characteristics, as well as upon the peculiar culture and socio-structural typologies (Nichter, 1992 in Samuel et al.
, 2.
Due to their spesific biological and physical conditions and the socio-cultural demands, female human have specific needs of medication in order to maintain their health and beauties, as well as for the prevention and treatment of illnesses.
For the women who live in the remote or isolated area where it is difficult to get medication or modern cosmetics, their special medicines were obtained from the plants that grew in the surrounding area, based on their ancestral knowledge passed down for decades or hundreds of years.
They gained the knowledge and experience based on empirical and experimental observation of the existing plants in the vicinity, for example plant species that taste bitter allegedly is able to cure malaria, or a plant species that is able to regenerate quickly have the capability to recover the stamina (Falah et al.
, 2.
Knowledge Inheritance System The knowledge of utilization of traditional plants for womenAos health medicine passed down from mothers to daughter, usually being a secret or clandestine of a family lineage (Hariyadi, 2011.
Noorcahyati, 2012.
Trubus.
In the Dayak community, although at the same tribe, each family can have traditional medicine knowledge which is different from their ancestors.
The process of transfering medicinal plant knowledge is conducted orally, being a closed information or a secret, and not documented (Noorcahyati, 2012.
Setyawati.
Trubus, 2.
They stated that the knowledge of traditional medicine can only be passed on to people who have great intention and high willingness to learn (Falah et al.
, 2.
In terms of delivering knowledge on utilization of medicinal plants, the results of interviews of several traditional healers indicated that they tend to be enclosed to This is due to the consideration that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is a heritage to be protected and kept secret.
Knowledge is only delivered to certain people.
Level of disclosure of information about the medicinal plants to outsiders is different at each location.
For example, for the Dayak Siang people in Central Kalimantan, the act of delivering the information on medicinal plants to outsiders may be subject to a customary fine called jipen (Noorcahyati, 2.
The people of Dayak Benuaq in Tanjung Soke village required embedding nails and certain things of ritual offerings before taking specimens of medicinal plants in Gunung Beratus Protected Forest (Falah et al.
, 2.
Respondents with the deepest traditional knowledge on womenAos health medicine were the traditional midwives who were all over 50 years age.
At the present the usage of traditional medicine for womenAos health become abandoned and obsolette due to several factors such as the influence of modern education and lifestyle The utilization of traditional plants is fading due to migration, restriction from religion, lost interest of younger generations and heavy dependence on modern medicine (Kulip, 2.
Deforestation for agricultural development and timber harvesting makes the resources scarce which also contributing to the loss of the knowledge.
Currently, modern medicine is preferred by the youth because it is more practical .
o need to collect ingredients, and to process and mix the potio.
and is relatively easy to obtain (Falah et al.
, 2.
the other hand, traditional herbal medicine has some advantages, especially for those living in remote areas : itAos cheaper and affordable, the materials are available around the villages, the Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67 efficacy had been proven by older people, and is considered to have no side effects compared to the mainstream modern chemical drugs.
Utilization Method of Medicinal Plants This study has gathered data of about 44 medicinal plants species from 30 families which are used for womenAos health in forest communities around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest.
Wehea Forest, and the villages of Menamang Kiri and Menamang Kanan.
Out of the total seven species were used as reproductive health medicinal plants, 30 species as postpartum and maternal medicine, and 9 species as cosmetics.
The families that had used most as medicinal plants are Leguminosae .
Zingiberaceae .
ive specie.
Rubiaceae .
, and Euphorbiaceae .
Three species used as medicine for more than one efficacies are: Callicarpa longifolia.
Blumea balsamifera, and Brucea javanica.
The types of herbs that were often used by people have different life forms such as shrubs, trees, bushes, epiphytes, lianas, roots and grass.
Utilization of shrubs as an ingredient in traditional medicines is more favorable than trees because it was easily collected by women.
The use of trees as medicinal plants could be a possible threats to the species extinction, because they could be extinct if people are taking them excessively (Noorhidayah & Sidiyasa, 2.
In addition, cultivation of the trees is a long time process and the growth requirements are difficult.
In GBPF, people did a specific ritual before taking the plants, by driving a nail to mark the location of the medicinal plants.
In terms of conservation, the ritual was performed by the community to prevent excessive removal to and avoid the scarcity of medicinal plants in the future (Falah et al.
, 2.
The mostly used parts of the plants as medicine were the roots .
18%).
Other used parts were the leaves .
54%), barks .
63%),
82%), fruits .
54%), and all parts .
27%).
The roots become the most used parts, because the Dayak Benuaq in Tanjung
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Soke used the roots from various species to make potions for maternal uses, due to special phylosophy that every plant that could naturally germinat after being uprooted has the efficacy to recover health and stamina for the mother after childbirth (Falah et al.
, 2.
But from the conservation perspective, the uses of roots as medicine ingredients could led to the death of the plants (Noorhidayah & Sidiyasa, 2.
People used simple methods to process the medicinal plants, such as squeezing, soaking, boiling, shredding, and pounding.
The treatment dose was determined only by habits .
uch as a glass of wate.
or size of the patient's body.
Most of the medicinal plants were found in the forest .
33%), while the rest grow wild in the resettlement area .
67%).
This indicates that cultivation of medicinal plants has not been conducted by the community.
Collecting medicinal plants from the wild often causes inconsistent quality .
ariations in active ingredient.
depending on the area the plants grow (Sakhya, 2.
Collecting from the wild also often results in the plants being mistaken and unwanted plant material included (World Health Organization, 2.
Species Identification of Medicinal Plants Used for WomenAos Health The species of traditional medicines plants used for womenAos health could be divided into three categories, i.
e: .
medicinal plants species for womenAos reproductive health.
medicinal plants species for maternal purposes.
medicinal plants species used as cosmetics for womenAos beauty care.
Each category of womenAos medicinal plants would be described in the following paragraphs.
Species identification of medicinal plants used for womenAos reproductive health An immense number of plant species have been and continue to be used by women and traditional healers worldwide in all aspects of womenAos health, such as menstruation, conception, pregnancy, birth, lactation, and the menopause (Stuart, 2004 in Michel et al.
Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
Just like women and traditional healers in other traditional communities, women around Gunung Beratus Protected Forest.
Wehea Forest, and Kutai National Park have used medicinal plants for maintain their reproductive health and cure reproductive organ illnesses.
The species of medicinal plants used for womenAos reproductive health were described in Table 2.
The medicinal plants for womenAos reproductive health (Table .
includes the species which are easily taken according to women physical condition, and could be found in gardens, yards, or the forest edge.
The herbs were utilized to cure the regular problems of womenAos reproductive organs.
The herbs processing was very simple and done manually, and the dosage was determined subjectively, only by habit or based on estimation of bodysized.
Almost all of the medicinal plants species in Table 2 are also used as folk medicinal plants Table 2.
The traditional medicinal plants used for womenAos reproductive health Life Species/Family Local name Callicarpa longifolia (Verbenacea.
Garam payau Little Leucorrhoea Squeezing the leaves, boiling, then drinking the Drymoglossum (L.
) Presl.
(Polypodiacea.
Flemingia (Willd.
) Merr.
(Leguminosa.
Macaranga winkleri Pax & K.
Hoffm (Euphorbiacea.
Parameria polyneura Hook.
(Apocynacea.
Kete-kete Epiphyt Endometriosis Kayu Lianas .
Nge-laq meh Trees Manggarsih/ Serapat Trees/ Shrubs Phyllanthus urinaria L.
(Euphorbiacea.
Niur Songo Shrubs Maintaining feminine organ muscle in good Treatment for menstrual cycle Firm vaginal muscles and strengthen the Fertilizer A minimum of 3 leaves shredded, filtered, then drink once a day Boiling the roots then drink the Tinospora crispa (Menispermacea.
Sampai Lianas Location* Efficacy Proceed and usage methods To treat pain during Endometriosis Boiling the stems, drink the potion Boiling the roots, then drinking for 3 times a week Washing then eating the fruits after menstrual Washing then eating the roots Key* = 1.
Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2.
Wehea Forest 3.
Menamang Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67 for the same or different efficacies in Asia and the tropical region worldwide .
ee Table .
Parameria polyneura is also used by the Malay people for the same efficacy.
The species have commercially produced as herbal medicine for women in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Some species belonging to the same genus as the medicinal plants in Table 2 are also used by other traditional communities as herbs for For example, in Lao PDR.
Macaranga denticulate (Blum.
Myll.
Arg.
he same genus as Macaranga winkler.
is also used for postpartum recovery treatment.
Also in Lao PDR.
Callicarpa arborea Roxb.
he same genus as Callicarpa longifoli.
is used for postpartum recovery treatment, expelling lochia, postpartum abdominal pain, perineal healing, and for uterus retracting (Lamxay, de Boer, & Bjork, 2.
Species identification of traditional medicinal plants used for maternal uses The traditional midwives usually gave medicinal plants for childbirth, postpartum use to recover mothersAo stamina after delivering a baby, and increasing breast milk supply .
The species of medicinal plants used for maternal use is described in Table 3.
Delivering a baby .
is a riskfull and exhausting struggle, therefore traditional midwives tend to used easily gained plants from the surrounding gardens, yards, or forest edge, so the postpartum medicinal treatment could be done quickly and efficiently for the safety and health of the mother and the baby.
Most of the species listed in Table 3 have the life forms as lianas, shrubs, bushes, or small trees which could easily be collected by women.
Traditional midwives only took the bark part of the large Due to the emergency treatment of the mother, the traditional midwives also used to do simple method to proceed the plants to become traditional herb medicine, such as squeezing, simple cutting, and boiling.
Indegenous people around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest have special philosophy to select plants species for the postpartum recovery, i.
every plant that could naturally be germinated after being ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 uprooted has the efficacy to recover health and stamina for the mother after childbirth (Falah et al.
, 2.
At least 22 medicinal plant species in Table 3 are also used for the same or different efficacies in other communities, such as Eurycoma longifolia and Ficus deltoidea.
Those two species not only have been used as medicines for various ailments in the Malay Archipelago, but also pharmaceutically tested to have medicinal chemical compounds .
ee Table .
Eurycoma longifolia and Ficus deltoidea have been distributed and formulated as capsules, tea, and tonic tea throughout Malaysia (Bunawan.
Amin.
Bunawan.
Baharum, & Noor, 2014.
Effendy.
Mohammed.
Muhammad.
Mohammad, & Shuid, 2.
The species Arbus precatorius that is used to make easy and smooth the childbirth by the Kutai people in Menamang villages also used for the same efficacy in Guinea-Bissau and Ivory Coast.
The same species is also used for antifertility, contraceptive, and abortifacient in several communities in Asia and Africa .
ee Table .
, and has pharmaceutically be proven to have some medicinal effects, i.
antiestrogenic, antifertility, anti-implantation, antispermatogenic, and contraceptive and/or interceptive effects (Ross, 2.
Species identification of traditional medicinal plants used for cosmetics Women always have an instinct to care for and beautify herself, even if they live in the isolated area.
Therefore the women of the forest community have knowledge of utilizing the surrounding plants as cosmetics.
The knowledge had passed down from mothers to daughters for the time immemorial.
The species of medicinal plants used for cosmetics is described in Table 4.
All the herbs species in Table 4 were externally used medicines, used as powder or shampoo for skin and hair care.
The herbs were manually processed into powder or shampoo by refining, squeezing, or pounding the leaves, roots, or fruit.
Not all the species were easily taken, such as the leaves of the Cananga odorata Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
Table 3.
The species of medicinal plants used for maternal uses Species Local name Life form Finding Efficacy Abrus precatorius L.
Gaertn.
(Leguminosa.
Penisip Shrubs Cnestis platantha Griff.
(Connaracea.
Belimbing Woody Boiling the roots of penisip, belimbing and tabat barito, then drink the Ficus deltoidea Jack.
(Moracea.
Aleurites moluccana (Euphorbiacea.
Tabat Barito Epiphyte Kemiri Trees The bark is heated over a fire, then be trampled Processing and usage Alpinia galanga Willd.
(Zingiberacea.
Teraran Shrubs Washing the root, soaking, boiling, then drink the potion, or shredded and rubbed into skin of Blumea balsamifera DC.
(Asteracea.
Kutai Sembung Shrubs Hyptis brevipes Poit.
(Lamiacea.
Rumput Fatimah Shrubs Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiacea.
Mengkudu Shrubs Cutting the roots of Morinda citrifolia.
Hyptis brevipes.
Blumea balsamifera, and mimosa pudica into pieces, soaking, boiling, then drinking the potion Mimosa pudica (Leguminosa.
Putri malu Bushes Blumea mollis (D.
Do.
Merr.
(Composita.
Sembung Shrubs Boiling the roots, drink the Refining the young leaves, mix with cold powder, apply to the whole body Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nyctaginacea.
Kembang Kertas Shrubs Cutting the roots into pieces, boiling, then drinking the potion Brucea javanica (L) Merr.
(Simaroubacea.
Kayu Sumpit Trees Cutting the stem into pieces, boil it Caesalpinia sappan L.
(Leguminosa.
Sepang Shrubs Drying inside part of the bark, brew it, then drink the potion during pregnancy and before childbirth Callicarpa longifolia Lam.
(Verbenacea.
Garam payau Small trees Boiling the bark then drink the potion Shredding the leaves, pouring water, filtering, then drink the water Carica papaya (Caricacea.
Pepaya Tree Soaking the root into boiled water, then drink the Durio zibethinus (Bombacacea.
Durian Trees Pounding the bark, mix with the cold powder, apply to the whole body Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
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Table 3 (Continue.
Species Local name Life form Finding Efficacy Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubacea.
Tongkat ali .
asak bum.
Small trees Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.
) Becc.
(Icacinacea.
Hiptage bengalensis (Malpighiacea.
Kayu mati Small trees Temelekar Woody Cutting the roots into pieces, boiling, then drinking the potion Cutting the bark into pieces, pound it, taking the sap, then rubbing into Processing and usage Boiling the roots, drink 3 times a day .
inimum for 3 day.
Boiling the roots, drink the Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.
) Leenh (Sapindacea.
Bengalun
Small
2, 6
The fruits and young leaves be cooked, mixed with fish, then be eaten Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.
) Sw.
(Schizaeacea.
Mintu Lianas Cutting the roots into pieces, soaking, boiling, then drinking the potion Mitragyna speciosa Korth.
(Rubiacea.
Kedemba Trees The bark smothered in hot water, then be drunk one week after childbirth Oroxylum indicum (L.
(Bignoniaceae ) Bentolan Trees Paspalum conjugatum (Gramina.
Beriwit Herbs / Passiflora foetida L.
(Passifloracea.
Terong Lianas Cutting the roots into pieces, soaking, boiling, then drinking the potion Refining the young leaves, soaking, filtering, then drink the potion Squeezing all of parts, soaking in the water, then drink the potion Piper betle (Piperacea.
Lianas Rothmannia schoemanii (Teijsm.
& Binn.
Triveng.
(Rubiacea.
Sida sp.
(Malvacea.
Sirih/ Bentan Basap Trees Bembe Bushes Syzygium sp.
(Myrtacea.
Kayu Serai Trees Tamarindus indica L.
(Leguminosa.
Asam Jawa Trees Boiling the leaves, drink the Boiling the roots, drink the potion 3 times a day Washing the root, soaking, boiling, then drink the Boiling the stem, drink the potion 2 or 3 times a day Squeezing the root, soaking, boiling, then drink the potion Notes : Finding location: 1.
Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2.
Wehea Forest Menamang Efficacy: 1.
Easy and smoothing childbirth.
Postpartum fever treatment .
Health and stamina recovery after childbirth.
To stop postpartum bleeding.
Leg swelling after childbirth.
Increasing breastmilk supply.
Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
Table 4.
The traditional medicinal plants used for cosmetics Species Local name Life Finding Efficacy Usage methods Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.
) Muell.
Arg.
(Euphorbiacea.
Rambai Trees Brighten the skin tone Yellowed leaves mixed with cold powder, then apply into face Brucea javanica (L) Merr.
(Simaroubacea.
Kayu Sumpit Trees Acne Pounding the leaves, apply into acnes Blumea balsamifera DC.
(Composita.
Wekiah guaq Shrubs Hair Burning the roots, mix it with palm oil, apply into Cananga odorata (Lamk.
) Hook.
Thomson (Annonacea.
Kanghit Trees Soften the facial skin Squeezing young leaves, apply into face Morinda citrifolia (Rubiacea.
Mengkudu Trees Anti Crush the ripe fruits, use the water as a shampoo Boesenbergia pandurata Curcuma zanthorrhiza Curcuma zedoaria Kaempferia galanga L.
(Zingiberacea.
Temu putih Temulawak Temu kunci Kencur Herbs Asteringent Refining the roots/tubers of K.
pandurata, and C.
zanthorrhiza, squeezing, use as a cold powder, apply into face Mussaenda sp.
(Rubiacea.
Pilanggang Bulan Shrubs Soften the facial skin Squeezing young leaves, apply into face Paspalum conjugatum (Gramina.
Beriwit Herbs / Blackening the hair Squeezing the leaves, use the water as a shampoo Senna alata (L.
) Roxb.
(Leguminosa.
Ketepeng Little Soften the Refining young leaves and flower, use as powder, apply into face Notes : Finding location: 1.
Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2.
Wehea Forest and Brucea javanica, but the herbs are still used for daily treatment of the skin.
At least two medicinal plants species used as cosmetics in Table 4 have been pharmaceutically tested for the similar efficacy .
ee Table .
Baccaurea lanceolata .
sed in Menamang to brighten the skinton.
has been pharmaceutically tested as antioxidant agent (Bakar.
Ahmad.
Karim, & Saib, 2014.
Manullang.
Daniel, & Arung, 2.
Brucea javanica .
sed for acne treatmen.
has been pharmaceutically tested as antibacterial agent (Sornwatana.
Roytrakul.
Wetprasit & Ratanapo.
Other species in Table 4 are also used as Menamang medicinal plants in other communities for the similar or different efficacies.
Utilization of the Same Medicinal Plants Species by Other Communities Several medicinal plant species for womenAos health that were used by traditional forest communities in the villages of Tanjung Soke.
Gerunggung.
Nehas Liah Bing.
Menamang Kiri and Menamang Kanan were also used by other traditional communities, for similar or different Based on the literature study, at least 27 species were also used by other communities Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67 for many efficacies, and the active chemical compounds of 25 species were known, as described at Table 5.
The results of the literature study described in Table 5 shows that for several medicinal plants species .
uch as Arbus precatorius.
Baccaurea lanceolata.
Brucea javanica.
Eurycoma longifolia, and Ficus deltoidi.
, the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants .
hich is based only on empirical observations and experience.
turned out to be scientifically proven based on pharmaceutical tests.
However, further studies are needed to determine the dose treatment
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
and the active chemical composition of those species which have not been tested yet.
Compared to modern pharmaceuticals, the utilization of traditional medicinal plants in this research sites (Tanjung Soke.
Gerunggung.
Nehas Liah Bing.
Menamang Kiri, and Menamang Kana.
are cheaper, more available, and easy to be accessed.
But the utilization of those traditional medicinal plants also have several weakness as follows:
The quality of medicinal plants can not be guaranteed, because they were harvested from the wild, not cultivated.
Traditional Table 5.
The uses of similar medicinal plants by other communities based on literature study Botanical name Utilization by other communities Active chemical References Aleurites moluccana (L.
) Willd.
Contusion, swelling (Jamb.
, hair growth (Jav.
, anti cancer Saponin, flavanoid, poliphenol, tannin Sangat.
Zuhud, & Damayanti .
Alpinia galanga Willd.
Postpartum recovery, anaemia, high puerperal, lactagogue (Lao PDR), inhalation problem, ringworm (Jamb.
, rheumatism, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, diabetes, bronchitis, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, heart diseases, chronic enteritis, kidney disorders Tannin, phenol, gallic acid, glycosides, galangin, alpinin.
Hariyadi & Ticktin .
Kaushik.
Yadav.
Kaushik.
Sacher, & Rani .
Lamxay et Arbus precatorius Gaertn.
Aphrodisiac (Afghanistan.
East Africa.
Egypt.
Mozambique.
Nepal.
Pakista.
nerve tonic (Brazil and Jamaic.
snake bite remedy, treat intestinal worms, oral contraceptive, improving menstrual cycle (Central Afric.
gonorrhea, stomach troubles, chest pain, antiemetic, facilitate childbirth, abortion (Guinea-Bissau.
Ivory Coas.
, coughs and flu (Haiti.
Kenya.
Virgin Island.
eye diseases, abortion, emmenagogue, antifertility agent, abortifacient and prevent conception, toxic, tuberculosis, painful swellings (India.
Pakista.
and anticonvulsant (Nigeri.
bronchitis, and hepatitis (Taiwa.
, antiinflammatory (Thailan.
Among others:
alanine, choline, aspartic acid, cysteine, dolphin, eicosane, galactose, gallic acid, glutamine, glycine, lectin, leucine, lysine, polysaccharide.
Ross .
Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
Table 5 (Continue.
Active chemical Botanical name Utilization by other communities Baccaurea lanceolata Antioxidant, abdomen pain (Serawa.
, treat water fleas (Jamb.
Phenolic, flavonoid.
Bakar et al.
Hariyadi & Ticktin .
Kulip .
Manullang et al.
Blumea balsamifera Postpartum recovery (Lao and Southeast Indi.
, perineal high, retraction of high uterus, miscarriage recovery (La.
, diarrhea, dysentery, colic, leucorrheasis, helminthic (Southeast Indi.
, nosebleed (Saba.
Flavanoid, terpens, lactones, sineol, borneol, kamper.
Dewi.
Nisao.
KabangngaAo.
Boiga, & Rahmah .
Kulip .
Lamxay et al.
Noorcahyati.
Falah, & MaAoruf .
Rahayu.
Sunarti.
Sulistiarini, & Prawiroatmodjo .
Rositta SMD.
Rostiana.
Pribadi, & Hernani .
(L.
) DC.
References Blumea mollis (D.
Do.
Merr.
(Composita.
Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoproctivity, eucorrhoea (Indi.
Alkanes.
Devi.
Namratha.
Kumar, & Kumar .
Ratnam & Raju R.
Brucea javanica (L.
Merr.
Hepatitis, diarrhea, fever (Jaw.
, disentery, malari, (Kuta.
, diabetes (Dayak Meratu.
, antibacterial Saponin, tannin, poliphenol, peptide Dewi et al.
Hidayat .
Sangat et al.
Sornwatana et al.
Caesalpinia sappan L.
Antibacterial, anticoagulant, menorrhagia, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases (Chin.
Homoisoflavanoid.
Zhao et al.
Callicarpa Lam.
Cure wounds (Aceh and Daya.
, malari, inflammation (Ace.
tnis Talang Mama.
face powder (Dayak Tanjun.
ulcer (Belitun.
, diarrhea, malari, kidney disease (Kuta.
Saponin, karbohidrat, tanin, alkaloid, steroid Dewi et .
Hidayat .
Karmilasanti & Supartini .
KloppenburgVersteegh .
Sangat et al.
Carica papaya L.
Appetite enhancer, malari (Jawa.
Kameru.
, hypertension (Sunda.
Kameru.
), helminthic (Kameru.
Flavonoid, tanin, steroid-triterpenoid.
Hidayat .
Indrawati .
Cnestis platantha Griff.
High fever ailment (Malaysi.
No reference Samuel et al.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Table 5 (Continue.
Active chemical References The leaves are used to treat rashes, whilst a decoction is used in a lotion for smallpox, and used in a poultice for headaches (Mala.
Phenol, alcohol, alkanes, alkenes, ethers, aldehyde, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters carboxylic acids Bali.
Fatimawali, & Wehantouw .
Giesen.
Wulffraat.
Zieren, & Scholten Eurycoma longifolia Jack Sexual stimulant, aphrodisiac, treatment of male osteoporosis (Malaysi.
Eurycomanone, alkaloid, phenolic tannins, triterpenes.
Effendy et al.
Samuel et Flemingia macrophylla Anti-oxydant, analgesic, antiinflammatory , anti-tyrosinase (Chin.
Flavanoid, flavanone, genistein, flemiphyllin Shiao.
Wang.
Wang, & Lin .
Wang et al.
YJ et al.
Ficus deltoidia Jack.
Afterbirth treatment to contract uterus and vaginal muscles, treat disorder menstrual cycle, leuchorroea, wounds healing, sore of rheumatism (Malaysi.
relieve headache, cold, toothache, aphrodisiac and health tonic (Indonesi.
anti-inflammatory, antimelanogenic, antibacterial antiphotoaging, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic Shikimic acid, terpenoids, flavonoid, terpenes, triterpenes Bunawan et al.
Hiptage benghalenzis Kurz Burning skin (Indi.
Saponin, tannin.
Agharkar .
Hyptis brevipes Poit.
Headaches (Panam.
(Paragua.
protective medicine after childbirth (Malaysia and Indonesi.
, protection against worms for newborn infants (Jav.
Methylene chloride, methanol extracts, bioactive flavonoids.
Rositta SMD et .
Sakr.
Roshdy, & ElSeedi .
Lepisanthes amoena (Hass.
Leenh Treatment of facial skin, antibacterial terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponin.
Kuspradini.
Susanto, & Ritmaleni.
Mitsunaga .
Melastoma malabathricum Linn.
Man vitality (Dayak Baha.
, swollen mouth (Ace.
, diarrhea Naringenin.
Hussain.
Abdullah.
Noor.
Ismail, & Ali .
Noorcahyati et al.
Sangat et al.
Sunison.
Anandarajagopal.
Kumari, & Mohan .
Botanical name Utilization by other communities Drymoglossum Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for WomenAos Health.
(Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibow.
Table 5 (Continue.
Active chemical Botanical name Utilization by other communities References Mimosa pudica Linn.
Sedative, expectorant, anti inflammation, fever, helminthic, insomnia, dysentery Tanin, mimosin, asam Dalimantha .
Dewi et al.
Rahayu et al.
Saputra Morinda citrifolia L.
Hypertension (Sunda.
Kuta.
, amandel (Dayak Kendaya.
, man vitality (Sumb.
inflammatory bowel, laryngitis, hepatitis, fever, cough (Kuta.
, jaundice (Perak.
Malaysi.
Alkaol, sterol, scopoletin, ursolic acid, linoleic acid, caproic acid, capryllic acid, alizarin, acubin, xeronin iridoid glycoside, vitamin C.
A, karotena Dalimantha .
Dewi et .
Samuel et al.
Wang et al.
Oroxylum indicum (L.
) Benth.
ex Kurz Fever, stomach ache (Kuta.
, malari, kidney ache, snake bite (Mentawa.
, swelling (Saba.
Saponin, poliphenol.
Dewi et al.
Hidayat .
Kulip Parameria polyneura Hook.
Make the uterus shrink after childbirth (Java and Malaysi.
, teeth blackening saponin, poliphenol, flavonoid, tanin van Valkenburg Phyllanthus urinaria Cough (Malaysi.
, backpain (Jamb.
, anticancer, antitumor, and anti Corilagin, gallic acid, ellagic acid Kulip .
Pang, & Yang .
Senna alata/Cassia alata Linn.
Ring worm,scabies, (Indonesia.
Malaysia.
Thailan.
, himnithic, eye drops, fever, hepatitis (Kameru.
, anti-implantation, abortifacient, antigonadotropic, anti-progesteronic Antraquinone .
hein and aloe-emodi.
, chrysophanic acid, glucose, alkaloid Gritsanapan & Magneesri .
Jiofack et .
Kulip .
Yakubu & Musa .
Tamarindus indica Postpartum recovery, varicella, mild puerperal, neonatal high fever (La.
abdominal pain, diarrhea and dysentery, helminthes, wound healing, malaria, constipation, inflammation, cell cytotoxicity, gonorrhea, eye diseases (India.
Pakistan.
Bangladesh.
Afric.
copper, iron, sodium, manganese, magnesium, otassium, phosphorus, lead, and Bhadoriya.
Ganeshpurkar.
Narwaria.
Rai, & Jain .
Khanzada et al.
Lamxay et Tinospora crispa (L.
Hook.
Thomson Malaria, rheumatics, bruising, appetite enhancer, hepatitis, hemnithic, cough, calligata, diabetes Alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, glikosida, pikroretin, baberin, palmatin, kolumbin, jatrohize Samuel et al.
Sangat et al.
Supriadi .
Windadri.
Rahayu.
Uju, & Rustiami .
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2017, 49-67 medicinal plants have various material qualities depending on the source of the countries and plants, due to genetic differences, environmental conditions, and the methods of harvesting, transportation and storage (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2015.
Sakhya.
The dosage of medicinal plants was not In these research sites the treatment dose was determined only by habits .
uch as a glass of wate.
or size of the patient's body.
Modern medicine demands standardized dosage based on factors such as bodyweight or disease severity.
Traditional healers are more likely to give patients a unique dosage or combination of medicines that is decided during the consultation (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2.
The extensive use of trees and root parts of medicinal plants can lead to the extinction of the medicinal plants species.
Therefore, to ensure the supply and quantity, the medicinal plants need to be cultivated, particularly the trees and those species where the roots are used.
It is also important to do cultivation efforts of forest medicinal plant species to anticipate the scarcity due to deforestation and forest conversion.
The cultivation, harvesting, and transportation methods also need to be standardized to ensure the product quality.
It is also important to do further medical research to determine the proper dosage, and also to get information about the pharmatical compound of the medicinal plants.
IV.
CONCLUSION
This research has identified and documented 44 medicinal plants species from 30 families which are used for womenAos health in forest communities around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest.
Wehea Forest, and the villages of Menamang Kiri and Menamang Kanan.
Out of the total 7 species were used as reproductive health medicinal plants, 30 species as postpartum and maternal medicine, and 9 species as cosmetics.
At least there were ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 27 species which were also used by other communities for similar or other efficacies, and the active chemical compounds of 25 species have been known.
Compared to modern pharmaceuticals, the utilization of traditional medicinal plants are cheaper, more available, and easy to be accessed.
But those medicinal plants were grown wild, and have not yet been cultivated by the community, so the quality of medicinal plants can not be guaranteed and the dosage of medicinal plants was not standardized.
The extensive use of trees and roots part of medicinal plants can lead to the extinction of the medicinal plant Therefore, they need to be cultivated to ensure their quality and quantity, and also to avoid species extinction.
The traditional forest communities also need guidance and facilitation to learn and do cultivation effort of the medicinal plants as an exsitu conservation, especially for the species where the root part and trees are used.
The ethno-botanists should do phytochemically and further medical tests of the medicinal plant samples found in the three research locations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper has been presented at the International Seminar on Forest and Medicinal Plants for Better Human Welfare carried out by Center of Research and Development on Forest Productivity in Bogor.
September 1012th, 2013.
The authors thank to the Center for the Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology.
National Nuclear Energy Agency for providing the gamma cell facility required for the irradiation of the seeds.
REFERENCES