Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults in Rural Areas Marsya Nurrahmawati1*.
Hanny Rasni2 .
Revy Dwi Citra Lindawati3 1 Faculty of Nursing.
Universitas Jember.
Indonesia 2 Department of Community.
Family and Gerontic Nursing.
Faculty of Nursing.
Universitas Jember.
Indonesia 3 Banjarsengon Public Health Center.
Jember.
Indonesia Article History Submitted: 27-06-2024 Revised: 28-07-2024 Accepted: 16-08-2024 org/10.
58545/jkki.
Copyright .
2024 Authors This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-SA License.
Abstract Introduction: Adults-elderly habits of unhealthy lifestyles increase the risk of hypertension.
The high incidence of hypertension causes indications for the diagnosis of community health deficit.
Hypertension can be associated with heredity, an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, less consumption of vegetables and fruits, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption and stress.
Objective: to determinan the picture of community nursing care, unhealthy lifestyles health deficit problems in older adults with behavioral promotion interventions for health efforts in RW 02 Baratan Village.
Method: The method use in this study was quantitative descriptive and quota sampling technique to determine the sample.
Results: The research results show that implementig promotion interventions for health efforts are able to increase knowledge, atudes, and behavior towards healthy lifestyles through education programs, exercise, and demonstrations.
The Sig.
value obtained in the knowledge category was P=0.
category P=0.
behavior category P=0.
000 where a<0.
05 means there is a difference between before and after implementation.
Conclusion:
There has been increase in health program participation, health standars compliance, and monitoring of communty health standards.
Keywords: Community health deficit.
Healthy life.
Promotion of Health-care behavior Correspondence Marsya Nurrahmawati Faculty of Nursing.
Universitas Jember Jl.
Kalimantan No.
Sumbersari.
Kabupaten Jember.
East Java 68121 Indonesia Email: marsyanrw@gmail.
How to cite:
Nurrahmawati.
Rasni.
, & Lindawati.
Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults in Rural Areas.
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia, 4.
, 189-204.
https://doi.
org/10.
58545/jkki.
known as a silent killer because it often BACKGROUND An unhealthy lifestyle can cause health problems, such as a diet with symptoms and is only discovered when there is a disturbance in the body (WHO, habits, and lack of physical activity can Hypertension is one of the risk cause a person to develop hypertension factors for entry into various degenerative (Marlita et al.
, 2.
Hypertension is also diseases including coronary heart disease.
Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 stroke and other blood vessel diseases pressure and lifestyle are not controlled which will result in high health costs and (Sakinah et al.
, 2.
Community health the risk of death (Kemenkes, 2.
The prevalence of hypertension understanding of the importance of a according to WHO .
is 22% of the healthy lifestyle, lack of access to healthy total population in the world.
Riset food, lack of access to sports facilities or Kesehatan Dasar .
shows that the physical activity, as well as low awareness prevalence of hypertension in the 45-54 of the risks and complications associated years old is 45.
3%, in the 55-64 years old is with hypertension (Gulati et al.
, 2.
The 2%, and in the 65-74 years old age and form of nursing intervention is in the form 8% in those aged over 75 years old 69,5% of promoting health behavior which (Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2.
Data from the Jember Health Service .
shows that 741,735 people, including men community programs such as counseling and women, suffer from hypertension.
The activities, joint sports activities, and prevalence of hypertension problems in discussions regarding utilizing access to Baratan.
Patrang shows that out of a total health services (Suirvi et al.
, 2.
population of 205 people, there are 196 Based on the explanation of the people ranging in age from 45 to over 70 problem above, the researcher as a years, with a total of 98 new cases prospective nursing health worker will (Banjarsengon Center, provide community nursing care to the The results of the study showed that target area, namely the community of RW 69 people .
4%) had measurable data in the Baratan region population aged over 45 Regency.
The intervention that will be years who had high blood pressure out of a provided is the promotion of health total population of 395 people.
Public Health Baratan Village.
Patrang.
Jember Lifestyle is one of the risk factors for hypertension in the adult-elderly group.
Various lifestyle factors can increase a This research ia a case study with quantitative descriptive method in the RW complications from hypertension because 02 Baratan Village.
Patrang.
Jember.
The various problems will arise if blood process was conducted from May 2024 to METHODS Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 June 2024, involving data collection and This data assessment stages.
The actions taken in this case study include: Promotion of Health-care Behavior.
This research used questionnaire is a questionnaire to find out research samples from adults aged over 45 everything the respondent knows about years to the elderly in Baratan Village.
Patrang.
Jember.
The technique used is questionnaire related to hypertension taking samples using non-probability contains 15 questions.
This questionnaire is sampling, where sampling does not provide an equal opportunity for each member of implementation of health education on the the population to be sampled.
The concept of hypertension, education of nonprobability sampling technique used is hypertension dietary, and health care for quota sampling (Hikmawati, 2.
The stress management and anti-hypertensive population used was 395 people, then the The The researchers determined the sample size to Regarding attitude, there are 10 be 40 respondents.
Sample size according question items.
This questionnaire is used to Roscoe's .
rule of thumb, that the as a measuring tool in the implementation sample size that can be used by researchers is more than 30 and less than 500, therefore education on the concept of hypertension, in this study the sample used is considered health care for hypertension diet, and appropriate (Johan et al.
, 2.
The health care for stress management and statistical test conducted in this research is antihypertensive drinks.
On behavior there the Wilcoxon test.
are 10 questions.
This questionnaire has The first implementation of this been tested for validity and reliability.
research was a health check and problem Measuring The measuring instrument used to measure blood pressure is an ABN screening and community discussions and brand manual blood pressure monitor.
This health education for stress management research uses a knowledge, attitude and and anti-hypertensive drinks.
The results behavior questionnaire.
The knowledge of the validity test on the questionnaire questionnaire is a questionnaire to find out show a correlation coefficient value of > everything the respondent knows about 349 .
-tabl.
so that the questionnaire Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 can be declared valid.
The results of the Diagnosis questionnaire reliability test can be stated Based on the analysis of the that the knowledge, attitudes and behavior assessment data obtained, the diagnosis of questionnaire meet the acceptance criteria, community health is related to resource namely a value of>0.
60 so that it is declared reliable and can be used (Romli, 2.
Intervention RESULTS .
Promotion of Health Care Behavior Assessment .
Identify behaviors that can be improved The health efforts assessment and interviews conducted with .
Provide a supportive environment local health workers, cadres.
RT heads, and .
Orientation of real services that can be villagers were obtained:
Hypertension is the most common health problem in RW 02 Baratan .
Recommendations vegetables and fruits every day Village, which is 69 people .
Encourage daily physical activity .
There is no training and coaching of .
Encourage no smoking indoors cadres for hypertension control .
The Implementation (Posbind.
service has not been Implementation of Health Screening and optimal due to the busyness of the Identification of Changeable Behaviors The results of the study include the community, distance, and lack of results of hypertension screening, the level .
The results of the assessment of 40 respondents .
5%) had a lifestyle in of knowledge of attitudes and behaviors in the community.
The results of the study are shown in table 1.
the poor category.
Table 1.
Blood pressure category in RW 02 Baratan Village .
Blood pressure category Hypertension Pre hypertension Normal Hypotension Percentage (%) Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 Based on table 1 after screening, it 57,5% community agreed that the problems that existed in the environment related to As a result of interviews, 30 unhealthy lifestyles as a risk factor for out of 40 people said they still had the habit hypertension needed to be addressed.
The of eating salty food and coconut milk more community also agreed to the existence of than 3 times a week.
A total of 40 people an activity plan that has been designed by said they never did physical activity and 9 the researcher to be applied to the people said they still had the habit of smoking 10 cigarettes a day.
The results of the joint discussion showed that the Implementation of Health Education Tabel 2.
Statistics of Pre-Post Test Knowledge Before and After Health Education .
Education of Hypertension Concept Pre-Test Post-Test Education of Hypertension Dietary Pre-Test Post-Test Education Stress Management Pre-Test Post-Test Mean Standard Deviation Max Min Sig.
-taile.
42,28 42,75 3,70 3,55 0,003 43,54 44,05 3,61 3,47 0,000
44,18
51,58
3,39
2,52
0,000
Based on table 2, show that the level increase in the average score on the results of knowledge in each health education has of the post-test which was 44.
05A3.
47 with The results of the hypertension a sig value .
-taile.
000 < 0.
The concept education showed an increase in results of stress management education the average score on the results of the post- showed an increase in the average score on test which was 42.
75A3.
55 with a sig value the results of the post-test which was .
-taile.
003 < 0.
The results of 58A2.
52 with a sig value .
-taile.
of the hypertension diet education showed an 000 < 0.
Table 3.
The results of Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Analysis of Attitude Implementation Day 1 to Day 5 .
Screening & Identification Education of Hypertension Concept Education of Hypertension Dietary Education Stress Management Positive Ranks Ties Negative Ranks Sig.
-taile.
0,046 0,025 0,002 0,025 Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 Based on table 3, the results showed means that there was a significant an increase in people's attitudes from less difference related to the implementation of to good with the results obtained on the the attitude of the elderly group towards a fifth day, namely P=0.
025 < .
which healthy lifestyle.
Implementation of Exercise Table 4.
Results of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Analysis Before and After Exercise .
Parameter Blood Pressure Sistole (BPS) Blood Pressure Diastole (BPD) Before 123,93 78,93 Mean
After 121,61 78,57 Average mean
2,32
0,36
0,021
0,708
Based on table 4, the results of the T- BPSS with P=0.
021 <0,05, while BPD Test and Wilcoxon test against BPS and showed a meaningless change of P = 0.
BPD
hypertensive exercise are shown.
The table BPD antihypertensive exercise.
shows that there is a significant change in Implementation of Behavior Table 5.
The Results of Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Analysis of Initial Behavior Implementation and Final Behavior Day 1 to Day 5 .
Post-test pre-test Positive Ranks Ties Negative Ranks Sig.
-taile.
0,000 Based on table 5, the results show Evaluation that the sig value .
-taile.
of each Formative Evaluation: The results of this implementation is 0.
000 (< 0.
, so H0 is research obtained during the 10 days of rejected, meaning that there is a difference implementation have been listed in the nursing care implementation table.
implementation of five times on the Sumative Evaluation: There is a change in behavior of the adult-elderly community knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors from related to hypertension.
the community as an effort to solve the problem of community health deficit in an effort to improve a healthy lifestyle in adults and the elderly.
Based on the results Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 West Village area from measurable data, interventions to promote health efforts, it namely 69 people .
4%).
In addition, a can be said to be quite lifestyle that has not been carried out optimally is a risk factor for hypertension Diagnosis Evaluation problems in the Western region.
From the .
There is an increase in the participation results of the study, people rarely carry out score in community health programs routine health checks to health services.
has increased from scale 2 to scale 4 many as 30 of the total respondents said .
Compliance with environmental health they always consume salty foods more than standards in the implementation of a 3 times a week and high-fat foods such as healthy lifestyle has increased from scale coconut milk more than 3 times a week.
2 to scale 4 This is in line with the research of Octarini .
Monitoring of health standards has et al.
, .
respondents who experience increased considerably from scale 2 to hypertension who have a habit of consuming salty foods by 95%.
In the elderly, there will be a decrease in Participants Evaluation A total of 40 participants who triggering the use of salt.
A person with light activity has a 30-50% tendency to sensitivity to the senses of taste and taste, identification, activity program planning, program implementation, and evaluation.
moderate or vigorous activity.
Activities However, in reality, there was a decrease in that are carried out actively and regularly the number of participants when the will result in more elastic blood vessels and implementation of exercise activities on more efficient heart performance (Indriani et al.
, 2.
In terms of smoking habits, 9 Sunday was carried out out of 11 male respondents said they always smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day.
DISCUSSION
Overview of Community Health Deficits The characterized by the fact that there are still many cases of hypertension found in the Research by Erman et al.
, .
states that there is a relationship between smoking and the incidence of hypertension because the nicotine content in the nicotine will affect blood pressure, which can be Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 through the formation of atherosclerosis spearhead in providing information and Researchers hypothesize that education coordinating posts, community poor dietary habits, smoking habits, and mobilization, monitoring and measuring lack of physical activity contribute to the NCD risk factors (Kaptiningsih et al.
incidence of hypertension in the elderly.
Overview of Promotion of Health Care Overview of The Implementation of The provision of health education is a means of conveying messages and decision- Community Nursing Care Results in the Adults-Elderly Group making which can later affect health The management by providing information, researcher gathered cadres, heads of RTs, creating awareness, thereby encouraging RWs, and the community.
Researchers people to implement a healthy lifestyle conducted screening and identification (Triana and Hardiansyah, 2.
activities related to hypertension problems integrated guidance post for the early in West Village.
Based on the results of the identification of related problems, health communicable disease (NCD.
is a public workers, community leaders, and the health-based effort under the auspices of a community participated in identifying health center related to the control of problems related to unhealthy lifestyles in NCDs risk factors.
The integrated guidance post (Posbind.
includes various activities hypertension sufferers in the adult-elderly such as early detection, monitoring, group in RW 02 Baratan Village was found counseling, and the administration of as many as 69 people .
4%).
The results The Posbindu activity is a form of the assessment of 40 respondents, as of community participation and health many as 17 respondents .
5%) had a agencies with promotive and preventive lifestyle in the poor category.
Based on the efforts to detect the existence of NCD risk results of observations and interviews, factors early.
Empowering cadres in health some people often complain of headaches program activities can provide benefits in the back.
This can be one of the signs and such as facilitating coordination with the symptoms of hypertension.
Leaders and The role of cadres is very movers in community health are cadres.
The Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 The second implementation is a measurement before doing exercise.
The discussion approach with the community, results of the activities obtained were that health education related to the concept of the community seemed enthusiastic and hypertension, and the distribution of blood could participate in exercise from start to pressure monitoring pocket books.
In this The community is able to follow the case, the discussion refers to structured exercise movements that have been communication between students, cadres.
A total of 28 people stated and communities related to the concept of that their bodies felt fresher after doing hypertension disease and the orientation of There was a change in blood health services that can be utilized in the pressure measured in the participants after Western region.
The results of the health doing exercise, the difference between the examination related to the knowledge of average BPS and BPD values did not the concept of hypertension showed that experience a significant change, namely the Sig .
-taile.
003 <0.
32 mmHg and 0.
36 mmHg after exercise.
meaning that there was a difference In line with the results of Ati et all, .
between before and after health education.
shows that anti-hypertensive exercise is This illustrates an increase in respondents' able to significantly lower systolic and knowledge related to hypertension.
The diastolic blood pressure.
According to results obtained were that the community Siswati et al.
, .
doing physical showed enthusiasm and activity during the exercise is one of the risk factors that can health education process and during be prevented so that hypertension can be Through this monitoring book controlled and controlled.
This can affect blood pressure, community can the results of blood pressure differences monitor changes in blood pressure over before and after exercise because it is only time, which is an important indicator in done once so that it does not provide a significant change in blood pressure.
health in general (Trefond et al.
, 2.
The fourth implementation is health The third implementation is to do education related to the hypertension diet anti-hypertension exercise with the adult- including recommendations for eating elderly community.
This activity is carried vegetables and fruits, low-fat foods, and out jointly which begins with a health recommended food processing.
The results of health education obtained by the Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
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php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 community seemed enthusiastic about the making anti-hypertensive drinks with information provided.
The results of the cucumber juice.
The results obtained are health report related to hypertensive diet that the community shows activity during knowledge showed that Sig .
-taile.
was health education and during discussions.
002 a<0.
05, meaning that there was a Participants were able to mention how to difference between before and after health manage stress, the benefits of cucumbers.
This is shown by the increase in and how to make drinks by asking correct answers in 12 respondents.
A total respondents to explain again.
A total of 38 of 16 people .
%) were in the good people .
%) have knowledge in the good knowledge category and 24 people .
%) category and 2 other people .
%) in the were in the sufficient category.
Research by sufficient category.
One of the efforts to Setyowati and Wahyuni .
shows the control blood pressure is to avoid approach is supported by research that prolonged stress and implement adaptive shows that health education is effective in coping (Rahmawati and Novi, 2.
The increasing knowledge about health and rules for consuming cucumber juice as motivation to adopt healthy behaviors.
The much as 200cc in the morning and evening public is able to know and re-mention (Nurhidayat, 2.
The results obtained what foods should be consumed and how to cook recommended on a hypertension hypertension has increased and the According to Notoadmodjo .
, community is able to understand and the results show the level of the cognitive mention the content and how to make anti- domain of the community at the level of hypertension drinks that have been taught.
comprehension, which means that a person can explain known objects and can interpret them correctly.
The evaluation of interventions to The last implementation is the promote health efforts behavior can be said to be quite effective in overcoming programs and demonstrations of anti- community health deficits with unhealthy hypertensive drinks.
The first activity is to lifestyle problems in the elderly group.
provide education on stress management Results related to the improvement of and deep breath relaxation techniques.
public knowledge from poor to good were Then it was followed by a demonstration of obtained with P = 0.
000 < .
which Evaluation Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 means that there are differences related to are not present in meeting the quota of one before and after the implementation of of the activities.
In addition, there are health education.
There was an increase in driving factors in the form of support from people's attitudes from less to good with family, friends, and also health workers.
the results obtained on the fifth day.
Training and education activities for cadres namely P=0.
025 < .
which means that are important to be carried out, because there were significant differences related to cadres are at the forefront of the the implementation of the attitude of the implementation of prevention and control adult-elderly group towards a healthy of non-communicable diseases in the Community behavior has also The third evaluation, namely the This is evidenced by P = evaluation of diagnosis, obtained an 000 < .
, it is known that there are increase in scores on the criteria for differences in behavior before and after 5 The results of the programs which was quite increased.
This evaluation of anti-hypertensive exercise is shown from the implementation of the showed that there was a change in blood program which was attended by the pressure measured in the participants after community from the beginning to the end doing exercise, the difference between the of the activity.
Health promotion is one of average values of BPS and BPD did not the prevention strategies carried out by the experience significant changes, namely Health Center as an effort to prevent and 32 mmHg and 0.
36 mmHg after exercise.
Non-Communicable Diseases The assumption of the researcher in (NCD.
(Rafiah and Karima, 2.
Studies intervention is not only influenced by community leaders, and health cadres can attitudes, and behaviors, but there are be very effective in increasing health other factors, namely the availability of knowledge, changing unhealthy behaviors, health facilities to be able to conduct and increasing participation in public regular health checks.
The results of the health programs (Ulfa et al.
, 2.
Limited implementation cannot be generalized time and human resources such as trained when there are several participants who cadres are still an obstacle to the high Nurrahmawati .
Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 problem of hypertension (Susanto et al.
many as 30 out of 40 people said that they With the empowerment of cadres still have the habit of eating salty food and through training, it can form qualified coconut milk more than 3 times a week.
cadres so that cadres are able to apply their total of 40 people said they had never done knowledge to the community related to physical activity and 9 people said they still risk factors for non-communicable diseases had the habit of smoking 10 cigarettes a (Haris et al.
, 2.
The importance of In addition, the community said that implementing a communication strategy in they had never taken advantage of the health promotion by involving health existence of the existence of the integrated workers, community leaders, and cadres to guidance post (Posbind.
in the area on the make it easier to receive the information grounds that they were busy and far from The Community Health Deficit in It is hoped that the community can independently by adjusting the family's economic capabilities.
In addition, the time required to do anti-hypertension exercises implementation is quite short, and easy to apply every day.
However, there is a need for personal assistance to the adult-elderly group in adopting a healthy lifestyle, as well as developing cooperation with various related parties so that they can carry out physical activities such as regular gymnastics and maintain daily food the adult-elderly group in RW 02 Baratan Village.
Patrang.
Jember is influenced by the aspect of limited resources.
Behavioral promotion interventions for health efforts in improving healthy lifestyles.
The results of implementation in terms of knowledge, improvement in each implementation.
The limitation of the study is that the conclusions cannot be generalized to the There is no monitoring blood pressure for the application of antihypertensive drinks and there is no record of data related to blood pressure from the monitoring book that has been shared to find out the statistics of changes in respondents' blood pressure.
CONCLUSION
The results of the assessement AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS showed that as many as 69 people had The author contribute all research The results of interviews as activity such as conceptualization, data Community Nursing Care: Unhealthy Lifestyle as A Risk Factor of Hypertension in Older Adults Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia (JKKI) Volume 4 Issue 2.
August 2024, pp 189-204 https://ebsina.
id/journals/index.
php/jkki eISSN 2503-2801, pISSN 2985-3435 curation, analysis, writing & editing.
Diercks, manuscript revisions.
Greenwood.
Hess.
Gentile.
Hollenberg.
Jaber.
Jneid.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .
Joglar.
Morrow.
We would like to thank you for the Shaw, .
Banjarsengon Public Health Center that AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCC T/SCMR Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest information in research.
Guideline CONFLICT OF INTEREST interest for this publication.
on Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee The authors declare no conflict of Pain: A Report of the American College corresponding author upon reasonable 78.
, e187Aee285.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Haris.
Pabanne.
, & Syamsiah.
Pelatihan Kader Kesehatan dan Aplikasi Edukasi Faktor Risiko
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