Indonesian Journal of Applied Research
Vol 1 No 1 2020
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND HABITAT OF MAMMALS IN
MANDALAWANGI RESORT OF MOUNT GEDE PANGRANGO
NATIONAL PARK
Tun Susdiyanti 1a ,Ken Dara Cita1b.
Annisa Izzatin Widawardani Kusno1c Corresponding Author E-mail Addres: susdiyanti@gmail.
ABSTRACT
Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of mammals which depends on interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system.
Mandalawangi Resort aside from being a conservation area, it is also a tourist area.
Tourism activities carried out in the region, will directly and indirectly affect the sustainability of mammal diversity.
The benefits of mammals are to stabilize the food chain, the spread of plant seeds, as an object of research and education.
The study aims to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort .
Research on mammal diversity was carried out using 4 methods: rapid assessment, line transect, animal footprint.
Habitat data obtained using vegetation analysis and field observation methods.
The diversity of mammals in the Mandawalangi Resort consists of 7 types of mammals from 6 families, namely kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanic.
, langur (Trachypithecus auratu.
, wild cats (Felis domesticu.
, wild boar (Sus scrof.
, leopard (Panthera pardus mela.
, civet mongoose (Paradoxurus hermaphroditu.
and house gutters (Suncus murinu.
Species wealth index is low .
The diversity index of mammals is included in the low diversity category .
The highest level of mammal species meeting is kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanic.
with a value of 29.
Evenness index is included in the unstable community category .
Mammalian habitat is divided into tropical rain forests and open land with dominating trees namely Damar (Agathis damar.
and Rasamala (Altingia excels.
Keyword: distribution, mammal.
Mandalawangi Resort.
Mount Gede Pangrango National Park
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity has a role as an indicator of an ecological system and a means of knowing species change2.
Biodiversity also includes species richness and ecosystem complexity so that it can affect the organism's community, development, and ecosystem stability3.
Biodiversity has an essential role as an index of environmental quality4.
Previous research study found that the quality of the environment has a postive relationshio with the biodiversity of species.
Biodiversity has values for human life, namely ecological, aesthetic, religious, economic, cultural and educational values.
Biodiversity in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park is spreading across several parts of the region, one of which is the Mandalawangi Resort.
Mandalawangi Resort, aside from being a conservation area, is also one of the tourist areas which will affect the sustainability of biodiversity.
Safeguards need to be made to maintain and preserve the existence of Biodiversity that is important in the Mandalawangi Resort is a diversity of mammals.
Lecturers 1a,1b and student 1c of the Faculty of Forestry.
Nusa Bangsa University Convention on Biological Diversity.
Keanekaragaman Hayati.
https://w.
Rahayu G A.
Keanekaragaman dan Peranan Fungsional Serangga pada Area Reklamasi di Berau.
Kalimantan Timur .
Sekolah Pasca Sarjana.
Institut Pertanian Bogor Magurran.
AE.
Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.
Princeton University Press.
New Jersey.
51 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 The role of mammals in ecosystems is as a counterweight to the food chain and the spread of plant Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of The risk of extinction in mammals is depend interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system, such as habitat and ecological pattern and a suite of environmental and anthropogenic factors6 ,7.
Distribution and patterns involves the abundance of species within its range.
Therefore, monitoring extinction of mammals is essential to exsiting of distribution and abundance.
Yet, for many species that may be elusive, cryptic or rare, monitoring changes in distribution and abundance over large spatiotemporal scales remains a serious challenge8.
This data can be used as a basis for management and as an effort to protect mammalian Another objective of this research is sustainable use and providing knowledge to the public about the types of mammals found in the Mount Gede Pangrango National Park.
Therefore the aims of this study is to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort.
Formulation of The Problem Based on the description in the background the problem is formulated as follows:
How is the distribution and pattern of mammals species in Mandalawangi Resort? How is the habitat of mammals species in Mandalawangi Resort? Theoretical Background 1 Distribution and Patterns Distribution and Patterns of Species in a significant problem in ecology.
Four factors have been proposed to explain the diversity of species.
There is the resource of distribution, the resource of size, the resource of abundance, and the resource of concentration.
The resource distribution depends on widespread species that support high local species richness.
The resource size and resource abundance are influenced by the extensive resources that could be considered to offer abundant resources.
Larger hosts can define the resource size, and the resource concentration can be defined by hosts supported in high density and species richness9.
2 Habitat Habitat is the result of interaction between several components physical, which consists of water, soil, topography, climate and biological components consisting of humans, animals, and vegetation10.
According to Napier and Napier .
11 species especially for mammals can be found in 3 types of Mustari AH.
Surono H.
Mansyur FI.
Keanekaragaman Jenis Mamalia di Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusarung.
Sulawesi Selatan.
Media Konservasi.
: 156-161.
Brashares.
, 2003.
Ecological, behavioral, and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa.
Conservation Biology 17, 733Ae743.
Pillay.
Johnsingh.
Raghunath R.
Madhusudan MD.
Patterns of spatiotemporal change in large mammal distribution and abundance in the southern Western Ghats.
India.
Biological Conservation.
Thompson.
, 2004.
Sampling Rare or Elusive Species: Concepts.
Designs and Techniques for Estimating Population Parameters.
Island Press.
Washington.
DC.
Pailvinen J.
Ahlroth P.
Kaitala V.
Suhonen J.
Species richness, abundance and distribution of myrmecophilous beetles in nests of Formica aquilonia ants.
Ann.
Zool.
Fennici 41: 447Ae454 Alita.
Analisa pola penggunaan ruang populasi monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fasicularis Raffle.
di lokasi penangkaran Pulau Tinjil Kabupaten Pandeglang.
Jawa Barat.
Skripsi Sarjana Jurusan Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.
Bogor.
Napier.
and P.
Napier.
A Hand Book of Living Primates.
Academic Press.
London 52 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 large vegetation communities, i.
tropical forests, tropical grasslands, and transitional areas between two types of ecosystems and are usually forested savannahs.
Tropical forests include primary and secondary forests, swamps, forests mangroves, mountain forests, and seasonal forests.
3 Mammals Mammals are vertebrate animals that have the characteristics of hair almost in the whole body and have mammary glands in female mammals.
The whole mammal mother feeds her children with milk, a balanced diet that is rich in fat, sugar, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
Mammals undergo internal fertilization and embryos develop in the uterus of female mammals.
Mammals, in general, have a bigger brain compared to other vertebrate animals with the same body size 12.
Parenting mammals have a long enough duration to extend the time for mammalian children to learn the abilities and skills for survival.
Mammals are generally divided into two, namely large mammals and small mammals.
Criteria for large mammals and small mammals are determined based on body weight 13.
II.
METHODS
The study was conducted at the Mandalawangi Resort.
Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.
Cianjur Regency.
West Java Province.
The study was conducted in March-April 2019.
The tools and materials used were stationery, camera, compass, tally sheet, field guide, meter, trap, mammal, and mammal habitat.
The type of data collected is divided into primary data and secondary data.
Primary data obtained by direct observation include the type and number of mammals, time, location and activity of mammals, habitat characteristics consisting of water availability, vegetation, fauna, and Secondary data in the form of a map of the region, topography, and area was sourced from a literature study.
Data Collection Methods Diversity of Mammals Rapid assessment is conducted by recording every animal that is found.
The length of the transect line method is about 100 meters with the width of the track depending on the density of vegetation (Payne et al.
Time of observation is conducted in the morning .
and afternoon .
Footprints method is an indirect identification by looking at everything left by the wildlife which is a sign of the presence of the wildlife.
Found traces can be footprints, food marks, scratch marks, wallowing, hair, and nests.
Habitat of Mammals The method is carried out by going through a transect .
with the provisions of the plot to be observed in the form of zig-zag or alternately.
Plots used were 20 x 20 m2 each consisting of four plots, 2 x 2 m2 for seedlings, 5 x 5 m2 for saplings, 10 x 10 m2 for poles and 20 x 20 m2 for trees 14.
Campbell.
Neil A.
Reece.
Jane B.
Biologi.
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Atmoko T.
Yassir I.
Sitepu BW.
Maruf A.
Keanekaragama Hayati Hutan Rintis Wartono Kadri AuHutan Tropis Kalimantan di KHDTK SabojaAy.
Balikpapan: Swara Samboja Soerianegara.
dan Indrawan A.
Ekologi Hutan Indonesia.
Laboratorium Ekologi.
Fakultas Kehutanan.
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor 53 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 Data Analysis Species Richness Index (Dm.
15 Dmg = (S-.
/ ln (N) Keterangan :
Dmg : Species Richness Index : Total Species : Total Individual Species Diversity (HA.
Shannon-Wiener 16:
HAo = -Oc Pi ln Pi Keterangan :
HAo : Species diversity : n/N Eveness Index Krebs .
E = HAo / Log S Keterangan :
HAo : Shannon Index : Total Species : Eveness Index i.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Mammals Diversity Richness Index The types of mammals found in tropical rain Tupaia javanica.
Trachypithecus auratus.
Sus scrofa.
Panthera pardus.
Paradoxurus hermaprodithu.
, meanwhile the types of mammals found in open fields are Felis domesticus and Suncus murinus.
Based on the table 1 of species richness, it can be seen that the most commonly found mammals are the Tupaia javanica with an estimated value of about five individuals Which have a habit of living in Magurran, loc.
Krebs.
Ecology The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance.
New York: Harper & Row Publisher.
54 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 secondary forests and gardens17.
This is by the condition of the forest in Mandalawangi Resort which is included as a secondary forest.
The tropical rainforest at Mandalawangi Resort is dominated by rasamala trees whose fruit is used by squirrels as food.
Tupaia javanica like foraging in small trees or shrubs18.
Willingness to spread food in the forest causes the spread of T.
javanica quite extensive, and the location of feed close to the observation path makes it easy to find the chipmunks.
The fewest types of mammals found were Paradoxurus hermaproditus and Panthera pardus melas.
Leopards are very rare because the status of these mammals is protected and the numbers of individual are low (UU No.
5 of 1.
Tabel 1.
Species Richness of Mammals Species Famili Total
Conservation Status
(IUCN)
Trachypithecus auratus Tupaia javanica Cercopithecidae Tupaidae Vulnerable Least concern Sus scrofa Suidae Least concern Suncus muricus Soricidae Least concern Panthera pardus melas Felidae Critically endangered Felis domesticus Felidae Least concern Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Viverridae Least concern Diversity Index The species diversity index value is in the low diversity category with a value of 0.
The low diversity index value is determine by the few species found that is in accordance with the statement of Soegianto .
in Nento et al.
, 201320 which states in a community that has a high diversity if many species compose the community, meanwhile if very few dominant species compose the community, the diversity of species is low .
Another factor is the existence of tourism activities in the Mandalawangi Resort area.
Wildlife life can be disrupted if its habitat changes due to very disturbing activities around it.
That is because animals have a strong sensitivity to changes in their habitat Changes or disturbance to the habitat can cause the movement of animals to avoid21.
There are more mammals in the tropical rainforest than mammals found in open fields.
The diversity Frischilla.
Ekologi Tupai dan Bajing [Skrips.
Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
https://blogs.
id/yuniafrischilla/2014/09/10 Ibid Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Hayati Ekosistemnya.
Nento R.
Sahami F.
Nursiar S.
Kelimpahan.
Keanekaragaman, dan Kemerataan Gastropoda di ekosistem Magrove di Pulau Dudepo.
Kecamatan Anggrek.
Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara.
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Keluatan 1.
Winarno GD.
Harianto SP.
Perilaku Satwa Liar (Etholog.
Bandar Lampung: AURA 55 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 of habitat types and their quality will affect the number and types of wildlife22.
The tropical rain forest in Mandalawangi Resort has vegetation which is a source of food, a place to live, and shelter, whereas open land does not have enough vegetation to support animal life.
Eveness Index The species diversity index value is in the low diversity category with a value of 0.
The few species determine the low diversity index value found that is in accordance with the statement of Soegianto .
in Nento et al.
, 201323 which states in a community that has a high diversity if many species compose the community, meanwhile if very few dominant species compose the community, the diversity of species is low .
Another factor is the existence of tourism activities in the Mandalawangi Resort area.
Wildlife life The index value belongs to the unstable community category .
, i.
individuals for each type of equality are low.
The index value also affects the distribution of animals.
Animals will tend to live in an area that is easy to get food.
Tropical rain forests have more vegetation as mammal feed and shelter compared to open land.
According to Odum .
in Nento et al.
that the distribution of animals based on food factors.
Distribution and Patterns Distribution is an effort used by wildlife to maintain their survival24(Alikodra, 1.
Distribution patterns of wildlife divided into vertical and horizontal, which can be random, uniform or grouped.
Distribution patterns are determined based on the individual of each type identified in each research The distribution patterns of mammals that found at Mandalawangi Resort divided into mammals that live on trees .
and live on land .
which is shown in Fig.
Based on the figure, it can be seen that the distribution patterns for each type of mammal are different.
The distribution pattern of mammals found at Mandalawangi Resort divided into mammals that live on trees .
and live on land .
The types of mammals that live on trees are Trachypithecus auratus.
Tupaia javanica, and Paradoxurus hermaproditus.
Mammals that live on the ground are Suncus murinus.
Sus scrofa.
Felis domesticus and Panthera pardus.
Fithria A.
Keanekaragaman Jenis Satwaliar di ArealHutan PT Elbana Abadi Jaya Sungai Pinang.
Kabupaten Banjar Kalimantan Selatan.
Rimba Kalimantan 9.
: 63-70.
Nento, loc.
Alikodra HS.
Pengelolaan Satwa Liar Jilid I.
Depatemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Direktorak Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi.
Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayati.
Bogor:
IPB
56 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 Figure 1.
Distribution and Patterns of Mammals Habitat of Mammals There was a positive relationship between the habitat complexity and the abundance of The tropical rain forests at Mandalawangi Resort include secondary forests with mixed vegetation types between lowland forest and mountain vegetation.
The most dominant tree-level vegetation is Agathis damara with 66.
50% INP.
Vegetation in tropical rain forests is used by mammals as feed material to support their lives.
Meanwhile, the vegetation of trees found is Slonea sigun.
Altingia excelsa.
Agathis dammara, and Pinus merkusii.
Water sources found at Mandalawangi Resort are water, rivers and lakes.
The flow of water comes from the river that passes through Mandalawangi Resort.
water flow conditions with a pH of 7 .
with a brightness of 90-100%.
The river has a passage of about 500 m with an average depth of 30 cm.
The condition of neutral river water with a pH of 6-7 and has a brightness of around 90-100%.
Lake in Mandalawangi Resort has a pH of 7 with a brightness of 80-90%, depth of 1-5 m and an area of about 500 m2.
Human activities that are often carried out at Mandalawangi Resort are camping and outbound.
Other activities carried out around the Mandalawangi Resort are selling food and drinks carried out by the surrounding IV.
CONCLUSION
Mammals found at Mandawalangi Resort consist of 7 types of mammals from 6 families.
Species richness index and species diversity index are low.
The highest level of mammal species encounter is Tupaia javanica.
Evenness index is included in the unstable community category .
Mammal habitat at Mandalawangi Resort is divided into two namely tropical rainforest and open land.
Density conditions in tropical rain forests are quite dense, and the dominant tree is damar Agathis damara 57 | P a g e Indonesian Journal of Applied Research Vol 1 No 1 2020 with an INP of 66.
Open land there are several types of trees, there are Altingia excelsa.
Agathis dammara.
Pinus merkusii.
REFERENCES