Humanitatis :Journalof LanguageandLiterature SK Dirjen DIKTI Nomor 36/E/KPT/2019 Vol.
8 No.
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ISSN (Onlin.
:2338-9362 :2477-2267 Humor Formed by Flouting the Maxim in Hawkeye TV Series KartikaYulianti .
NurmaDhonaHandayani .
PuteraBatam University email: kayuliantis@gmail.
PuteraBatamUniversity email: nurmadhona@gmail.
Received: 8th January 2022 | Revised: 21st June 2022 | Accepted: 22nd June 2022 Email Correspondence: kayuliantis@gmail.
Abstract Since humor holds such an important role in our interactions, the topic related to the establishment of humor becomes important.
This research was focusing on how humor was formed and why the flouting of maxim was affecting it.
Descriptive qualitative method was used in this analysis.
The objects of this research were the types of flouting maxim and the development of humor caused by it.
The observation method was used in this analysis, combined with non-participatory technique in data collection.
The data analyzed by using pragmatics identity method.
The result of this research showed that all the maxims were violated throughout the episodes in order to create humor.
Maxim of relation and maxim of quantity became the most flouted maxim in creating humor, and the sense of hostility became the most appeared humor in Hawkeye TV Series.
Keywords:Cooperative principle.
Maxim.
Humor.
Hawkeye INTRODUCTION Communication, as any other activities in our lives, has its own term, it demands its user to communicate in the right way.
It is about how the speaker and the interlocutor are being cooperative, which considered as the right way at giving and receiving information, where the speaker give the right amount of information, telling the truth, related into the topic of conversation and not ambiguous, in order to prevent misunderstanding and to make sure that the interlocutor is not misinterpreting the information.
To reach that term.
Grice.
invented the rules of communication, it is aimed to keep communication on track as is required.
The rules called cooperative principle.
This principle consists of four rules, namely maxim of quantity which is to guide the speaker and interlocutor to give information in the exact amount of need, maxim of quality acts in guiding the speaker and interlocutor to give the Onlineat https://journal.
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Humanitatis :Journalof LanguageandLiterature SK Dirjen DIKTI Nomor 36/E/KPT/2019 Vol.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 information that can be proven and based on reality, maxim of relation is to guide the speaker and interlocutor to deliver information that is relevant, and maxim of manner is to guide the speaker and interlocutor in giving clear information.
Though, in the practice of communication, it will not always be cooperative from start to end, this can be considered as a non-observant maxim.
Grice.
mentioned that there are four actions towards cooperative principle.
The first is observing the maxim, it considered as the observant maxim because in this act, the speaker is following the rules of cooperative principle.
and three of the rest are considered as non-observant maxim, namely.
flouting maxim which fail to observe maxim with the intention that the interlocutor is aware of it, violating the maxim which considered as fail to observe the maxim with the intention that the speech partner is not aware of it, this action intended to mislead the speech partner, and opting out the maxim which happens when someone refuses to be involved in a conversation.
Out of several actions that happen in conversation which can be the cause of non-observant maxim, humor is one of them.
According to Attardo.
humor is generally described as laughter.
And correlation of humor and laughter can also be seen in these terms.
something funny will make you laugh and what makes you laugh is considered as funny.
Laughter generally can be connected with humor, there are also other definitions of laughter that are quite different and have no relation with humor.
One of them is the term of laughter in Africa which can be related with the sign of an embarrassment.
In order to create humor in conversation, the speaker often to avoid the cooperativeness in communication.
Grice as cited in Attardo .
mentioned that when the communication contains jokes it cannot be determined as cooperative because the speaker often to break the cooperative principle in order to create laughter.
This act is highly associated with the flouting maxim.
Because it is described by Grice as cited in Birner.
it is the inobservance of cooperative principle when the speaker is accidentally break the rule with the intention that their speech partners are aware of it.
With that being said, this research is mainly focusing on the types in flouting of cooperative principle proposed by Grice and its relation in developing humor through communication that are developed during communication.
The reason of the researcher to choose flouting of maxim is because it is one of the most phenomena found in daily interaction, in some cases, the speaker and interlocutor did not even recognize that they are flouting the maxim.
The source of data for this research will be TV Series, since TV Series contains the interaction that is similar with daily interaction because it is often to be portrayed by the character as if it is real.
The TV Series that is going to be used as the data source entitled Hawkeye .
The series is chosen because this show contains unrelated conversation which drives to humorous aspect.
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30812/humanitatis.
Humanitatis :Journalof LanguageandLiterature SK Dirjen DIKTI Nomor 36/E/KPT/2019 Vol.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 One of the phenomena that can be found related with the incooperation of cooperative principle related with humor can be found in Bab Moms Movie(Lucas & Moore, 2.
Gwendolyn Jessie Gwendolyn : AuCute backpack you got thereAy : AuOh yeah, uh.
IAom such an Elsa.
Ay : AuHahaha, youAore hilarious.
You really are.
Ay On the conversation above.
Gwendolyn as the hearer tried to compliment the speaker Jessie in order to gain his attention, by saying that the backpack in his back is cute.
The speaker however, gives an uncooperative respond.
He was trying to melt the situation and tension, by trying to build humorous atmosphere, instead of being thankful by the compliment, he responded by saying IAom such an Elsa with the intention that the speech partner will laugh as the respond.
The act can be determined as the flouting of maxim relation in order to create laughter.
There is the second phenomenon which taken from the TV Series that is going to be the data source in this research.
Hawkeye TV Series.
The conversation below is taken from the first episode on the first season in the minute of 00:21:17:
Laura Clint Laura Clint : AuYou guys all good?Ay : AuUh, yeah, itAod be easier if you were here.
IAod be less likely to strangle these kids.
Ay : AuThe whole point was for you to spend time with the kids.
Ay : AuNo.
IAom kidding.
WeAore having a really good time.
Ay Clint Barton was spending his time with the kids.
While they were eating dinner.
Laura who happens to be ClintAos wife was calling to ask about their condition.
ClintAos respond is the act of flouting maxim of quantity, because the respond he gave in the conversation is more than what his wife needed.
The humor was developed in this conversation by Clint telling a joke that he would less likely to strangle the kids if Laura was there with them.
That thing was not actually happen, but he said that in order to make the situation more relaxed.
In order to make it easier in defining the humor that happen in the conversation.
Attardo.
mentioned that there are general classification of humor namely.
incongruent theory of humor which happen when the expected thing does not the same with the occurrence, then there is hostility theory of humor which considered when in the development of humor there is the feeling of superiority which developed through the laughs created by mocking, humiliating or laughing at someoneAos flaws, lastly is the release theory of humor which identified as the humor that developed by releasing the tension which related with social or psychological aspect.
There are several studies related to the topic of this research.
Agustinia & Ariyanti.
discussed about how humor can be the result of flouting conversational maxim based on GriceAos theory in This Onlineat https://journal.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 Means War movie.
This research used qualitative method.
The data of this analysis was taken from the humorous conversation occurred in the movie.
The result of this analysis showed that in order to create humor in conversation, the character flouted all the maxims.
Maxim of quality becomes the most flouted maxim in this movie in creating humor.
Amianna & Putranti .
analyzed the violations and flouting of cooperative principle proposed by Grice which can create humorous situation in How I Met Your Mother movie.
This research focuses on humorous situations that are created by the act of violating and flouting the cooperative principle.
This is a qualitative research.
The data of analysis was taken from the conversation happened in the movie.
The result of this research showed that the non-observant of maxim of quantity becomes the most used aspect in creating humor.
Compared to the studies that have been done related to this topic, the similarity is in the objective theory, which is the theory of cooperative principle by Paul Grice, while the difference is in the data source used.
In this research, the researcher is using Hawkeye TV Series as the data source.
RESEARCH METHOD
As Sudaryanto.
mentioned, this research is categorized as a descriptive qualitative research.
Observation method is used in collecting the data for this research which combined with a nonparticipatory technique.
For the process of collecting the data, the researcher is firstly watch the data source, marking each of the flouting of cooperative principle with the tendency of creating humor, and taking note out of the data found in the data source.
The method used in this analysis is pragmatics identity method and it is combined with pragmatics competence-in-dividing technique.
This method and technique are used in analyzing the types of flouting happen towards cooperative principle and how the humor is developed through the violation.
In the process of analyzing the data, the research first interpret the data found by looking at the context of conversation, then classify the types of flouting, and make a discussion by explaining how the flouting cn develop humor.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
1 Findings This research figured out that in Hawkeye TV Series, there were 16 flouting maxim that were in relation with humor.
The flouting was done by characters during the episodes.
All the maxims were violated in this TV Series in order to create humor.
The result of this research is displayed in the table below.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 Table 1 The quantity of the flouting and humor Cooperative Principle Qty Category of Humor Qty Maxim of Quantity Incongruity Maxim of Quality Hostility Maxim of Relation Release Maxim of Manner Total Total 2 Discussion Data 1 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:04:14 Clint Kate Clint Kate Clint : AuNice place for a kid.
Ay : AuYeah.
I inherited it.
Ay : AuWhat are you, 18?Ay : AuIAom 22.
Ay : AuYeah, same thing.
Ay The conversation happened as soon as both Kate and Clint arrive at KateAos place.
Clint was confused, by the fact that someone as young as Kate can have a place as good as that.
So Clint started the conversation by stating that this place is nice for a kid, then continued by asking how old Kate was, was it 18? This was not true.
Kate is 22 years old.
ClintAos act in the conversation is the act of flouting maxim of Instead of being grateful for Kate inheriting the place.
Clint was asking the question which happens to be a joke as well as underestimating Kate by thinking that she was only a kid.
Data 2 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:03:09 Clint Kate Clint : AuLook.
I gotta find a place to stash you.
Safe.
So I can recover the suit and clean your Ay : AuStash me? IAom not a bag of money.
Ay : AuNo, youAore not.
A bag of money would be useful to me.
Ay The conversation above was happened at the grocery after they were picking up some supplies and about to pay it.
Clint who was pissed by the fact that the person behind the ninja suit was a young woman seemed to be sarcastic, also with the fact that he has to clean the mess in order to make sure nobody was looking for her because that would be dangerous.
And that might ruin his Christmas plan with the family.
As the first step.
Clint had to find somewhere safe for her to stay until everything was under control, but Clint used the wrong word.
Kate was offended because Clint used the word AostashAo as if she was not a Onlineat https://journal.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 In responding to KateAos utterance.
Clint flouted the maxim of quantity for providing the information more than what was needed.
The humor was developed by the sense of superiority.
Clint thought of Kate as a person who was ruining his quality time with the family.
Data 3 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:08:01 Ivan : AuYou were on fire.
Ay Tomas : AuIAom okay.
Ay Ivan : AuLike a little shish kebab.
Ay Tomas : AuNo.
Ay The conversation happened in chaos.
Ivan and Tomas are member of Tracksuit Mafia.
They were attacking Kate BishopAos place by throwing some Molotov over the place to set fire.
During that time.
Tomas get burned but Tomas was able to remove the fire from his clothes as fast as he can.
Ivan was violating maxim of relation in this conversation.
He was teasing Tomas by making fun of the fact that he caught on fire.
Ivan was making fun of TomasAo unfortunate by saying that Tomas was on fire like a little shish kebab.
Data 4 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:08:14 Clint Kate Clint : AuWeAoll need some supplies.
Ay : AuHell yeah.
Avenger supplies? Not gonna lie to you.
This is a bit of a letdown.
Ay : AuSorry to disappoint you.
Ay The conversation was happen after Clint and Kate made their way of escaping the Tracksuit Mafia.
Kate had high expectation when Clint said that they were going to need some supplies.
Kate expected that it was going to be Avenger supplies, full of technology and something cool.
When the truth is they were just going to the pharmacy to buy first kit aid.
Kate was flouting the maxim of quantity by giving the information that is unnecessary.
And Kate did that in order to express her disappointment to Clint.
The humor was created while Kate tried to picture that that was nothing like she was expected.
This categorized as incongruity.
Data 5 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:14:48 Clint Kate Clint Kate : AuWhat is this?Ay : AuOh.
I started to describe, um, what I could remember of the TracksuitAos faces.
Ay : AuI guess youAore not an art major.
Ay : AuOkay.
Ay Onlineat https://journal.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 The conversation above happened when Kate and Clint arrived at KateAos aunt place.
Since KateAos place has been burned down by the Tracksuit Mafia and Kate and Clint need a place to stay, so they decided to crash into Kate AuntAos place.
Clint saw a very bad drawing on the book and asked Kate what that was.
After Kate explained it to Clint.
Clint judged the drawing by stating something that is unrelated to the topic of the conversation.
ClitAos act considered as the flouting of maxim relation.
The humor developed when Clint was trying to give comment to a bad drawing by saying AoI guess youAore not an art majorAo, which means that the drawing is horrible.
Data 6 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:20:31 Kate Clint Kate Clint Kate : AuHey, look, that oneAos you.
: AuNo.
ThatAos KatnissEverdeen.
LetAos go.
Ay : AuYour problem is branding.
Ay : AuNo, my problem is you.
And this ninja suit and the people trying to kill you Aocause of ItAos a problem that IAom going to solve today, so I can go home to my family.
Ay : AuNo, itAos branding.
Ay The conversation above happened in the street through KateAos workplace.
They were meeting people wearing superhero costumes.
Kate thought the woman with arrow was representing Clint as Hawkeye.
Clint then responded that the woman was not representing him, but KatnissEverdeen, the character in The Hunger Games movie which also using arrow as her main weapon.
Kate than stated that the problem with Clint being a Hawkeye is branding, because he never makes any specific identity that can differ him from general people.
Clint then responded by listing the problem that he was actually facing at the moment, which actually Kate and the suit and the people who was wanting Kate to be dead because of the suit.
Kate realized that, and she was a bit shocked by realizing it.
In order in releasing the tension, she flouted the maxim of quality by re-stating that ClintAos problem is branding.
The humor was developed because Kate tried to release the tension after the shock.
By flouting the maxim of quality, she was trying to make herself more relaxed by stating something that was not true.
Data 7 This conversation was taken from the second episode in the minute of 00:38:55 Eleanor : AuCan we just put all this behind us? Hon? Okay? Why donAot you start by apologizing to Jack? Kate : AuSorry for scaring you into telling the truth.
Ay Jack : AuSmart as a whip, this one, huh?Ay The conversation above happen right after Kate asked Jack to show his fencing skill.
KateAos did that because she was suspecting Jack on killing his own uncle.
Eleanor.
KateAos mom shocked by how Kate Onlineat https://journal.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 treated Jack, since Jack was EleanorAos fiancye and they were going to get married soon.
Eleanor asked Kate to apologize to Jack and put everything behind them.
Kate thenapologized by saying Aosorry for scaring you into telling the truthAo.
KateAos act considered as flouting of maxim quantity, because she was giving the information more than what is needed.
The humor developed by Kate while she was flouting the maxim.
Eleanor expected Kate to apologize in the right way, but Kate was apologizing and also accusing Jack in doing something terrible.
Data 8 This conversation was taken from the fourth episode in the minute of 00:02:31 Eleanor : AuSomebody used my laptop to sign onto my work account ten minutes ago.
Any thoughts.
Kate? Hawkeye?Ay Kate : AuYouAoll never get anything outta him.
See.
CB-One has trouble opening up.
Ay Clint : AuNobody calls me CB-One.
Ay Kate : AuIAom just trying it out for a second.
Probably some early childhood thing.
He thinks hedoesnAot tell me much, but he ends up telling me all of it.
Ay Clint : AuI tell her nothing.
Ay Kate : AuI think itAos Aocause IAom generally pretty chill.
IAom not like.
AoOh, my God.
Hawkeye!AoAy Clint : AuDefinitely not chill.
Ay The conversation above happen after Kate and Clint was busted entering EleanorAos house, which also KateAos house.
But they were entering the place as intruders.
They tried to find information by breaking into EleanorAos work account.
But Kate did not make it because her access was denied.
They were caught by Jack and being interrogated by Eleanor.
When Eleanor asked both Kate and Clint.
Kate responded by stating many information, but none of them seem to answer Eleanor question.
Kate is flouting the maxim of manner for causing ambiguity during conversation.
The humor developed by Kate flouted the maxim, while Kate was stating the utterance which was not expected by Eleanor.
Data 9 This conversation was taken from the fourth episode in the minute of 00:26:39 Clint Kate Clint Kate Clint Kate Clint Kate : AuKate? Kate? : AuThere you are.
Ay : AuI told you, youAore supposed to be lookout.
Ay : AuYeah, but of the two of us, who do you trust up there not to get distracted?Ay : AuItAos not fair, that your inability to act like a grown-up helps you get your way.
Ay : AuNo, itAos not.
But it is what it is.
Ay : AuI need you to use your grappling hook arrow to anchor yourself in.
propel down the side of the building to the window.
If itAos locked, break in quietly.
Ay : AuYeah, love all of that.
Great plan, just a slight tweak though.
Ay Onlineat https://journal.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 The conversation above happened when Kate and Clint was planning on to entering an apartment.
Clint instructed Kate to do what he said, but Kate refused to follow it.
She chose to enter the apartment using her own way, which was using the main entrance.
Kate flouted maxim of relation while Clint was guiding her way in.
she responded to the instruction with unrelated statement.
The humor was developed during the non-cooperation in the conversation.
Instead of saying okay or indicate that she was going to do it, she was making fun of it as ClintAos instruction was unnecessary.
The humor was incongruent with what Clint might have expected.
He was hoping that Kate will listen to it carefully.
Data 10 This conversation was taken from the fifth episode in the minute of 00:11:45 Yelena : AuI made macaroni if you want some.
Ay Kate : AuIAom sorry.
What?Ay Yelena : AuWell.
I was starving and you took forever.
So I wanted to make food.
Ay The conversation above happened when Kate was entering her place.
Kate shocked that Yelena was Yelena on the other side was very calm and cheerful.
In order to lower the tense in situation, she told Kate that she was using her kitchen to make macaroni.
In shock.
Kate tried to digest YelenaAos utterance and asked Yelena to repeat what she just said.
Instead of repeating the statement.
Yelena flouted the maxim of quantity by giving information that was not important.
In this non-observant maxim.
Yelena created humor that was incongruent to what Kate expected.
Data 11 This conversation happened in the fifth episode in the minute of 00:12:31 : AuI am not gonna have dinner with you after you tried to kill me and then broke into my Ay Yelena : AuI did not try to kill you.
I put you on a wire to remove an obstacle.
And B.
I did notbreak anything.
I am way too talented than that.
And C, stop being so Okay? YouAore so hostile.
Ay Kate Yelena asked Kate to join and eat macaroni together with her.
Kate then refused YelenaAos offer because they met before, and Kate had bad impression on her in their first assemble.
To assure Kate that Yelena has no bad intention for Kate.
Yelena explained to Kate that she was not trying to kill Kate, she tried to help her instead.
Yelena also did not break anything in KateAos place.
Yelena then continuing the statement by commenting on KateAos behavior.
YelenaAos act considered as flouting maxim of quantity, because she explained too much.
The humor developed when Yelena commented KateAos behavior.
Kate did not have to be so defensive around Yelena, because Yelena has no bad intention for her.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 Data 12 This conversation was taken from the fifth episode in the minute of 00:15:42 Yelena : AuBut, het.
Kate Bishop, you grew up here, right? You must have some recommendations for me.
Ay Kate : AuYeahA UmA Yeah.
I have.
LetAos see.
The High Line.
High Line is great.
UmA ThereAos Christmas market in union square.
UmAIAom not quite sure those are the rightfit for the blood-thirsty vigilante type.
Ay Yelena : AuHahaha! The bad blood-thirsty vigilante.
Sometimes youAore funny Kate Bishop.
Ay In the conversation above.
Yelena was asking Kate about place recommendations that she need to visit, because Kate grew up here and it was YelenaAos first time in New York.
Kate began mentioning some places, but then uttered unnecessary statement by saying that Kate was not sure those places were the right fit for a person like Yelena.
Kate described her as a blood-thirsty vigilante.
KateAos act in the conversation considered as flouting of maxim quantity.
The humor developed while Kate was flouting the maxim of quantity.
Yelena was not expected the statement that was come out of KateAos mouth and burst into laugh because of that.
Data 13 This conversation was taken from the fifth episode in the minute of 00:17:22 Yelena : AuStop pretending like youAore not surprised.
It does not look cool.
Ay Kate : AuYouAore really NatashaAos Sister?Ay Yelena : AuYes.
Ay Kate : AuWow.
I did not see that coming.
Thank god.
I didnAot kill you up there.
Ay Yelena : AuHahahahaha.
You kill me? Again, oh.
Kate Bishop, you are so funny.
ThatAos That one is the funniest.
Ay After Yelena stated that Natasha Romanoff is her sister.
Kate shocked and said that it was good that she did not kill her on their first meeting.
Yelena again was burst into laugh when Kate uttered that Yelena believed that it was impossible for Kate to kill her, because they were on different Yelena was way more dangerous compared to Kate.
In responding to KateAos statement.
Yelena flouted the maxim of relation by commenting on how funny Kate was, thinking that she could kill Yelena.
During the flout, humor was also developed, there was the sense of hostility in YelenaAos comment on Kate being funny.
Data 14 This conversation was taken from the sixth episode on the minute of 00:13:05 Kate Clint Kate : AuI donAot see my mom yet.
Ay : AuWhy donAot you tell me what do you see? What are our assets, what are our threats?Ay : Aum.
Threats? That guy.
ThatAos Gary.
He fired me from one of the only jobs I Assets? Well, we have those all over the party.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 Clint suggested Kate to tell him about the assets and threats that they might have, so that he can build a strategy for the mission.
Instead of answering the question seriously.
Kate was joking around by giving the information that was not relatable.
With that being said.
Kate was flouting the maxim of relation in this conversation.
And the humor was developed since the non-observant act towards maxim done by Kate was aimed to make fun of the situation and to reduce the anxiety of what might happen.
Data 15 This conversation was taken from the sixth episode in the minute of 00:13:49 Armand Jack Armand Jack Armand : AuHey Jack.
I thought you were in jail.
Ay : AuI was, until your father bailed me out.
Ay : AuMom said I was gonna get your wine collection.
Ay : AuWhat? YouAore not old enough to appreciate my wine collection.
Ay : AuWell.
I will be someday.
Ay The conversation occurred when Armand the 7 th generation approached Jack.
Jack was supposed to be in jail because he was accused of being killing Armand the 3 rd generation, as known as JackAos uncle.
Turned out.
Jack was being framed, so the police released him.
Armand junior told Jack that his mom said he could get JackAos wine collection.
In responding that statement.
Jack flouted the maxim of relation.
Because he was commenting into ArmandAos age.
There was also the sense of hostility in the humor created by the flouting, because jack was making fun of the fact that Armand is just too young to appreciate his wine collection.
Data 16 This conversation was taken from the sixth episode in the minute of 00:17:46 : AuOh, shit.
I know youAore chummy with my mom.
I didnAot think youAod make the cut for the Christmas party.
Ay Yelena : AuKate Bishop.
IAom not here to ruin anything.
IAom just going to kill Barton, have someappetizers, and then IAoll go.
Ay Kate : AuI hope you enjoy the bruschetta.
Aocause it looks like you already lost him.
Ay Kate Kate figured that Yelena was also in this party.
Yelena was actually paid by KateAos mother to kill Clint.
Kate was already worried about YelenaAos presence.
She might ruin the party at any time.
While responding to KateAos statement.
Yelena flouted the maxim of quantity by saying that she was not going to ruin anything, but then continued the statement by mentioning some things that she was going to do.
The humor was developed during the inobservance maxim.
Yelena projected the sense of superiority through her utterance, as if killing Clint was an easy thing to do.
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:2338-9362 :2477-2267 CONCLUSION In conclusion, from the data can be known that all the maxims were violated throughout the episodes in order to create humor.
Maxim of relation and maxim of quantity became the most flouted maxim in creating humor, and the sense of hostility became the most appeared humor in Hawkeye TV Series.
The uncooperativeness in Cooperative Principle is associated with humor.
When someone is developing humor in conversation, there will be disobedience of cooperative principle.
And that is one of the most common things to happen in our daily conversation.
It makes the topic related to this topic becomes interesting and important at the same time in order to understand how the humor is created during conversation and how the non-observance of cooperative principle holds such an important role to it.
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