TROPICAL GENETICS
Volume 1.
No 1.
May, 2021 https://ojs.
genetikawan-muda.
com/index.
php/tg Review Article The effects of the plant extract on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio reri.
Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng1,2*.
Atika Ayu Kusumaningtyas1.
Dita Arya Widatama1.
Siti Zarah1.
Sandi Fransisco Pratama1.
Husnul Budiatman Dani1 1Faculty of Biology.
Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia, 55281 Department of Biology.
Faculty of Science and Technology.
Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang.
South Sumatera.
Indonesia.
*corresponding author E-mail address: anitaraharjeng_uin@radenfatah.
Article Info Abstract Article history:
Received 7 January 2021 Received in revised form 10 February 2021 Accepted 18 March 2021 Available online 30 May 2021 The early developmental stages of fish are particularly sensitive.
Plant extract with its content can have a good or bad effect on this embryonic phase, depending on the concentration and period.
The impact can range from disruption of embryonic development to Disorders of embryo development commonly observed are the hatching rate, delay or premature hatching, survival rate, heartbeat rate, morphological changes, and body malformations.
The chorion does not fully protect the embryo against plant extract because the content of plant extract has a small specific gravity to enter and penetrate the chorion layer.
The variety of plant extract contents can make the results of research less predictable so that the single material contain is felt to have a more accurate impact on natural medicine research.
Keywords:
Danio rerio Early development embryo Embryonic phase Plant extract How to cite:
Raharjeng.
Kusumaningtyas.
Widatama.
Zarah.
Pratama, .
Dani.
The effects of the development of zebrafish (Danio reri.
Tropical Genetics 1.
: 6-11.
Copyright A 2021.
The Authors.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license .
ttp://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.
0/).
Introduction development of the embryo takes place outside the mother's body.
more efficient in treatment, because it can accommodate millions of individuals in a relatively narrow maintenance costs (Liu et al.
, 2.
addition, the use of zebrafish experimental animals shows high success when used in drug discovery research, pre-clinical drug pharmacological studies for human diseases (Hung et al.
, 2012.
Seto, 2015.
van Wijk et al.
Zebrafish have a simple vascular system and a heart consisting of a sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle and bulbus arteriosus connected together.
The zebrafish Many studies have been carried out on the effect of extracts of natural ingredients using adult zebrafish (Danio reri.
, larvae and Zebrafish is a small tropical freshwater domesticated fish belonging to the Cyprinidae family of the order Cypriniformes which is generally used for developmental biology, embryology and toxicology research (Streisinger, 1981.
Seto.
The use of zebrafish is superior to the use of other animal models, such as rodents (Bahramsoltani, 2009.
Maddison et al.
, 2012.
Seto, 2.
, due to .
rapid embryonic .
have a lot of eggs.
the Raharjeng.
et al.
Tropical Genetics 1.
: 6-11 heartbeat can be observed 24 hours after fertilization .
At the age of 120 hpf, other organs such as the brain, liver, pancreas and kidneys are fully developed (Stainier, 1994.
Seto, 2.
In addition, the gene can be modified to produce transgenic or mutant individuals for research purposes (White et al.
, 2.
Physiological studies using plant extracts on zebrafish embryos are appropriate because zebrafish and humans have similarities in morphology and genetics up to 70% (Littleton and Hove, 2.
This paper is a summary of the effects of plant extracts on the embryonic development of zebrafish, which is extracted from various Effect of plant drugs are usually given to patients based on certain symptoms, but plant extracts are usually consumed as a preventive measure before the symptoms of the disease come.
Although the side effects of consuming plant extracts are minimal due to the low content of natural chemicals from these plant extracts, sometimes there is a mixture of heavy metals in the natural toxic ingredients in these plant extracts, so consuming plant extracts for a long time with high doses can be dangerous.
due to accumulation in the The extraction method is also very influential on the toxicity of the extract, so the research of Chen et al.
, 2018 resulted in the conclusion that the aqueous extract caused more normal embryonic growth and gave a better immunomodulatory effect, compared to embryonic growth in ethanol Research Thiagarajan et al.
, 2019
resulted in the conclusion that cold water extract had a lower toxic effect than hot water extract, however, both hot water extract and cold water extract were still equally safe for consumption.
At high concentrations, the effect of natural extracts on zebrafish can be similar to the effect of water pollution with heavy metal contaminants, which can interfere with physiological processes in fish.
The effect of fish poisoning on natural materials tested is closely related to the accumulation of these natural ingredients which results in disturbances in the structure and function of various tissues and organs (Jezierska and Witeska, 2.
The various contents of an extract of natural ingredients result in a variety of tissues and organs affected by exposure to the extract of these natural Based on the research on the development of zebrafish embryos that have been carried out, there are 2 types of abnormalities, namely those related to bone and those that are not directly related to Studying the effect of plant extracts on the development of animal embryos is actually a bit difficult because there are many things that can affect the results, such as .
the method of making the extract, .
the type of solvent used, and .
the duration and method of storage, which can affect the amount and type of active component.
what is obtained from the extraction.
The solvents that are widely used for extraction are water at room temperature, hot water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, hexane, etc.
All parts of the plant have been used in the extraction process and have been tested on experimental animals, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, fruit peels, etc.
The extraction methods used are also quite diverse, namely raw material, reflux, distillation, maceration.
Concentrations used in the study of natural ingredients in D.
rerio embryos also varied, ranging from 0 to 1000, either in ppm or g/ml.
Unlike drugs which are usually pure isolates of a component, plant extracts are indeed rich in natural chemicals, besides that Raharjeng.
et al.
Tropical Genetics 1.
: 6-11 Table 1.
Effects of plant extracts on abnormal development of zebrafish embryo (Danio reri.
Related to Bone Not Directly Related to Bone Dented tail Less pigmentation (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
Spinal curvature (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
(Yumnamcha T.
et al.
, 2.
Bent tail (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
Hemovascular defect Coagulation (Thanh et al.
, 2.
(Shariff et al.
, 2.
Scoliosis / flexure Pericardial edema (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
(Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
Trunk retardation (Thanh et al.
, 2.
Necrosis --No figure-- (Thanh et al.
, 2.
Oedema Ackward position (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
Yolk Sac Oedema Reduced growth rate .
mbryo lengt.
(Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- Raharjeng.
et al.
Tropical Genetics 1.
: 6-11 (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
(Alafiatayo et al.
, 2019.
Shariff et al.
, 2.
Malformed yolk sac (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
Crooked backbones (Murugesua et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Stunted(Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Absence of heart beat (Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- -- No figure -Bend trunk (Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
Hyperactivity (Murugesua, et.
-- No figure -Kink (Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
Delayed hatching (Murugesua et al.
, 2019.
Yumnamcha.
et al.
Octaviana et al.
, 2019.
Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Delayed growth (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Abnormal head trunk angle (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Somite disruption (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Unhatched darkened embryo (Alafiatayo et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- --tidak ada gambar-Disfigured lower jaw growth (Chen et al.
, 2.
Hearth malformation (Chen et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Limited movement (Shaikh et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Apoptosis in trunk and tail (Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Disturbances of cardiovascular circulation (Chen et al.
-- No figure -Swim bladder deficiency (Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- -- No figure -Eye defect (Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -Decrease or increase heart beat rate (Yumnamcha.
, 2.
-- No figure -Apoptosis in brain (Yumnamcha.
et al.
, 2.
-- No figure -- Based on Table 1 on the effect of plant extracts on abnormal development of zebrafish (D.
embryos, it can be seen that there are more abnormalities that occur in embryos that are not related to bone, namely non-bone organs, compared to abnormalities that occur in bone organs.
Bone is only one of the organs that exist in organisms, but damage or disturbances that occur in bone organs can result in changes in body shape and can affect the movement of the organism, because bones are one of the passive locomotion tools in animals.
The embryo is a very vulnerable phase, because in that phase, neurogenesis and organogenesis are occurring, so that disturbances that occur in the embryonic phase can affect the shape of the bones, the nervous system and the formation of organs.
Disorders of the bones can have an impact on bones that become bent .
an be bent permanently or temporaril.
, fish body length that is not like normal fish .
an be longer or shorte.
, and disorders of the number of vertebrae .
an be more or les.
Disorders of the nervous system can have an impact on heart rate abnormalities, nervous system disorders, disorders of heart circulation, and swimming movement disorders .
an be Meanwhile, disturbances in organogenesis can have an impact on abnormalities in the eyes, brain.
Raharjeng.
et al.
Tropical Genetics 1.
: 6-11 swim bladder, heart damage, egg hatching disorders .
an be faster or slowe.
, etc.
If the damage is severe enough, it can be fatal and cause death.
Table 2.
Duration and dosage of extracts and damage caused.
Longest Highest Damage Duration Concentration Bone 48 hpf Head malformation, tail malformation, scoliosis/flexure, stunted tail 72 hpf 1000g/ml Scoliosis, failure in spine 72 hpf 2000 ppm Slightly detached tail, abnormal head trunk angle, scoliosis/flexure 96 hpf 200g/ml Spine curvature, disfigured lower jaw growth, body deformities 96 hpf 500 g/ml Crooked backbones, dented tail, ackward positioning, spinal Stunted, bend trunk, kink, bend Skeletal malformation 120 hpf 250 g/ml 4 day pf 5g/ml 4 day pf 5g/ml Spinal curvature, no detached tail, no somite formation 4 day pf 1000g/ml Abnormal trunk Based on Table 2 regarding the duration and dose of extract and the damage caused by plant extracts to zebrafish embryos, it is known that the longest duration to produce the most damage was from 0 hpf to 96 hpf, with an extract dose of 200g/ml.
At this time and dose, it is known that there are 9 nonbone disorders and 3 bone disorders, namely:
Pericardial edema, yolk sac swelling, heart malformation, disturbances to cardiovascular circulation, bleeding under or around the abdomen, lower mobility, development without pectoral fin, dead, unhatched, and Spine curvature, disfigured lower jaw growth, body deformities.
The duration, dose and type of extract affected the development of zebrafish embryos in plant extract studies tested on zebrafish eggs and embryos.
Non Bone Delayed growth, limited movement, dead, unhatched Delayed hatching, low heart beat rate, dead, unhatched Delayed growth, limited movement, dead, unhatched Pericardial edema, yolk sac swelling, heart malformation, disturbances to cardiovascular circulation, bleeding under or around the abdomen, lower mobility, development without pectoral fin, dead, unhatched Oedema, less pigmentation, hiperactivity, malformed yolk sac, growth retardation, dead, unhatched Dead, unhatched Delayed growth, pericardial edema, dead, unhatched Pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, muscle defect, swim bladder deficiency, dead, unhatched Yolk sac oedema, heart edema, hemovascular defect, necrosis, retardation, dead, unhatched Conclusion There are several things that can affect the development of zebrafish (Danio reri.
embryos in embryo studies tested on plant extracts, namely: .
the method of extracting, .
the type of solvent used, and .
the duration and method of storage of the extract which, can affect the amount and what types of active components are obtained from the Although the side effects of consuming plant extracts are minimal due to the low content of natural chemicals from these plant extracts, sometimes there is a mixture of heavy metals in the natural toxic ingredients in these plant extracts, so consuming plant extracts for a long time with high doses can be dangerous due to accumulation in the body.
The extraction method is also very influential on the toxicity of the extract, so research on the Raharjeng.
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development of zebrafish embryos.
Based on research on the development of zebrafish embryos, there are 2 types of abnormalities that occur, namely those related to bone and those that are not directly related to bone.
Acknowledgment Thank you for Dr.
Bambang Retnoaji.
Sc.
who always support us in writing this paper and doing many research in the Conflict of Interest
I have no conflict of interest in doing this References