Edi Saputra, and Syaiful Munandar.
AuLegal Sanctions against Soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam in Online Gambling Crimes.
AyHAKAMAIN: Journal of Sharia and Law Studies 5 No.
: 14-25.
DOI: 10.
57255/hakamain.
PUBLSHER
Vol.
5 No.
1, 2026 - e-ISSN: 2962-9241 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
0 International License.
Legal Sanctions against Soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam in Online Gambling Crimes Edi Saputra1*.
Syaiful Munandar2 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat.
Indonesia.
E-mail: edisaputra2106@gmail.
2 Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat.
Indonesia.
E-mail: syaifulmunandar@umsb.
icSubmitted: November 10, 2025 ic Accepted: December 17, 2025 ic Published: March 25, 2026 ic Abstract: This study aims to analyze the application of legal sanctions against soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam involved in online gambling crimes and to examine the legal mechanisms used in handling such cases within the framework of military law enforcement.
The increasing involvement of military personnel in cyber-based gambling activities has raised concerns regarding legal accountability, military discipline, and institutional integrity.
This research employs an empirical legal research method with a qualitative approach through field research, document analysis, and the examination of relevant legal regulations governing military and criminal law.
Data were collected through interviews, observations, and supporting legal documents related to the implementation of sanctions for military personnel involved in online gambling activities.
The findings indicate that soldiers involved in online gambling crimes are subject not only to criminal sanctions under applicable laws but also to disciplinary sanctions and administrative measures under the military justice system.
The imposition of sanctions is influenced by the nature of the offense, the degree of involvement, and institutional considerations related to maintaining military discipline and public trust.
The study finds that legal enforcement in military institutions prioritizes both punitive and corrective dimensions to preserve professional conduct among soldiers.
This study concludes that the application of legal sanctions against soldiers involved in online gambling requires an integrated legal approach combining criminal responsibility and military disciplinary principles.
The academic contribution of this research lies in expanding the discourse on military criminal law and providing a contextual understanding of legal accountability for online gambling offenses within military institutions.
Keywords: Criminal Liability.
Legal Accountability.
Military Discipline.
Online Gambling.
Soldiers Responsibility Introduction The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed social interactions and human activities, including the emergence of various forms of cyber-based crimes.
One of the growing concerns in contemporary society is the widespread expansion of online gambling activities facilitated by internet accessibility and digital platforms.
Unlike conventional gambling practices, 1 online gambling can be accessed more easily through mobile devices and digital applications, allowing individuals to engage in such activities without geographical limitations.
The increasing accessibility of online gambling has not only affected the general public but has also extended to individuals occupying positions that require high ethical standards and professional responsibility, including military personnel.
The involvement of military members in online gambling activities has become a significant issue because military institutions are built upon principles of discipline, integrity, and obedience to legal norms.
Such involvement may affect not only individual conduct but also institutional credibility and public trust.
Consequently, examining legal responses toward military personnel involved in online gambling crimes becomes increasingly important because the issue extends beyond individual legal responsibility and reaches broader institutional and social dimensions.
1 Zul Anwar Ajim Harahap.
AuReconstruction of Online Gambling Sanctions in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of TaAozir Sanctions and Penalties of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law,Ay Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 10, no.
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org/10.
29240/jhi.
- 14 -
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: 14-25
Several previous studies have examined issues concerning gambling crimes, criminal liability, and legal sanctions within both civil and military legal systems.
Existing studies generally focus on the legal aspects of online gambling from the perspective of criminal law, cybercrime regulation, and law enforcement mechanisms within civilian contexts.
Some studies have also discussed military discipline and legal accountability among military personnel involved in legal violations.
2 However, many of these studies tend to emphasize general criminal sanctions without specifically examining the interaction between criminal law enforcement and military disciplinary systems in handling online gambling offenses.
3 Furthermore, previous literature frequently concentrates on normative legal analysis and pays limited attention to empirical conditions and institutional practices related to military legal processes.
4 As a result, there remains a limited understanding regarding how legal sanctions are implemented in actual military settings, particularly in relation to soldiers involved in technology-based criminal activities such as online The limitations of previous studies indicate the existence of both theoretical and empirical gaps requiring further examination.
While prior research has contributed significantly to understanding criminal responsibility and law enforcement, relatively little attention has been directed toward contextual analyses involving military institutions as unique legal environments with distinct disciplinary mechanisms.
Existing studies generally treat legal sanctions as isolated legal consequences without considering broader institutional factors affecting implementation processes within military systems.
Additionally, earlier research has largely focused on legal doctrines and statutory interpretations rather than examining how institutional considerations influence legal practices.
5 Therefore, evaluating previous studies demonstrates the necessity of a more comprehensive approach that integrates legal provisions with empirical realities.
6 Such an approach allows for a deeper understanding of how military institutions implement legal sanctions while maintaining institutional values related to discipline, order, and professional conduct.
This study focuses on examining the implementation of legal sanctions against soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam involved in online gambling crimes and identifying legal mechanisms applied within military institutions in addressing such offenses.
This study seeks to answer questions regarding how legal sanctions are imposed on military personnel involved in online gambling and what institutional factors influence the enforcement process.
The central argument proposed in this research is that the implementation of legal sanctions within military institutions extends beyond conventional criminal punishment because it also incorporates disciplinary and institutional considerations aimed at preserving organizational integrity and public trust.
By combining legal and empirical perspectives, this study attempts to provide a broader understanding of legal accountability within military contexts and contribute to the development of academic discussions concerning military criminal law and contemporary cyber-related offenses.
Method This study employed an empirical legal research design using a qualitative approach to examine the implementation of legal sanctions against soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam involved in online gambling The qualitative approach was selected because it enables an in-depth understanding of legal 2 Sahanah Kathirvelu and Mohamad Rizal Abd Rahman.
AuAnalisa Terhadap Undang-Undang Perjudian Dalam Talian Di Malaysia (Analysis on the Online Gambling Laws in Malaysi.
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Jean-Michel Costes et al.
AuGambling Patterns and Problems of Gamblers on Licensed and Unlicensed Sites in France,Ay Journal of Gambling Studies 32, no.
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6 yA.
Garcya-Pyrez.
Krotter, and G.
Aonso-Diego.
AuThe Impact of Gambling Advertising and Marketing on Online Gambling Behavior:
Analysis Based Spanish Data,Ay Public Health (September 170Ae77, https://doi.
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1016/j.
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E-ISSN: 2962-9241
Legal Sanctions against A phenomena, institutional practices, and the application of legal mechanisms within military institutions.
The research was conducted at Kodim 0304/Agam and related legal institutions involved in the handling of military legal cases.
Data collection was carried out from March to May 2026.
The participants consisted of selected informants, including military personnel, legal officers, and individuals directly involved in legal processes related to military disciplinary and criminal cases.
Purposive sampling was used to identify participants who possessed relevant knowledge and experience regarding the subject under study.
Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and field observations, while secondary data were collected through legal documents, statutory regulations, court decisions, and academic literature relevant to military law and online gambling offenses.
The research instruments included interview guidelines, observation notes, and document review forms designed to facilitate systematic data collection procedures.
The collected data were analyzed through a qualitative data analysis process involving data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing to identify significant patterns and legal interpretations emerging from the findings.
The analysis process was guided by legal and socio-legal analytical frameworks to understand the relationship between legal norms and institutional practices.
Data interpretation was conducted systematically by comparing field findings with existing legal regulations and relevant academic perspectives.
To strengthen methodological rigor, source triangulation and data triangulation techniques were employed to verify consistency and credibility among different sources of Reliability was enhanced through consistent data coding procedures and systematic documentation of research findings.
The validity of the study was supported through cross-checking procedures between interview results, legal documents, and supporting literature to ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of the findings.
These procedures were implemented to provide a comprehensive and replicable research process that adequately addresses the objectives of the study.
Result and Discussion Determinants of Online Gambling Involvement among Soldiers Online gambling activities among military personnel generally appear in various forms adapted to technological developments and digital accessibility.
Soldiers involved in online gambling tend to participate in activities such as sports betting, online card games, lottery-based systems, and digital casino platforms accessible through internet-based applications.
Identified behavioral patterns reveal that participation often occurs during leisure time through smartphones and personal electronic devices, making such activities difficult to detect through conventional monitoring systems.
Online gambling differs from traditional gambling because it offers greater privacy and easier accessibility for users.
Furthermore, anonymity provided by digital systems allows participants to engage in gambling activities with limited direct social exposure.
7 Technological accessibility has transformed gambling practices into more flexible and less visible activities within institutional environments.
Consequently, online gambling patterns among military personnel have emerged as behavioral challenges requiring both legal and institutional attention.
The expansion of digital technology has significantly influenced the methods through which military personnel engage in online gambling activities.
Participation commonly occurs through internet-based platforms, mobile applications, websites, and social media channels that provide access to gambling Such digital platforms frequently utilize electronic payment systems and virtual transaction methods that simplify financial exchanges between users and service providers.
Increasing use of mobile technologies has further expanded access by allowing participation without limitations related to location or time.
Communication technologies also facilitate interaction among users through online communities 7 Komathi Kolandai-Matchett and Max Wenden Abbott.
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Emerging Risks, and Legislative Responses,Ay International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20, no.
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- 16 -
HAKAMAIN: Journal of Sharia and Studies.
: 14-25
and digital networks.
8 Technological progress has shifted gambling behavior from conventional physical settings into digital environments characterized by anonymity and convenience.
These developments create substantial challenges for institutions attempting to monitor and identify online gambling practices among military personnel.
Internal factors also play an important role in influencing soldiers' involvement in online gambling Individual motivations such as curiosity, entertainment, personal satisfaction, and expectations of financial gain frequently contribute to gambling participation.
Psychological conditions may influence behavior, particularly when individuals experience emotional stress, boredom, or pressure arising from occupational responsibilities.
Some individuals perceive gambling activities as opportunities to obtain financial benefits within a relatively short period despite potential legal and personal consequences.
Limited awareness concerning the long-term effects of gambling behavior may further increase the possibility of involvement.
Personal decision-making processes and self-control mechanisms therefore become important determinants affecting behavioral outcomes.
9 Internal influences cannot be separated from broader psychological dimensions shaping responses to technological opportunities and surrounding social conditions.
External social and environmental influences significantly contribute to the emergence of online gambling practices among military personnel.
Social interaction patterns, peer influence, and surrounding community environments frequently affect individual behavioral choices.
Exposure to gambling-related activities within social circles may normalize participation and reduce perceptions regarding potential risks associated with such conduct.
10 Technological developments have further increased exposure to digital content promoting gambling platforms and betting activities.
The availability of internet access and unrestricted communication networks may create circumstances encouraging behavioral Environmental conditions involving social acceptance and digital culture may also shape perceptions concerning online gambling activities.
Gambling behavior therefore emerges not solely from individual motivations but also from interactions between personal characteristics and broader social influences.
Economic and psychological considerations represent additional elements influencing online gambling behavior among soldiers.
Financial pressures and economic expectations frequently encourage individuals to seek alternative methods for improving financial conditions.
Some individuals perceive online gambling as a potential opportunity to obtain rapid economic benefits despite associated risks and Psychological conditions such as stress, emotional instability, and the desire for excitement may further reinforce participation in gambling activities.
Occupational demands and personal challenges may create circumstances that increase susceptibility to risky behavior.
11 In certain situations, gambling activities become mechanisms through which individuals attempt to manage emotional pressure or obtain temporary satisfaction.
Economic and psychological dimensions interact closely in shaping behavioral decisions and increasing vulnerability to online gambling practices.
Several institutional challenges are associated with efforts to prevent online gambling practices among military personnel.
Rapid technological development creates difficulties in monitoring online activities because gambling participation frequently occurs through personal devices and private communication Traditional supervisory mechanisms may encounter limitations in identifying technology-based misconduct occurring outside direct institutional observation.
12 The evolving nature of online gambling 8 Sinyong Choi.
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E-ISSN: 2962-9241
Legal Sanctions against A platforms further creates obstacles for institutions seeking to implement preventive measures and monitoring strategies.
Addressing these challenges requires adaptation to technological changes and emerging behavioral patterns among personnel.
13 Effective prevention should not rely exclusively on disciplinary approaches but must incorporate broader educational, technological, and organizational Strengthening awareness programs, supervision mechanisms, and institutional coordination may contribute significantly to reducing the risk of online gambling involvement among military Legal Sanctions and Transformative Implications of Online Gambling Crimes within Military Institutions Criminal law mechanisms applied to online gambling offenses involving soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam are implemented through procedures based on national criminal regulations governing gambling activities conducted through digital platforms.
Online gambling is categorized as a criminal offense because it involves prohibited conduct that may generate legal consequences for participating The application of criminal law follows procedural stages involving investigation, evidence collection, examination processes, and the determination of criminal responsibility.
Technological developments have transformed gambling practices into increasingly complex forms because digital platforms enable participation through mobile devices and internet-based systems without direct physical 14 As a consequence, legal authorities encounter challenges in identifying and monitoring such conduct due to the concealed nature of online transactions and communication systems.
Criminal law mechanisms therefore function as instruments designed to preserve legal order while preventing the expansion of technology-based crimes within military environments.
Soldiers involved in online gambling activities may become subject not only to criminal sanctions but also to disciplinary measures and institutional penalties within military systems.
Military organizations operate under regulations emphasizing obedience, professionalism, and ethical conduct among personnel.
Participation in activities considered inconsistent with military values may therefore result in corrective actions intended to preserve organizational order and institutional integrity.
Such measures can include administrative actions, warnings,15 restrictions on career advancement, and other institutional consequences depending upon the seriousness of the violation.
Unlike legal mechanisms commonly applied in civilian environments,16 disciplinary systems within military institutions prioritize behavioral correction and institutional responsibility.
These measures serve not merely as punishment mechanisms but also as preventive approaches intended to strengthen discipline and reinforce organizational Legal accountability within military justice systems reflects a broader understanding of responsibility than conventional criminal liability.
Personnel accused of online gambling offenses undergo legal examination processes that evaluate both violations of legal provisions and institutional considerations.
Accountability principles within military environments emphasize responsibilities extending beyond compliance with legal norms toward obligations associated with discipline and professional conduct.
17 Multiple dimensions therefore become integrated into the legal process, including criminal responsibility, institutional ethics, and commitments related to military professionalism.
Implementation of such accountability mechanisms seeks to ensure that legal violations receive appropriate responses while 13 Xiangwen Wang and Michel Pleimling.
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remaining consistent with institutional principles and organizational objectives.
This process illustrates that military legal systems operate within specialized frameworks intended to preserve organizational order and integrity.
A close relationship exists between criminal sanctions and military disciplinary systems in addressing online gambling offenses involving military personnel.
Criminal sanctions generally function to impose legal consequences for violations of statutory provisions,18 whereas disciplinary mechanisms focus on preserving institutional values and professional standards.
Although these approaches operate under different legal foundations, both interact within practical implementation processes inside military Institutional mechanisms do not rely exclusively on punitive legal approaches but integrate disciplinary measures intended to strengthen behavioral correction and reduce the possibility of repeated 19 Such interaction demonstrates that criminal punishment alone may not adequately address organizational concerns within military systems.
Integrating criminal sanctions with disciplinary mechanisms therefore provides a more comprehensive framework for handling legal violations involving military personnel.
Involvement in online gambling activities may produce significant consequences for institutional integrity and public trust.
Military organizations are expected to uphold high standards of discipline and professionalism because personnel represent institutions responsible for maintaining social order and national security.
20 Participation in activities considered contrary to legal and ethical principles may generate negative perceptions within society.
21 Such perceptions can reduce public confidence in institutional capacity to maintain internal discipline and organizational credibility.
Furthermore, organizational integrity may be weakened because repeated misconduct has the potential to undermine values and professional standards among personnel.
22 Consequently, the effects of online gambling activities extend beyond individual legal consequences and influence broader dimensions associated with institutional legitimacy and social trust.
Institutional Governance of Online Gambling among Military Personnel The evidence presented in the results section indicates that online gambling among military personnel represents a multidimensional phenomenon involving legal, technological, behavioral, and institutional 23 Patterns identified from the empirical data demonstrate that gambling participation increasingly occurs through internet-based systems and digital platforms characterized by accessibility, anonymity, and flexibility.
24 The implementation of legal mechanisms further illustrates that responses to online gambling cases involve both criminal sanctions and disciplinary measures operating within military 25 Accountability processes reveal that responsibility extends beyond violations of statutory provisions and includes obligations associated with professional conduct and organizational ethics.
The interaction between legal procedures and disciplinary systems reflects a comprehensive framework 18 Rustamjon Urinboyev.
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Legal Sanctions against A intended to preserve institutional order and maintain standards of military professionalism.
26 These patterns suggest that online gambling should not be viewed solely as an isolated legal violation but rather as a broader issue influencing organizational governance and institutional effectiveness.
Reflection on these patterns indicates that the emergence of online gambling behavior among military personnel results from the interaction of multiple internal and external factors rather than a single causal Internal dimensions include curiosity,27 expectations of financial benefit, emotional conditions, and personal decision-making processes.
External conditions such as technological accessibility, social interaction,28 peer influence, and increasing exposure to digital gambling content further contribute to behavioral development.
29 Rapid technological expansion has transformed gambling practices into activities requiring limited physical interaction while providing broader opportunities for participation.
Such conditions reduce conventional barriers that previously restricted access to gambling activities and increase vulnerability to technology-based misconduct.
30 Within military environments, professional demands and organizational dynamics may additionally shape behavioral tendencies among personnel.
Interpretation of these conditions demonstrates important consequences affecting both individuals and Direct legal consequences involve criminal responsibility and disciplinary measures that may influence professional status and career development among military personnel.
Broader implications extend beyond immediate legal outcomes because involvement in prohibited activities may weaken adherence to institutional norms and professional ethics.
31 Organizational environments rely heavily upon discipline,32 responsibility,33 and trust as fundamental elements supporting institutional legitimacy.
Misconduct involving military personnel therefore possesses broader significance because it may influence societal perceptions concerning professionalism and organizational credibility.
Such conditions indicate that legal violations occurring within military institutions generate consequences that extend across individual,34 organizational, and social dimensions.
Comparison with previous studies highlights several distinctions regarding the implementation of legal accountability in technology-based misconduct involving military personnel.
Existing literature frequently concentrates on normative legal examinations emphasizing criminal liability and statutory provisions within general legal contexts.
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among legal mechanisms, disciplinary principles, and organizational values functioning simultaneously.
Greater emphasis is also placed on preventive and corrective dimensions rather than understanding sanctions solely as punitive instruments.
38 This perspective contributes to a broader understanding of legal implementation by integrating institutional realities with legal and organizational considerations.
Several recommendations may be proposed within conceptual, methodological, and policy contexts.
Conceptually, future studies should adopt interdisciplinary perspectives combining criminal law, military law, behavioral approaches,39 and digital governance frameworks to generate broader analytical perspectives regarding technology-based misconduct.
Methodologically, subsequent investigations may utilize mixed-method approaches integrating qualitative and quantitative evidence to strengthen analytical depth and improve empirical generalization.
From a policy perspective, military institutions should reinforce preventive mechanisms through digital literacy programs, legal awareness initiatives, and institutional ethics education focused on cyber-related violations.
40 Monitoring systems may also incorporate technological approaches capable of identifying emerging behavioral risks associated with digital environments.
41 Strengthening collaboration among military institutions, legal authorities, and technology experts may further improve legal enforcement and preventive mechanisms while maintaining organizational integrity and professional standards.
Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that the implementation of legal sanctions against soldiers of Kodim 0304/Agam involved in online gambling crimes is carried out through an integrated legal mechanism that combines criminal sanctions and military disciplinary measures.
The legal process does not merely emphasize punishment for violations of criminal law but also considers institutional values related to military ethics, discipline, and professionalism.
Soldiers involved in online gambling activities may face sanctions under applicable criminal regulations as well as disciplinary actions within the military justice system.
The enforcement process further reflects the distinct characteristics of military institutions, where disciplinary standards and organizational integrity play a central role in determining legal consequences.
The findings also reveal that the application of legal sanctions is influenced by the nature of the offense, the level of participation, and the broader objective of preserving public confidence in military institutions.
Accordingly, legal enforcement within military environments incorporates both punitive and corrective dimensions to ensure professional conduct among military personnel while maintaining institutional order and accountability.
This study contributes conceptually and theoretically to the discourse on military criminal law by providing a contextual understanding of legal accountability in cases involving online gambling offenses committed by military personnel.
The research expands previous discussions by demonstrating that the legal treatment of online gambling offenses within military institutions extends beyond conventional criminal responsibility and includes institutional considerations associated with discipline and organizational Methodologically, the use of an empirical legal approach contributes to the understanding of how legal norms are implemented in practice through interaction between legal provisions and institutional The findings also provide relevant insights for scholars, policymakers, and legal practitioners in developing more effective approaches to handling legal violations within military institutions.
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E-ISSN: 2962-9241
Legal Sanctions against A Furthermore, this study enriches academic discussions concerning the relationship between criminal law enforcement and military disciplinary systems in addressing contemporary challenges associated with digital and technology-based forms of crime.
Declarations Author Contribution Statement Edi Saputra and Syaiful Munandar contributed equally to the conception, drafting, and revision of the Both authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding Statement This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-forprofit sectors.
Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
No publicly archived datasets were used or generated during the current research.
Declaration of Interests Statement The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
Additional Information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to edisaputra2106@gmail.
ORCID
Edi Saputra https://orcid.
org/0009-0000-2370-7728 Syaiful Munandar https://orcid.
org/0009-0001-9617-5424 References