e-ISSN: 2807-2820 Natural Sciences Engineering Technology Journal [NASET Journa.
https://nasetjournal.
Elicitation of Systemic Acquired Resistance by a Novel Plant-Derived Biostimulant Composition Confers Robust Protection Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.
Aleisha Wulandari1.
Sudarto Sudarto 2*.
Fifia Ardinanti3.
Bryan Helsey 4.
Yi-Fen Huang5 Department of Nutrition.
JTC Medical Center.
Jakarta.
Indonesia Department of Botanical Sciences.
CMHC Research Center.
Palembang.
Indonesia Department of Agricultural Science.
CMHC Research Center.
Palembang.
Indonesia Department of Biomolecular Science.
Quezon Medical Center.
Quezon.
Philippines Department of Biotechnology.
Thimphu Agricultural Institute.
Thimphu.
Bhutan
ARTIC LE
INFO
Keywords:
Solanum lycopersicum Gray Mold Induced Resistance Plant Defense Priming Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) *Corresp ondi ng author:
Sudarto Sudarto E-mail address:
sudarto@eurekabiomedical.
All authors have reviewed and approved th e Anal version of the manuscript.
https://doi.
org/10.
37275/nasetjournal.
A B S T R A C T
Gray mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, is a devastating disease in tomato production worldwide, necessitating the development of sustainable and effective control strategies.
Plant -derived biostimulants offer a promising eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides by enhancing the plant's innate immune system.
This study, conducted in greenhouse facilities in Palembang.
Indonesia, evaluated the efficacy of a novel plant-derived biostimulant (PDB-MX.
, a composition of Ascophyllum nodosum and Moringa oleifera extracts, in controlling gray mold in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.
'Mutiara').
Tomato plants were treated with PDB-MX7 and subsequently inoculated with a virulent B.
cinerea isolate.
We assessed disease progression, plant growth parameters, and a suite of underlying defense mechanisms.
These included the quantification of oxidative stress markers (HCCOCC.
MDA), the activity of key defense-related enzymes (PAL.
PPO.
SOD.
CAT), the accumulation of defense phytohormones .
alicylic acid, jasmonic aci.
, and the expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1.
PDF1.
via RT-qPCR.
Pre-treatment with PDB-MX7 significantly reduced gray mold disease severity by 76.
4% and lesion diameter by 71.
8% compared to untreated, inoculated plants.
This protective effect was associated with a significant priming of the plant's defense system.
PDB-MX7-treated plants exhibited lower levels of HCCOCC and MDA upon infection, indicating reduced oxidative stress.
Furthermore, these plants showed a rapid and potent induction of PAL and PPO activity .
1-fold 8-fold higher than controls at 48 hpi, respectivel.
This was corroborated by a significant accumulation of salicylic acid and a more than 5-fold upregulation in the expression of the SA-responsive gene PR-1, indicating the activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
conclusion, the novel biostimulant composition PDB -MX7 confers substantial resistance against B.
cinerea in tomato by priming the plant's innate immunity, primarily through the activation of the SA-mediated SAR This study highlights the potential of PDB-MX7 as a powerful tool for integrated pest management programs in sustainable tomato cultivation.
Introduction The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.
) stands as Indonesia, intensive tomato cultivation is crucial for one of the most economically significant and widely local food security and commerce.
However, this consumed vegetable crops globally, valued for its production is persistently challenged by a myriad of nutritional content, versatility, and contribution to the biotic stresses, among which fungal diseases are a primary cause of substantial yield losses.
Gray mold mount a full-scale defense response immediately but disease, incited by the ubiquitous necrotrophic fungal responds more rapidly, robustly, and effectively upon subsequent pathogen Botrytis Pers.
This 1,2 This pathogen has an exceptionally known as induced resistance, can manifest as broad host range and can infect tomato plants at all Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) or developmental stages, from seedlings to mature, fruit- Systemic Resistance (ISR), which are governed by bearing plants, causing blossom blight, stem cankers, distinct signaling pathways, primarily mediated by leaf necrosis, and pre- and post-harvest fruit rot.
The salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene economic impact is profound, with estimated yield (ET), respectively.
losses reaching up to 30% in heavily infested fields and Induced Plant-derived biostimulants (PDB.
, derived from greenhouses, especially under conditions of high humidity and moderate temperatures, which are significant attention due to their biodegradability, low prevalent in many parts of Indonesia.
toxicity, and rich composition of bioactive molecules.
For decades, the primary strategy for managing These tissues, are gray mold has been the intensive application of polyphenols, peptides, and phytohormones, can act as synthetic chemical fungicides.
While often effective in potent elicitors of plant defense.
Formulations based the short term, this overreliance has precipitated a on seaweed, particularly the brown alga Ascophyllum cascade of severe and unsustainable consequences.
nodosum, have been widely documented to enhance These include the emergence of fungicide-resistant B.
plant growth and resistance to both biotic and abiotic non-target The eliciting activity of A.
nodosum extracts beneficial microorganisms, potential risks to human is attributed to compounds like laminarin, alginates, health, and the accumulation of chemical residues in and fucoidans, which are recognized by plant cell the environment and agricultural products.
The receptors to initiate defense signaling cascades.
growing consumer demand for safer, residue-free food Similarly, extracts from terrestrial plants known for and the increasing regulatory scrutiny of chemical their medicinal and nutritional properties are being pesticides have created an urgent need for innovative.
Moringa oleifera Lam.
is a tropical tree whose eco-friendly, and effective alternatives for disease leaves are rich in a diverse array of secondary management in modern agriculture.
strains, negative impacts on One of the most promising avenues in this pursuit including flavonoids.
These is the utilization of plant biostimulants.
These are compounds possess direct antimicrobial properties substances or microorganisms whose function, when and have been shown to modulate plant physiological applied to plants or the rhizosphere, is to stimulate natural processes to enhance or benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress.
While the individual benefits of A.
nodosum and M.
and crop quality.
A key mode of action for many oleifera extracts have been explored, the potential biostimulants is their ability to act as elicitors, synergistic or additive effects of their combined triggering the plant's own innate immune system.
application as a composite biostimulant remain largely Plants possess a sophisticated, multi-layered defense A formulation that combines the well- network that can be activated upon recognition of established elicitors from a marine source with the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP.
or unique phytochemical profile of a terrestrial plant damage-associated (DAMP.
could potentially activate a broader and more resilient Elicitors can "prime" this defense system, placing the defense response.
Such a composition could trigger plant in a state of readiness.
A primed plant does not multiple signaling pathways, leading to a more comprehensive mold, were sourced from a local certified seed producer complex pathogens like B.
This necrotroph (PT East West Seed Indonesi.
Seeds were sown in employs a multifaceted infection strategy, rapidly germination trays filled with a sterile mixture of killing host cells and then feeding on the dead tissue, cocopeat and compost .
:1, v/.
After two weeks, making it a challenging target for defense mechanisms uniform seedlings at the two-true-leaf stage were that are effective against biotrophs.
Therefore, a transplanted into individual 5 L polybags containing a defense strategy that combines cell wall reinforcement, sterilized growing medium of soil, sand, and compost .
:1:1, v/v/.
Plants were watered daily and fertilized management of oxidative stress is paramount.
weekly with a standard NPK .
:16:.
The Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate experiment was initiated when plants reached the 4-5
and evaluate a novel plant-derived biostimulant true-leaf stage, approximately four
PDB-MX7,
extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum and Moringa The plant-derived oleifera, for its capacity to induce resistance against designated PDB-MX7, was a proprietary aqueous Botrytis cinerea in tomato.
We hypothesized that PDB- MX7 would prime the tomato plant's immune system, component was a commercial extract of the brown leading to enhanced protection against gray mold.
The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive.
Acadian Seaplants Ltd.
Canada, and used according multi-level to the manufacturer's recommendations.
The second underlying this induced resistance.
We move beyond component was an extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, simple disease assessment to provide an integrated prepared in-house.
Fresh, healthy Moringa leaves were analysis of biochemical, and collected from the Cikabayan experimental farm at IPB molecular responses, including the profiling of key University.
The leaves were washed thoroughly with defense enzymes, phytohormone signaling molecules sterile distilled water, shade-dried for seven days, and (SA and JA), and the expression of marker genes for then ground into a fine powder.
The powder .
systemic resistance pathways.
This work represents was extracted with 1 L of 80% methanol for 48 hours the first investigation into the synergistic potential of at room temperature with continuous shaking.
The extract was filtered through Whatman No.
1 filter combination, seeking to elucidate the intricate defense paper, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced network it activates to provide a foundation for its pressure using a rotary evaporator at 40AC to yield a development as a sustainable disease management crude extract.
The final PDB-MX7 formulation was prepared by dissolving the A.
nodosum extract .
inal marine-terrestrial Ascophyllum The 2% v/.
and the M.
oleifera crude Methods extract .
inal concentration 0.
1% w/.
in sterile The experiment was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions at the CMHC Research Center.
Palembang.
South A virulent isolate of Botrytis cinerea (BC-IPB.
, greenhouse maintained an average temperature of 28 originally isolated from an infected tomato fruit in a A 4AC, relative humidity of 75 A 10%, and a natural commercial farm in Cipanas.
West Java, was used for this study.
The isolate was maintained on Potato .
ight/dar.
Seeds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at 4AC.
For inoculum 'Mutiara'), a determinate cultivar widely grown preparation, the fungus was sub-cultured onto fresh in Indonesia and known for its susceptibility to gray PDA plates and incubated at 22 A 1AC under a 12-hour Indonesia.
The Sumatera, distilled water containing 0.
02% .
Tween-20 as a 12/12 photoperiod provided by near-UV light to promote inoculation .
Disease incidence (%) calculated as After 14 days, conidia were harvested by the percentage of inoculated leaves showing visible sterile distilled water necrotic symptoms.
Lesion diameter .
was defined 02% Tween-20 and gently scraping the as the diameter of the necrotic lesion developing from surface with a sterile glass rod.
The the inoculation point was measured using a digital suspension was filtered through four layers of sterile Disease Severity Index (DSI) was assessed cheesecloth to using a 0-5 rating scale: 0 = no symptoms.
1 = small mycelial fragments.
The conidial concentration was determined using a necrotic spots, lesion covers <10% of leaf area.
hemocytometer and adjusted to a final concentration lesion covers 11-25% of leaf area.
3 = lesion covers 26- of 1 y 10A conidia mLAA for inoculation.
50% of leaf area.
4 = lesion covers 51-75% of leaf area The experiment was laid out in a Randomized with some tissue collapse.
5 = lesion covers >75% of Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments leaf area, extensive necrosis, and tissue maceration.
and four replications .
Each treatment unit The DSI was calculated using the formula: DSI (%) = consisted of 10 plants, totaling 160 plants for the .
x v/N x V) x 100, where n is the number of leaves in entire experiment.
The four treatments were as each category, v is the numerical value of each follows: .
Control (C): Plants sprayed with sterile category.
N is the total number of leaves assessed, and distilled water V is the highest numerical value of the scale.
Tween-20 inoculated with sterile distilled water.
Biostimulant At the end of the experiment .
, five plants Only (PDB): Plants sprayed with PDB-MX7 and mock- per treatment unit were randomly selected to measure inoculated with sterile distilled water.
Pathogen growth parameters.
Plant height, stem diameter.
Only (BC): Plants sprayed with sterile distilled water chlorophyll content (SPAD units, using a Konica 02% Tween-20 and inoculated with B.
Minolta SPAD-502 meter on the fourth fully expanded Biostimulant Pathogen (PDB BC): Plants sprayed lea.
, and total dry biomass .
hoots and roots dried at with PDB-MX7 and inoculated with B.
70AC for 72 hour.
were recorded.
The PDB-MX7 or water .
was applied as a Leaf samples for biochemical and molecular foliar spray until runoff, ensuring complete coverage of analyses were collected at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours all aerial parts of the plants.
This application was post-inoculation .
Samples were immediately performed twice: 7 days and 3 days prior to pathogen frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80AC until inoculation, to ensure adequate time for the priming of Hydrogen Peroxide (HCCOCC) content was defense responses.
Three days after the second measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the biostimulant application, plants in the BC and absorbance of the titanium-hydroperoxide complex at PDB BC treatments were inoculated with the B.
415 nm.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, an indicator Inoculation lipid peroxidation, was estimated using the performed by wounding the third fully expanded leaf thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, from the apex with a sterile needle and applying a 10 with absorbance measured at 532 nm and 600 nm.
All AAL droplet of the conidial suspension onto the wound.
Plants in the C and PDB treatments were mock- spectrophotometrically from a crude protein extract.
inoculated with a 10 AAL droplet of sterile distilled Protein concentration was determined using the After inoculation, plants were covered with Bradford transparent plastic bags for 48 hours to maintain high (PAL.
EC 4.
PAL activity was determined by humidity (>95%) and facilitate fungal infection.
measuring the formation of trans-cinnamic acid from Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Disease development was monitored daily.
Disease L-phenylalanine at 290 nm.
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO.
incidence and severity were recorded at 7 days post- EC 1.
PPO activity was assayed by measuring the rate of purpurogallin formation from pyrogallol at cinerea infection.
As shown in Table 1, at 7 days post- 420 nm.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD.
EC 1.
, the untreated, pathogen-inoculated SOD activity was determined based on its ability to plants (BC) exhibited severe gray mold symptoms, with inhibit the photochemical reduction of nitroblue a disease incidence of 100%.
In contrast, plants pre- tetrazolium (NBT), with absorbance read at 560 nm.
Catalase (CAT.
activity was significantly lower disease incidence of only 37.
measured by monitoring the decomposition of HCCOCC at The Disease Severity Index (DSI) was dramatically 240 nm.
reduced from 85.
2% in the BC group to 20.
1% in the EC 1.
CAT
Free salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were PDB-MX7
(PDB BC)
PDB BC group, representing a disease control efficacy extracted from 200 mg of frozen leaf tissue using a methanol-based extraction method and quantified expansion was effectively curtailed by the biostimulant using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography The average lesion diameter in the BC (HPLC) system (Agilent 1260 Infinit.
equipped with a group was 25.
1 mm, whereas in the PDB BC group, it C18 column and a fluorescence detector, following was only 7.
1 mm, a reduction of 71.
The control (C) and biostimulant-only (PDB) groups showed no Total RNA was extracted from leaf samples using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen.
German.
RNA
Furthermore, the necrotrophic lesion confirming the pathogen's role and the non-phytotoxic nature of the biostimulant.
Infection with B.
cinerea had a significant negative spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis.
First- impact on tomato plant growth (Table .
Plants in the strand cDNA was synthesized from 1 AAg of total RNA BC group showed stunted growth, with significant using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit reductions in plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll (Thermo Fisher Scientifi.
Real-time quantitative PCR content, and total dry biomass compared to the (RT-qPCR) was performed on a Bio-Rad CFX96 Real- healthy control plants.
However, pre-treatment with Time System using SYBR Green Master Mix.
The PDB-MX7 substantially alleviated these negative expression of two key defense-related genes was analyzed: PR-1 (Pathogenesis-Related protein 1, an parameters that were not significantly different from SA-pathway marke.
and PDF1.
2 (Plant Defensin 1.
the uninfected control plants.
Interestingly, the PDB- a JA/ET-pathway marke.
The tomato Actin gene was only treatment resulted in a slight but significant used as the endogenous reference for normalization.
increase in plant height, chlorophyll content, and total The relative expression levels were calculated using dry biomass compared to the control group, indicating the 2AiiCt method.
a direct growth-promoting .
effect of the All data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for an RCBD design using the R The PDB BC formulation, independent of its disease-suppressive statistical software .
Data were first To investigate the physiological state of the plants checked for normality and homogeneity of variances.
during infection, we measured the accumulation of When the ANOVA indicated a significant effect (P < HCCOCC and the levels of MDA, a marker for membrane .
, treatment means were compared using Tukey's lipid peroxidation.
Pathogen challenge in the BC group Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post-hoc test.
led to a massive and sustained increase in both HCCOCC and MDA content, peaking at 48 hpi (Figure .
This Results and discussion indicates severe oxidative stress and cellular damage.
Application of the biostimulant PDB-MX7 provided In contrast, while the PDB BC plants also showed an significant protection to tomato plants against B.
initial increase in HCCOCC, the levels were significantly lower than in the BC group and began to decline after that PDB-MX7 pre-treatment enabled the plants to 48 hpi.
Crucially, the MDA content in PDB BC plants effectively manage and neutralize the pathogen- remained low throughout the experiment, at levels induced oxidative burst, thereby preventing extensive comparable to the uninfected controls.
This suggests cellular damage.
The ability of PDB BC plants to control oxidative Furthermore.
PDB-MX7 treatment primed the stress was correlated with a primed response of induction of key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid antioxidant enzymes.
The activities of Superoxide pathway.
PAL and PPO, which are central to the Dismutase synthesis of antimicrobial phytoalexins and phenolics significantly higher and induced earlier in PDB BC for cell wall reinforcement.
In PDB BC plants.
PAL plants compared to BC plants upon infection (Figure activity showed a rapid and dramatic increase.
SOD activity peaked at 24 hpi in PDB BC plants, peaking at 48 hpi at a level 3.
1-fold higher than in the while in BC plants, the response was delayed and of BC group (Figure 3A).
PPO activity followed a similar lower magnitude.
A similar pattern was observed for trend, with a peak at 48 hpi that was 2.
8-fold higher CAT activity.
in PDB BC plants compared to the pathogen-only (SOD) Catalase (CAT) challenge (Figure 3B).
Notably, application of PDB- prepared the plant for a stronger response, a hallmark MX7 alone caused a slight, transient increase in these of priming.
enzyme activities, indicating a mild elicitation that To elucidate the signaling pathways involved in PDB-MX7-induced resistance, we quantified the endogenous levels of free SA and JA.
As shown in (Figure 4B).
This suggests a dominant role for the SA pathway in PDB-MX7-mediated defense, potentially modulating the JA response.
Figure 4A, infection with B.
cinerea in BC plants led to To confirm the activation of hormone-mediated a modest increase in SA levels, peaking at 48 hpi.
defense pathways at the molecular level, we analyzed However, in PDB-MX7 pre-treated plants (PDB BC), the expression of PR-1 and PDF1.
2, marker genes for the accumulation of SA was significantly faster and the SA and JA/ET pathways, respectively.
The patterns mirrored the concentration nearly 2.
5-fold higher than that in BC profiles (Figure .
The relative expression of PR-1 was plants at the same time point.
In contrast.
JA levels massively upregulated in PDB BC plants following showed a strong induction in the BC group, consistent infection, showing a more than 5-fold increase compared to the challenged control (BC) at 48 hpi.
This Interestingly, in the PDB BC group, while JA levels strong induction provides clear molecular evidence for also increased, the peak was slightly lower and the activation of the SA-dependent SAR pathway.
The occurred earlier .
t 24 hp.
compared to the BC group expression of PDF1.
2 was also induced by the pathogen, but there was no significant difference mechanism of PDB-MX7-induced resistance against between the cinerea is the potentiation of the SA signaling BC and PDB BC Figure 1.
Effect of PDB-MX7 pre-treatment on (A) Hydrogen Peroxide (HCCOCC) content and (B) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tomato leaves at different time points after inoculation with B.
Data points represent means A SD .
Different letters at each time point indicate significant differences (P < 0.
The escalating challenges posed by fungicide elucidates the intricate mechanisms underlying this resistance and environmental concerns mandate a induced resistance, which is predominantly mediated paradigm shift in crop protection towards more by the activation of the Systemic Acquired Resistance sustainable practices.
This study provides compelling (SAR) pathway.
evidence that the novel plant-derived biostimulant.
The primary finding of this research is the PDB-MX7, is a highly effective agent for controlling significant reduction in disease severity .
4%) in gray mold disease in tomato.
The application of PDB- PDB-MX7-treated plants.
This protection is not merely MX7 did not exhibit direct antifungal activity .
ata not a localized phenomenon but a systemic response that show.
but rather conferred protection by priming the enhances the plant's overall defensive capacity.
This is plant's innate immune system for a faster and more supported by the concurrent mitigation of pathogen- robust defense response upon pathogen attack.
Our induced growth depression.
While B.
cinerea infection comprehensive analysis, spanning from macroscopic severely stunted growth in untreated plants.
PDB- disease symptoms to molecular gene expression.
MX7-treated plants maintained growth parameters comparable to healthy controls.
This indicates that the highlights the pleiotropic effects of the formulation, biostimulant not only activates defenses but also helps likely due to the presence of growth-regulating the plant to tolerate the stress of infection, reallocating compounds like auxins, cytokinins, and essential micronutrients within the A.
nodosum and Moringa efficiently to defending against the pathogen.
Furthermore, the observed growth promotion in the PDB-only treatment Figure 2.
Activity of antioxidant enzymes (A) Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and (B) Catalase (CAT) in tomato leaves.
A critical aspect of a successful plant-pathogen ROS accumulation can lead to extensive cellular interaction, from the plant's perspective, is the damage, lipid peroxidation .
easured as MDA), and management of oxidative stress.
The initial recognition of a pathogen often triggers a rapid generation of necrotroph like B.
cinerea exploits to its advantage.
reactive oxygen species (ROS), known as the oxidative Our results show that while PDB-MX7-primed plants burst, which has a dual role: directly hampering the still produced an oxidative burst (HCCOCC), they were able pathogen and acting as a signaling molecule to to keep it under tight control.
This was evidenced by activate downstream defenses.
However, uncontrolled the significantly lower levels of HCCOCC and, more importantly, the near-basal levels of MDA in PDB BC in primed plants demonstrates a highly efficient This enhanced ROS detoxification capacity is antioxidant system ready to cope with pathogen- directly attributable to the primed activation of induced stress, thereby preserving cellular integrity and limiting the substrate for the necrotrophic The earlier and induction of SOD .
hich dismutates superoxide 16,17 radicals into HCCOCC) and CAT .
hich neutralizes HCCOCC) Figure 3.
Activity of defense-related enzymes (A) Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) and (B) Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) in tomato leaves.
The cornerstone of the induced resistance observed fungal growth and the deposition of phenolic polymers into the cell wall.
This process, known as lignification, phenylpropanoid pathway, evidenced by the dramatic creates a physical barrier that is highly resistant to the induction of PAL and PPO activity.
PAL is the gateway cell-wall-degrading enzymes secreted by B.
enzyme for this pathway, which leads to the synthesis PPO, in turn, catalyzes the oxidation of these phenolics of a vast array of antimicrobial and defense-related into highly reactive quinones, which are not only more compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and toxic to the pathogen but also contribute to cell wall lignin precursors.
The rapid, 3.
1-fold increase in PAL cross-linking, further fortifying the physical defenses.
activity in PDB BC plants would facilitate a massive The priming of these enzymatic activities is a classic flux of carbon into this pathway, leading to the hallmark of accumulation of phytoalexins that can directly inhibit responsible for restricting lesion expansion.
induced resistance and is directly Figure 4.
Endogenous levels of (A) Salicylic Acid (SA) and (B) Jasmonic Acid (JA) in tomato leaves.
The indicator that the SA signal has been transduced and responses is orchestrated by a sophisticated network the plant has entered a systemic state of defense.
18,19
The interaction between the SA and JA pathways, unequivocally to the salicylic acid (SA) pathway as the often referred to as signaling crosstalk, is complex and central mediator of PDB-MX7-induced resistance.
The frequently antagonistic.
The JA pathway is classically significantly higher accumulation of SA in PDB BC plants is a key finding.
SA is the primary signaling pathogens and herbivorous insects.
Our data show molecule for the activation of SAR, a long-lasting, that while B.
cinerea strongly induced the JA pathway broad-spectrum resistance effective against many (JA accumulation and PDF1.
2 expressio.
PDB-MX7 biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
While B.
pre-treatment did not further potentiate this response, and in fact, slightly attenuated the JA peak.
This Our necrotroph, accumulating evidence effective in limiting the initial stages of infection before activation of the SA pathway, which in this context, proved to be a more effective strategy.
This SA-JA upregulation of the SA-marker gene PR-1 .
ver 5-fol.
antagonism might allow the plant to fine-tune its in PDB BC plants provides definitive molecular proof defense response, preventing the excessive activation of SAR activation.
PR-1 proteins are thought to of two potentially conflicting pathways and conserving possess antimicrobial activities and are a reliable metabolic resources.
The suggests that an early and robust SA response can be Figure 5.
Relative expression of defense-related genes (A) PR-1 and (B) PDF1.
2 in tomato leaves.
The eliciting capacity of PDB-MX7 likely stems from a synergistic combination of bioactive molecules from its two components.
The A.
nodosum extract contains oligosaccharides like laminarin, which are known Q.
Chen Z.
The natural product osthole.
PAMPs that are recognized by plant receptors to known for its insecticidal and antimicrobial initiate defense signaling.
The Moringa oleifera extract properties, potentially binds contributes a different suite of compounds, including offering a novel approach for controlling glucosinolate derivatives, which have been shown to act as defense elicitors and modulators of plant gray mold for to amidase, first time.
Phytopathology.
de Oliveira Lopes E.
Salcedo-Sarmiento S, hormone homeostasis.
The combination of these Barreto RW.
Botrytis cinerea causes grey diverse molecular patterns may trigger multiple mould on basil (Ocimum basilicu.
in Brazil.
receptor complexes on the plant cell surface, leading Australas Plant Dis Notes.
to a more amplified and resilient downstream signal Zhong X.
Li H.
Cai Y.
Deng Y.
Xu H.
Tian J, et than either component could achieve alone.
This Early detection of tomato gray mold based comprehensive activation is likely what underpins the strong priming of the SA-mediated SAR pathway Horticulturae.
:1073.
observed in our study.
Farouk S.
Al-Sanoussi AJ.
biostimulants in Conclusion The role increasing barley plant growth and yield under newly cultivated sandy This study conclusively demonstrates that the novel plant-derived biostimulant formulation.
PDB- Cercet Agron Mold.
:116Ae27.
La Spada F.
Aloi F.
Coniglione M.
Pane A.
MX7, effectively protects tomato plants against gray Cacciola SO.
Natural biostimulants elicit plant The immune system in an integrated management protective mechanism is not based on direct fungicidal strategy of the postharvest green mold of action but on the elicitation and priming of the plant's orange fruits incited by Penicillium digitatum.
innate immune system.
PDB-MX7 pre-treatment Front Plant Sci.
12:684722.
Botrytis prepares the plant for a more rapid, potent, and Rossini A.
Ruggeri R.
Rossini F.
Use of foliar efficient defense response upon pathogen challenge.
This response is characterized by the enhanced Understanding its potential in improving management of oxidative stress, the fortification of cell walls via the phenylpropanoid pathway, and, most Mediterranean critically, the strong activation of the salicylic acid- 14.
:2276.
Systemic The Acquired Resistance (SAR) quality responses Plants.
Singh U.
Archana.
Kumar S.
Gola SK.
Kumar findings position PDB-MX7 as a S.
Singh R, et al.
Impact of biostimulants on promising, effective, and environmentally sound tool yield and yield attributing characteristic of for integration into disease management programs for capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.
Int J Plant sustainable tomato production, offering a viable Soil Sci.
:178Ae90.
alternative to the reliance on synthetic fungicides.
Suyrez IDS.
Hsiang T.
Goodwin PH.
comparison of the effects of phycocyanin, 5.
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