Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.15.5.877

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Analysis of Swiftlet House Agribusiness Sustainability in Its Contribution to
Development in Banten Province
Arum Kusnila Dewia, Muhammad Saleh S. Alib, Imam M. Fahmidb, Sudirman Bacoc
a

Doctoral Program in Development Studies, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90161, Indonesia
Departement of Agricultural Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90161, Indonesia
c Animal Production Study Program, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90161, Indonesia
b

Article History
Received
9 September 2024
Revised 8 October 2024
Accepted
12 November 2024

ABSTRACT

Keywords
export, MSD leverage
analysis, Root Mean
Square (RMS), sustainable
development, Swiftlet Bird
Nest (SBN)

Sustainable development is aimed at achieving a better quality of life. The quality of swiftlet house
production influences the sustainability of swiftlet bird nest (SBN) exports. Banten Province is a
producer of high-quality SBN. Analysis of the swiftlet house business sustainability encompasses the
ecological, economic, and social aspects. The sample consisted of thirty-eight (38) swiftlet houses in
the coastal, hills, and plains ecological areas located in the regencies of Banten Province. The
analysis used was the RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) method, which is an analysis tool or
method based on Multidimensional-Scaling (MDS). The levels of sustainability on the coast, hills,
and plains were 53.16%, 55.44%, and 56.94%, respectively. A value greater than or equal to 50%
indicates sustainable status; thus, all these areas have a sustainable status. The results of the MDS
leverage analysis were carried out by looking at the shape of the change in Root Mean Square (RMS).
The greater the RMS value, the more significant the role of attributes in influencing the sustainability
of swiftlet house operations. The RMS value impacts the success of the swiftlet house based on
ecological and economic aspects. Pests and disease outbreaks are threatening factors that impact
the loss of economic value. An important social aspect of sustainability is coordination between
institutions and standardized public services. This coordination has the highest sensitivity level,
indicating that inter-agency synergy plays an important role in policy formulation, effectiveness
regulation implementation, and integrated supervision.

Introduction
Swiftlet Bird Nest (SBN) is a product derived from the solidified saliva [1]. The largest SBN-producing countries
in Asia are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, and China. Indonesia is the largest SBNproducing country, exporting to China as a swiftlet-nest market [2,3]. Indonesia contributes 85% of the
world’s market, followed by Malaysia, which contributes 13% [4]. Indonesia fulfills as much as 75% of its
global market needs. According to BPS [5], SBN exports reached 1,312.5 tons with a value of 540.4 million US
dollars in 2020. China and Taiwan are the largest markets for Indonesian SBN exports. In addition, according
to the customs documents of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (PEB and PIB) for 2023, Indonesia
has one of the world's largest SBN exports. The destinations include Hong Kong, Singapore, the USA, Vietnam,
Canada, China, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, and Japan [6,7].
The Badui Dalam tribe is an indigenous Sundanese Banten tribe that maintains anti-modernization traditions
regarding clothing and lifestyle [8]. The Badui-Rawayan tribe lives in the Kendeng Mountains Cultural
Heritage area, which covers 5,101.85 hectares in the Kanekes Village area, Leuwidamar District, and Lebak
Regency. Based on the global market potential and the very high price, many people in Indonesia cultivate
SBN by building multistory houses or buildings to be used as places that resemble the original habitat of
swiftlets. Various factors, including ecological or environmental conditions, and economic and social factors,
influence SBN production [9].
Corresponding Author: Arum Kusnila Dewi
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

arumkd32@gmail.com

Doctoral Program in Development Studies, Graduate School,

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According to BPS data related to the social and economic analysis of Banten Province in 2023, Banten
Province is considered to have recovered from the economic recession and grown faster than the national
growth. Data from 2023 shows that Banten will experience a controlled recovery with 4.75% economic
growth. This increase was driven by demand, with the net export component providing additional growth of
1.52%. Banten's economy in 2022, after the COVID-19 pandemic, did not experience great pressure. This was
because the global economic conditions improved after a recession and even the economic crisis in the
previous years due to the COVID-19 pandemic [10]. The foreign demand for Banten's goods and services
products in 2022 increased. This was marked by an increase in exports from 13.5 billion US dollars in 2021 to
14.1 billion US dollars in 2022. The export increase was a response to the increasing demand for products in
Banten’s processing industry, including the rise in domestic demand in both Banten and Indonesia. In
addition, the increase in community income in Banten in aggregate data is confirmed by the increase in
community savings in rupiah and foreign currency at commercial banks and BPRs (Bank Perkreditan
Rakyat/rural banks) in Banten. Savings increased from 257.5 trillion to 279.0 trillion rupiah in December 2022
[11].
Sustainable development is related to both the economy and ecology, where economic growth is supported
by the sustainability of the ecological function of the surrounding environment so that the economy can
experience unlimited growth. These three aspects of development must be balanced without dominating
each other. Sustainability is defined as developing a multidimensional agreement to achieve better quality of
life for everyone. The analysis of the level of sustainability of the swiftlet house business is carried out in
three aspects: (1) the ecological aspect, (2) the economic aspect, and (3) the social aspect.
Swiftlet bird nests are one of the contributors to exports, and have improved the economy of Banten
Province’s citizens. The swiftlet house business is highly dependent on an ecological or environmental system
to support the life of swiftlets [12]. The ecological system benefits the production of SBN in swiftlet houses
and greatly benefits the economy, welfare, and health of humans [13]. One ecological advantage is that,
biologically, swiftlets are effective for biological control of most insect orders because swiftlets prey on
several insects that are pests of cultivated plants [14]. The economic advantage of SBN is its high economic
value owing to its scarcity. The number of SBNs is limited, as swiftlets are tropical birds found only in a few
Asian regions. International trade encourages opportunities for countries to conduct export and import
activities by eliminating various obstacles. Differences in the geographical conditions of a country result in
differences in the available natural resources, thus causing differences in the superior commodities cultivated
in each country. Increasing exports can stimulate domestic demand and encourage the development of large
industries in a country, thereby increasing the export value. This study provides recommendations for the
ecological system for the sustainability of swiftlet house businesses in Banten Province [15].

Materials and Methods
Study Area
Banten Province is between 105⁰01'11"–106⁰07'12" East Longitude and 05⁰07'50"–07⁰01'01" South Latitude.
The total area of Banten Province is 9,352.77 km2 based on BPS data sourced from the Decree of the Minister
of Home Affairs Number 100 of 2022. The largest regency in Banten Province is Lebak, which is 3,312.18 km 2,
followed by Pandeglang, which is 2,771.41 km 2; Serang, which is 1,469.91 km2; and Tangerang, which is
1,027.76 km2. The elevation in Banten Province from sea level ranges from 19 m above sea level in Cilegon
City to 258 m above sea level in the Pandeglang Regency. The livelihoods of the people of the Banten Province
are generally in the agricultural, trade, industrial, and service sectors. Most of the population lives in rural
areas. Based on the 2010 Indonesian Population Census, Banten Province had a population of 10,601,515
people, consisting of various ethnic groups, with the local indigenous tribe, including a small group of
Sundanese Badui people, totaling 4,321,991 (40.77%). The other large ethnic groups from Java are the
Priangan Sundanese, with 2,402,236 people (22.66%), followed by the Javanese, with 1,657,470 people
(15.64%), and Betawi, with 1,365,614 (12.88%). The study area is shown in Figure 1.
Research Method
This study illustrates this aspect of swiftlet-house agribusiness. These aspects are divided into ecological,
economic, and social. The ecological aspect explains the absence of natural resources, ecosystems, and
human resources. The economic aspect includes switflet house management, production, labor, and sales.
The social aspect includes regulations, levels of knowledge, partnerships, as well as safety and comfort for
stakeholders. The overall thought framework flow of this study is in Figure 2.

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Figure 1. Study area.

Figure 2. A topic thought flowchart illustrating the main domains of swiftlet houses considering ecological, economic,
and social aspects and their contribution to the sustainability of regional development for export purposes.
The study was conducted from January to December 2023. The research focused on the sustainability status
of thirty-eight (38) swiftlet house agribusinesses located in Serang, Pandeglang, and Lebak Regencies, Banten
Province (Figure 1). The locations were classified into hilly, coastal, and plain areas. These areas were
determined based on the elevation of the swiftlet house and its distance from the coastline. The coastal area
is 500 m from the coastline/sandy zone, the hilly area is 200–500 masl, and the plains area is ≤ 200 masl. The
coastal area is a natural expanse where the sea and land meet [16]. Fourteen of the locations are in the

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Serang Regency in the hills (4), coast (1), and plains (9). The locations in the Pandeglang Regency are divided
into hills (2), coasts (7), and plains (12). Meanwhile, those in the Lebak Regency are divided into hills (1),
coasts (1), and plains (1).
The RAPFISH program was used to measure the level of sustainability contribution with a multidimensional
scaling (MDS) methodology to analyze the sustainability of swiftlet houses across ecological, economic, and
social dimensions. MDS is a statistical technique used to analyze economic, social, ecological, technological,
and institutional aspects that simplifies complex data into a lower-dimensional form, making it easier to
analyze [17]. The method of swiftlet house management is related to ecological, economic, and social
aspects, with input to the swiftlet house management system coming from institutions and public services.
This analysis can provide a clear and comprehensive picture of the level of sustainability of the ecological
area of the swiftlet house business, with other supporting aspects seen from the economic and social aspects,
with input from institutions and public services [18].

Results and Discussion
Results
Ecological Aspect Analysis
The swiftlet house agribusiness in the coastal, hilly, and plains ecological areas in Banten province have
sustainability values of 58.06%, 60.11%, and 64.24%, respectively. This indicates that, ecologically, the
development of swiftlet houses in all areas can be considered sustainable. The result of the sustainability
ordination and Monte Carlo analysis in this aspect can be explained in Figure 3. The processing results of the
continuous ordination of the swiftlet house ecological aspect are shown in Figure 4. The graph shows the
distribution of three types of ecology with the coast (red dots) spread across the middle of the graph and
several other quadrants. The plain area has a wider distribution compared to other areas, indicating that the
plain area has greater variability in ecological conditions compared to the coastal and hills. The other two
regional distributions have more uniform and ideal ecological conditions for the swiftlet houses agribusiness,
as shown by the analysis result distribution. The Monte Carlo analysis estimates the distribution of results
based on input from three different variables. Small dots show the analysis of the results spread between the
three points, which symbolize the three parameters (Figure 3). This shows that there are variations in the
ecological aspects of each ecology.
The results of the leverage analysis showed that of the seven attributes, there were three attributes with
high sensitivity: (1) the presence of predators and pests (1.57), (2) the availability of food in nature (1.23),
and (3) the presence of cave swiftlets (1.04). The attribute with a low sensitivity value was (1) the
management of swiftlet house waste (0.2). The attribute sensitivity was determined based on the priority
order of the leverage analysis results by observing the form of change in the Root Mean Square (RMS). The
greater the RMS value, the more significant is the role of the attribute in influencing swiftlet house
management sustainability.

Figure 3. Sustainability ordination and Monte Carlo analysis of attribute distributions in ecological aspect.

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Vegetation cover density
The presence of predators and pests
The presence of cave swiftlet’s
Suitability of light intensity
Management of swiftlet house waste
Availability of water in nature
The availability of food in nature
Noise conduciveness
Suitability and design conditioning
Temperature and humidity compliance

0.89
1.57
1.04
0.75
0.32
0.79
1.23
0.97
0.75
0.72
0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Figure 4. The ecological aspect leverage analysis illustrates the sensitivity level of each attribute to the sustainability
of switftlet houses.
Economic Aspect Analysis
The data processing results show that the development of swiftlet houses in coastal, hilly, and plain areas
has sustainability values of 54.93%, 57.90%, and 59.80%, respectively. This shows that, in terms of the
environment, all three are considered sustainable (Figure 5). Based on the results of the economic leverage
analysis (Figure 6), the attributes that have high sensitivity in the sustainability of the economic aspect are
(1) the threat of losses due to pest and poultry disease outbreaks (3.04), (2) the quality of the swiftlet's nest
(1.75), and (3) labor absorption (1.54). The attributes with low sensitivity values include (1) the cost of
maintaining a swiftlet house with consideration of potential risks (0.95), (2) sales supply chain (0.95), (3)
business profits (1.03), and (4) business productivity (1.03).

Figure 5. Sustainability ordination and Monte Carlo analysis of attribute distributions in economic aspect.

Impact on GRATIEKS program
Swiftlet’s house financier availability
The quality of the swiftlet’s nest
The threat of losses due to pests and poultry disease outbreaks
Maintenance fee of swiftlet’s house
Sales supply chain
Labor adsorption
Business profits
Business productivity

0.59
1.33
1.75
3.04
0.95
0.95
1.54
1.03
1.03
0

1

2

3

4

Figure 6. The economic aspect leverage analysis illustrates the sensitivity level of each attribute to the sustainability
of switftlet houses.

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Social Aspect Analysis
The data processing results show that the development of swiftlet houses in coastal, hilly, and plain areas
have sustainability values of 46.49%, 48.32%, and 46.79%, respectively. This indicates that in environmental
terms, all three are considered quite sustainable. The sustainability ordination (Figure 7) shows that the
relative positions of coastal, hilly, and plain areas cluster closely around the center point, indicating that the
social aspect sustainability status among these regions does not differ significantly and their distribution is
relatively balanced. The Monte Carlo analysis further confirms the stability of these results, as there is no
substantial deviation in the ordination pattern. Based on the results of the social aspect leverage analysis
(Figure 8), the attributes that have high sensitivity values in social aspect sustainability are (1) coordination
between institutions (2.99), (2) the existence of exporter associations (2.61), and (3) the availability of field
extension workers. The attributes with the lowest sensitivity values were monitoring and supervision (0.14).

Figure 7. Sustainability ordination and Monte Carlo analysis of attribute distributions in social aspect.

Monitoring and supervision
Swiftlet farmer coperation
The existence of exporter associations
Coordination betwen institutions
Availabillity of field extension workers
Availability of policies of regulation
Availability of swiflet farmer
Ease or access

0.14
2.00
2.61
2.99
2.51
2.01
1.67
1.82
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Figure 8. The social aspect leverage analysis illustrates the sensitivity level of each attribute to the sustainability of
switftlet houses.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)
The multi-aspect analysis shows that the sustainability level of swiftlet house agribusiness varies significantly
among regions. The results obtained for the coastal, hilly, and plain ecological areas were 53.16%, 55.44%,
and 56.94%, respectively. The sustainability status of the coastal, hilly, and plain ecological areas describes
the contribution of swiftlet houses to sustainable development (Table 1). The index net diagram (Figure 9)
illustrates a multi-aspect sustainability analysis by mapping the contribution of swiftlet house operations
from ecological, economic, and social perspectives with different geographical characteristics.
Multidimensional assessment is based on a combination of the three aspects, where the highest value is on
the coast, hills, and plains, indicating that, overall, the plains area is the most ideal area for sustainable
swiftlet house agribusiness based on the analysis of various aspects. The results of the multi-aspect analysis

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diagram, which is assessed from the ecological, economic, and social aspects, show that the ecological and
economic aspects have the highest sustainability value in the plains' geographical location. The ecological
and economic sustainability values for geography were 64.24% and 59.80%, respectively. Meanwhile, the
highest value based on social aspects was in the hills (48.32 %).
Table 1. Analysis results of the swiftlet house agribusiness sustainability level based on the ecological area.
Aspect
Ecology
Economy
Social
Multidimension (MDS)

Coast
58.06%
54.93%
46.49%
53.16%

Hills
60.11%
57.90%
48.32%
55.44%

Plains
64.24%
59.80%
46.79%
56.94%

Figure 9. Sustainability index radar diagram of swiftlet house operations in coastal, hilly, and plain areas across
ecological, economic, and social dimensions.
Discussion
Ecological Aspect Analysis
Several factors significantly influenced the success of swiftlet-bird nest production. The highest value affects
the success of swiftlet nests from an ecological perspective. The presence of predators and pests can create
disturbances that decrease production and even cause swiftlet mortality. The main predators that can
threaten swiftlet breeding activities are reptiles (snakes and monitor lizards) and mammals (rats, bats, and
monkeys). The pests most often found in swiftlet farming environments are owls, bats, rats, ants, and
cockroaches that can destroy swiftlet nests [19].
Wild food availability is an aspect of ecological analysis that plays a significant role in the sustainability of
swiftlet nest management. Swiftlets generally leave their nests in the morning to search for food and then
return to the colony at night. Birds move between colonies based on food availability in natural forests
around the swiftlet house. Natural forests are the most popular locations for swiftlets to find food [20].
Swiftlets can search for food more than 30 km away [19]. Natural food sources for swiftlets include flying
insects such as mosquitoes, flies, and moths. Ideal environmental conditions with high insect diversity
provide a good source of food for swiftlets. Good environmental management can support food availability
through habitat conservation and sustainable agriculture, such as using natural pesticides and agroforestry
systems that combine agriculture and forest conservation to increase insect diversity and provide food
sources for swiftlets.
The presence of cave swiftlets (Collocalia linchi) was the largest species in swiftlet nest cultivation, ranking as
the third highest threat after predators, pests, and food availability in the wild. Cave swiftlets and swiftlets

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are birds in great demand and have significant commercial value [21,22]. Cave swiftlets and swiftlets are
distributed throughout Indonesia and contribute to biodiversity. Leverage analysis showed that three
ecological factors had the highest sensitivity in influencing swiftlet nest cultivation: the presence of predators
and pests, the availability of food in the wild, and the presence of cave swiftlets. Conducting noise levels and
conditioning swiftlets are important in creating a comfortable environment, providing a sense of security,
and creating an interest in nesting in that location [23]. In swiftlet house agribusiness, noise management
generally involves using soundproofing materials and a good layout to ensure that external noises do not
disturb the swiftlets. This can also be implemented through an efficient ventilation system to maintain the
ideal temperature and humidity inside a swiftlet house by providing a good environment for the swiftlet
house [24]. The sustainability of the swiftlet house agribusiness is highly dependent on managing ecological
factors. In cases such as predators and pests, ensuring the availability of food and controlling the presence of
cave swiftlets are important. Effective noise management and maintaining optimal environmental conditions
inside swiftlet houses are also crucial for creating a conducive environment for swiftlets to thrive. All of these
factors will significantly improve the sustainability and productivity of swiftlet house agribusiness, which will
benefit the industry and the surrounding ecosystem.
Economic Aspect Analysis
The economic aspect of the leverage analysis results shows several crucial factors that need to be considered
as they will have an impact on the economic success of swiftlet nest cultivation. The threat of losses due to
pests and outbreaks is an economic factor with the highest value and is crucial. The presence of pests is
closely associated with environmental factors. Pest infestations and disease outbreaks can cause swiftlet
mass mortality, resulting in a significant decrease in swiftlet nest production. This has a major impact on
income and economic profits. Efforts to control pests and prevent outbreaks through good sanitation, drug
use, and strict biosecurity are paramount in minimizing the risk of economic loss. The threat of outbreaks in
swiftlet nests can generally occur because of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. Internal parasites
that can interfere with the health of a swiftlet's nests generally affect the swiftlet's digestive system, which
causes weight loss and compromises immunity.
The threat of outbreaks and diseases in swiftlet house agribusinesses is minimized through routine
biosecurity and monitoring technology to detect infestations earlier to aid in taking action. This can help
regulate the implementation of effective preventive and control strategies. This, in turn, helps to maintain
the health of the swiftlets and bolsters the success of swiftlet house agribusinesses. Pest and disease control
have an impact on economic profits. Another factor influencing the economic analysis is the quality of SBN
products. The sustainability of SBN is influenced by the quality of SBN Production [20]. Good quality swiftlet
nests sell at higher prices in the market [25]. High-quality SBN is generally shiny white, like rice, and has
minimal defects. Poor conditions generally result in defective nests, a large amount of dirt/fecal matter, and
irregular shapes.
Social Aspect Analysis
The results of the leverage analysis show that the social aspect that has the strongest impact on the
sustainability of the swiftlet house business is the coordination between institutions. It has the highest
sensitivity value of 2.99, which shows that synergy between various institutions plays a paramount role in
supporting the SBN industry. Good coordination assists in formulating policies, implementing effective
regulations, and integrating supervision. In addition, it can help overcome various obstacles in the field, such
as administrative obstacles and bureaucracy between institutions, and can increase the efficiency of
implementing policies supporting swiftlet breeders through community empowerment [26].
The next highest analysis result in the social aspect is the existence of an exporter association (2.61), whose
role is to assist swiftlet farmers in navigating the international market in exporting swiftlet nest products,
supplying market information to the farmers, and advocating the swiftlet farmers’ interests in government
and other stakeholders to improve their welfare. Exporter associations provide a way for swiftlet farmers to
build knowledge platforms, improve product quality, and build awareness in compliance with international
standards required for the export of swiftlet nests.
The availability of field extension in the leverage analysis shows the third highest value at 2.51 as field
extension is an important factor in increasing swiftlet farmers’ knowledge and skills. Extension activities
deliver the latest information to farmers on good farming techniques, animal health management, and
various other sustainable practices that can increase the productivity and quality of swiftlet nests [27].

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Effective and consistent extensions provided to swiftlet farmers can help them adapt to market changes and
constantly develop technology. This can help farmers improve their ability to face operational challenges.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)
The results of multidimensional scaling (MDS) show the level of sustainability of swiftlet houses. The
geographical location of the plains has a higher sustainability value than other aspects in multiple dimensions,
while the geographical location of the hills provides sustainability value in social aspects. Sustainability in the
social aspect of the hill area has the highest value because residents in the hill area are more cohesive and
subject to rules to comply with to support the sustainability of swiftlet houses. The condition in the hill area
has good coordination with farmers’ swiftlet, workers in swiftlet houses, and exporter associations.
The sustainability value of multiple aspects of geographical plains based on ecological aspects is supported
by the existence of swiftlet houses in geographical plains and the availability of abundant energy sources,
both in terms of food and water. The adequacy of food factors is higher on the mainland than in coastal and
mountainous geographies. Swiftlet house operations in the plains and hills are located in forested areas close
to the Badui tribal areas. This can affect the ecosystem in the swiftlet house ecology, and the sustainability
of the swiftlet house business is supported by the vegetation conditions of natural forests, such as mangrove
forests, cultural reserve forests, and conservation environments. The Badui community has a tradition of
protecting the environment and natural resources through environmental preservation and conservation
based on applicable customary regulations known as pikukuh [28].
Swiftlet house agribusiness benefits naturally from the Badui community, as they have long practiced an
environmentally friendly way of life, managing forests, land, and the environment, especially the Badui Dalam
community [29]. The Badui community has a deep understanding of the surrounding environment; it does
not damage the environment by cutting down trees, using chemical fertilizers, or using chemical cleaning
products such as soap and shampoo. The Badui community makes great use of natural facilities for their
livelihoods in managing agricultural land, forests, and the environment, so that they do not contribute to
environmental damage [30]. This condition benefits the swiftlet house business because the ecosystem is
balanced.
Swiftlet house agribusiness has great potential to support sustainable development by addressing the
ecological, economic, and social aspects of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The effect of the
sustainable development concept is increasing concentration among various parties to encourage economic
growth, increase environmental productivity, and improve ecological defense and biodiversity in the
environment to fulfill sustainable economic and social aspirations in society [31]. Swiftlet house agribusiness
not only supports significant economic opportunities for the community in the international market, but also
plays an important role in ecosystem conservation and social welfare, which positively affect sustainability.
SBN cultivation affects various social and economic aspects as farmers become swiftlet breeders and create
new job opportunities [32].
The sustainability of ecological aspects according to development goals includes environmental
management, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial ecosystems. This sustainability adapts to climate change
management by maintaining the balance of local ecosystems, including vegetation, clean water sources, and
proper environmental sanitation [33,18]. Swiftlet house agribusinesses are generally located in terrestrial
ecosystems (SDG 15), while the habitat of swiftlets is in caves or buildings that imitate natural conditions,
known as artificial habitats for swiftlets [34]. Swiftlet farms, often located in areas rich in natural vegetation,
depend on local environmental balance. Efforts to protect swiftlet habitats from environmental degradation
are crucial, and techniques such as sustainable harvesting ensure that swiftlet populations are preserved,
contributing to long-term ecological health. In several areas of Indonesia, sustainable programs for swiftlet
nest agribusinesses have been implemented, where farmers are only allowed to harvest swiftlet nests using
hatching techniques to maintain the population [35]. This can help maintain the population of nesting
swiftlets, which are economically profitable and ecologically sustainable.
The sustainability of Swiftlet house agribusiness is related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of
several economic aspects, including poverty alleviation, decent work opportunities, economic growth, and
responsibility for both consumption and production (SDGs point 12). The economic aspect of a swiftlet house
significantly impacts poverty alleviation, as it provides many job opportunities for the surrounding
community. Business offers potential jobs to the community, which can be a significant source of income.
Business products are of high economic value and can improve the community’s standard of living. Farmers
have shifted to swiftlet breeding by allocating sufficient capital to building houses [36]. The community made

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this shift to reap more profit than farming. Swiftlet house agribusiness creates multiple-level jobs that
support local economic growth by providing decent jobs. The economic aspect of swiftlet house agribusiness
also encourages innovation in swiftlet house agribusiness technologies and SBN processing. The high market
demand for SBN products encourages advanced innovation in production and distribution, particularly in
infrastructure and processing facilities for local industrial development.
Swiftlet house agribusiness also produces sustainable products from natural resources that can be efficiently
utilized. The socioeconomic and cultural benefits of swiftlet nests have great potential as a new type of
profitable business [25]. The technical guidance program for swiftlet house agribusiness in Banten provides
training programs for swiftlet farmers on sustainable cultivation practices that can increase their income. This
also helps to maintain the swiftlet population, which has a sustainable impact and supports the welfare of
local communities. The social aspect of sustainable development can impact poverty alleviation, healthy
living, the improvement of education, prosperity, peace, justice, and strong institutions. Social changes can
also occur in the lifestyle of swiftlet farmers, giving rise to the phenomenon of the nouveau riche swiftlet
farmers who have a consumptive lifestyle [36].
A healthy and prosperous life in the context of swiftlet house agribusiness can be achieved through the food
safety of SBN products that implement hygiene practices in harvesting, washing, and processing to avoid
potential contamination by microbes and other hazardous materials. Assessment of SBN safety and quality is
also an important social aspect as an integration of quality and authenticity with the originality and
uniqueness of a product before being marketed. In addition to having an economic impact, the job
opportunities offered by the SBN business also impact social development. The social aspects that arise with
the existence of swiftlet house businesses include creating jobs, improving workforce skills, increasing
income, and improving social welfare [32]. This positively impacts worker welfare, provides education and
training to the community, and increases knowledge. In addition, social aspects can also be in the form of
community empowerment towards social and community awareness. The surrounding community can
cooperate in establishing cooperatives and swiftlet agribusiness associations, and cooperate with private
partners to improve public services. This is one of the strategic steps to achieve sustainability from the
economic and social aspects of the swiftlet house agribusiness [37].
The swiftlet house business receives institutional and public service inputs that help improve the ecological,
economic, and social aspects. These three factors contribute to sustainable development. The institutions
that contribute are both government and non-government. Governmental institutions consist of the
Indonesian Quarantine Agency and the National Border Management Agency (Badan Nasional Pengelola
Perbatasan/BNPP) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan), the Ministry of Industry
(Kemenperin), and the Ministry of Trade (Kemendag). Non-governmental institutions include individual
business actors and business association members. In addition, Banten community institutions, especially the
Badui Tribe community, and community institutions in the economic sector, such as cooperatives and
business associations, are involved. Input from governmental and non-governmental institutions plays their
respective roles in the success of the swiftlet-house business.
The community, business world, and government are involved in public services. Public service actors do not
stand alone, but are related to and support each other. Public services for swiftlet house businesses can
potentially involve the collaboration of various institutions, thus playing a strategic role in encouraging
business success. Members of the National Border Management Agency (BNPP) collaborate with the Ministry
of Agriculture (Kementan), Ministry of Industry (Kemenperin), and Ministry of Trade (Kemendag) to
encourage SBN exports to support the community. The Ministry of Agriculture has focused on maximizing
SBN cultivation to achieve optimal productivity. The products are then processed by the Ministry of Industry,
which is responsible for industrial processing, increasing the added value, and downstream development.
The Ministry of Trade also plays an important role in regulating trade, including exports, by creating
supportive regulations and marketplaces. Collaboration not only increases the economic value of SBN but
also provides a positive social impact that can increase social mobility and improve the economy of swiftlet
farmers [38].
Public services are an important reform pillar in achieving professional bureaucracy for the actors involved.
Coordinated and comprehensive public services are paramount for the sustainable development of swiftletnest businesses. Public service input in swiftlet house businesses not only supports business facilities, but can
also be a driver of economic growth. Public services can create a conducive business climate that allows
swiftlet nest entrepreneurs to operate more efficiently and productively. Public services can be a form of
empowerment that improves the quality and capacity of the community and increases income [39]. This

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increases entrepreneurs’ incomes and creates new jobs that encourage economic growth in the area. In
addition, stable prices and the availability of SBN as a result of good public services can increase the
competitiveness of Indonesian products in regional and international markets, thus potentially increasing the
value of exports and foreign exchange. Therefore, optimal public services in this sector are crucial for
sustainable economic development.

Conclusions
Based on the analysis of swiftlet house agribusiness sustainability, the ecological system analysis (coast, hill,
and plains) showed that the ecological system plays an important role in the success and development of the
region. The swiftlet house agribusiness sustainability level in its contribution to the development of the
ecological system in Banten Province on the coast, hills, and plains was 53.16%, 55.44%, and 56.94%,
respectively. The sustainability status of coastal, hilly, and plain ecological systems is sustainable. Leverage
analysis identified attributes with higher RMS values, indicating a greater influence on the sustainability of
agribusiness, providing insights for more optimal ecosystem management, and supporting sustainability
based on policy development. This research contributes to recommendations for swiftlet agribusiness,
considering the ecological and environmental aspects that positively impact economic value. Similar studies
can be applied to agribusiness sectors in coastal areas, such as ecosystem-based tourism and sustainable
agricultural development in lowland areas, using the same parameters to deepen the understanding of
sustainability in other sectors.

Author Contributions
AKD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Analysis, Writing - Review & Editing; MSSA: Coach &
Review; IMF: Coach & Review; SB: Coach & Review.

Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts to declare.

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