Darajatuna Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies
vol 1 (1), 2025:1-20. ISSN (p) xxxx-xxxx, (e) xxxx-xxxx
https://ejournal.unsuda.ac.id/index.php/Darajatuna
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55352/Darajatuna.

Trends In The Use Of E-Commerce In An Axiological Review Of Islamic Business
Ethics

Ina Nasihatul Ummah¹, Vivi Ariyanti²
¹²Pacsasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Profesor K.H Saefudin Zuhri Purwokerto
*Corresponding author

inanasihatul380@mail.com

Submitted: 28 February

Accepted: 20 March

Published: 30 March

Abstract
E-commerce transactions, often referred to as online buying and selling, are transactions conducted
by sellers and buyers over the Internet, where sellers and buyers do not meet in person. Online
buying and selling have become increasingly popular because they make it easier for sellers to
market their goods and for buyers in practice, there are still sellers who commit fraud. Therefore,
ethics is needed in the practice of online buying and selling, ethics is a branch of philosophy that
teaches ideas of good and bad, positive and negative. The type of writing in this article is a library
research study using qualitative methods aimed at discussing several themes about how online
buying and selling in Islamic economic business, the relationship between ethics and the branch of
philosophy, the philosophical approach to Islamic business ethics from an axiological perspective,
as well as the perspective of business ethics and its practice in the use of e-commerce. In this
article, it can be concluded that the trend of e-commerce usage has not fully implemented Islamic
business ethics, as in practice there are still shortcomings such as fraud that results in losses for
one party. However, on the other hand, e-commerce always strives to apply the business ethics
taught by the Prophet Muhammad SAW by avoiding practices of riba, gharar, maisir, and other
harmful activities.

Keywords: E-commerce, ethics, Islamic business

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Copyright © 2025 by Author

INTRODUCTION
Internet technology is currently developing rapidly and has a big
influence on almost all aspects of human life. One of the real effects in the
business world is the emergence of E-commerce which provides various
goods online. Electronic Commerce Transaction is a trade transaction
between a seller and a buyer to provide goods, services, or take over rights.
This contract is carried out using electronic media (digital medium) where the
parties are not physically present and this medium is in a public network with
an open system, namely the internet. The large number of emerging ecommerce has made people more flexible in choosing online platforms to
carry out transactions easily. People must still pay attention to the suitability
and security of the platform without any element of compulsion from any
party. As stated in the Al Qur’an:

ِ ِ
ِ
ََ‫َع ْنَتا اراض‬
‫يَايُّ اهاَالَّ ِذيْ انَاٰ امنُ ْو ا‬
‫اََل ا‬
‫ََتْ ُكلُْْٓواَاْم اوالا ُك ْمَباْيَنا ُك ْمَ ِِبلْبَااط ِلَاََّلََْٓا ْنَتا ُك ْو انَِتا اارةً ا‬
ٰ ‫ِمْن ُك ْمَََۗ اواَلَتا ْقتُلُْْٓواَانْ ُف اس ُك ْمََۗاِ َّن‬
َ ‫َاّللاَ اكا انَبِ ُك ْم اَرِحْي ًَم‬
“O you who believe! Do not devour each other's wealth in a false
way, except in trade that is based on mutual consent between you. And don't
kill yourself. Indeed, Allah is Most Merciful to you.”(Q.S An-Nisa Ayat 29).
(Indonesia, 2019)
This verse explains the strict prohibition against consuming other
people's property or one's property falsely, there should be an element of
mutual consent between the seller and the buyer when carrying out a buying
and selling transaction.
In Indonesia, e-commerce continues to grow, this is in line with the
rapidly increasing number of online shopping consumers, in fact, according

2

to the Digital 2022 Global Overview Report, Indonesia is one of the countries
whose citizens shop online most often. In 2022, Indonesia will be ranked fifth
as the country with the most frequent online shopping transactions, with a
percentage of internet users who are e-commerce customers at 36%. Apart
from the five countries in the top positions such as: Thailand, South Korea,
Mexico, and Türkiye, Malaysia, and Taiwan are also included in the group of
countries that use e-commerce most often, with a percentage of 34.7%. Then
followed by India at 34.1%, the United Arab Emirates at 33.4%, and Greece
at 32.2%. (Mutia Annur Cindy, ‘Daftar Negara Paling Sering Belanja Online,
Indonesia Peringkat Ke-5’, Databoks, 2022).
E-commerce has a flexible and easy to access nature, so people can
shop for daily necessities online practically without having to go to a shop or
make physical contact with the seller, besides transactions are carried out
using a non-cash system, and buyers can get various promotions such as free
shipping, discounts, etc. The ease of online transactions is prone to causing
many risks and losses borne by buyers. The risk of buying and selling online
that often occurs is the rise of fraud. Based on data collected by the Ministry
of Communication and Information (Kemenkominfo) from 2017 to 2024,
there were 405,000 reports of online transaction fraud, 13.1% of fraud
occurred in the e-commerce sector in 2023.(Sucipto, 2024) Buyers cannot see
the desired goods in person, so sellers need to apply very high levels of
business ethics. Ethics is a study of legal and correct actions and moral
choices made by a person. Good ethics includes four things, namely:
Honesty, accuracy, reliability, loyalty, and discipline (Harianto & Dharma,
2024). Ethics is one of the main branches of philosophy. In Islamic economic
philosophy, ethics is very necessary to provide value from what is done and

3

ensure that business activities are carried out with integrity, honesty, and
social responsibility.
Based on this background, the role of Islamic business ethics in the
philosophy of axiological review is very much needed in the implementation
of the use of e-commerce, for this reason, it is necessary to study this indepth so that Islamic business economic activities can run in life by the
provisions set out by Islamic law. Therefore, the author took the title of the
article Trends in the Use of E-commerce in an Axiological Review of Islamic
Business Ethics.

METHOD
This research is library research using books and other literature as
the main object. The method in this research is qualitative, namely research
based on the philosophy of science used to research the conditions of natural
objects (as opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key
instrument,- and data collection techniques are carried out by triangulation
(combination), data analysis is inductive and the results of qualitative
research emphasize meaning rather than generalization (Sujarweni, 2021).
The type of research used is descriptive-analytical, namely data collection
that provides the results of the research presentation which is then compiled
and put into writing, interpreted, and analyzed (Sujarweni, 2021). This
research data comes from secondary data obtained from books, e-books,
scientific literature, and research journals. The purpose of this research is to
determine the value of Islamic Business Ethics from an Islamic Philosophical
Perspective in an axiological review.

4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Definition of E-commerce in Islamic Economy Business
Electronic commerce or e-commerce is part of the space
known as e-business. In this case, e-commerce is seen as the
application of e-business, about the process of selling and purchasing
products and services. This aspect includes data exchange during the
transaction process related to managing payment activities (Trifena et
al., 2022, p. 169).
In the provisions of Islamic Economics, E-commerce, or what
is called online buying and selling is included in the category of
ordering business (salam). The word salam comes from the word attaslim. This word is synonymous with as-salaf which means giving
something with the hope of results in the future (Ammi, 2021, p. 62).
According to the Ulama, the definition of bai' salam is the sale and
purchase of goods that are characterized (with certain criteria/certain
specifications) under the responsibility (of the seller) with a cash
payment at the contract ceremony or in Arabic aqad, which means
bond or guarantee. In other terms, bai' salam is a contract to order
goods with agreed criteria and with cash payment at the time the
contract takes place (Kholid Syamhudin, 2020).
The online buying and selling system in the context of Islamic
law is the same as buying and selling salam in the context of
muamalah. After an agreement is reached, the seller will ask for
payment to be made first, then the goods will be sent. This
mechanism is the same as the greeting contract, the only difference is
that the implementation is carried out online (not meeting in person).

5

In transactions using the internet, giving a request for goods by the
seller on the website or application constitutes approval (Ijab) and
filling in and agreeing to send the goods that have been filled in by
the buyer constitutes acceptance (Qabul). The majority of scholars
allow it as long as there is no element of gharar or ambiguity by
providing clear specifications of the goods in the form of images,
types, colors, models, shapes and which affect the price of the goods
(Rachmat, 2001, p. 75).
The first business process in an e-commerce system is called
information sharing. In this process, the seller's principle is to look for
and attract as many potential buyers as possible, while the buyer's
principle is to try as hard as possible to find the desired product or
service and try to find out other people's assessments of the product or
service (Haris, 2004, p. 28). After information exchange activities are
carried out, the next business process is to order products or services
electronically. Purchases between two business units are usually made
through a specific network, such as EDI (Electronic Data
Interchange). According to Wahid, there are several places where
business actors usually sell online, namely (Wahid, 2013):
A. Marketplace, has a concept like a traditional market on the
internet. The marketplace owner has a role as the party that brings
together sellers and buyers on their website. Marketplaces are
more than just buying and selling products online but include the
entire process of marketing, sales, delivery, service, and customer
payments, with support from a network of business partners.
Examples of marketplaces are BukaLapak.com, Shopee, and
Tokopedia.com.

6

B. Website, An online business actor can create a site specifically
aimed at doing online business. The site has an address or domain
name that matches the name of the online shop. To create a site
with an appropriate name, businesses must pay hosting fees. For
example OLX.com.
C. Webblog, Business actors who have a limited budget can rely on
free blogs such as Blogspot or WordPress. Business actors can
arrange designs and photos of products to be sold or marketed.
Examples

are,

www.bajumuslimtermurah.blogspot.com,

http://morinabusana.blogspot.com.
D. Forum, provided by community or community-based sites. From
this forum, a person can find what he is looking for and what he
should sell. To access and make posts on a forum, business actors
are required to sign up first to become members of the site.
Examples are, Kaskus.co.id and Paseban.com.
Several types of transactions used by online buying and selling
consumers include (Muhammad, 2015, pp. 96–99): Cash On Delivery
(COD) which can be done in two ways, namely by paying directly to
the seller or paying via courier service (Delivery Service), Debit On
Delivery or Credit On Delivery carrying out transactions by using a
debit card, using a bank account transfer, using a virtual wallet, and
using an Escrow Account or Escrow Service, namely payment by the
seller or consumer via a third party (Purkon Arip, 2014, p. 20).
2. The relationship between ethics and the branches of philosophy
Philosophy is a science that uses the mind to investigate
everything that exists and can use the mind as the main medium.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that discusses human behavior in

7

society. Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which in its plural
form (ta etha), means "custom" or "habit". In this sense, ethics is
related to good living habits in a person society, or group of people.
The term "ethics" can be used to describe human activities that have
good or negative values. The goal of philosophy and ethics is to
discuss human behavior.
The Nature of Philosophical Ethics reflects the behavioral
component of unsolicited opinions. Because ethical beliefs often
differ from those of others, introspection is sometimes necessary.
Critical, methodical, and systematic analysis of human behavior from
the perspective of moral standards or the perspective of good or evil is
known as philosophical ethics. Compared to other sciences that also
study human behavior, philosophical ethics is a discourse that is
devoted to human life behavior from a normative point of view
(Kiamani, 2023, p. 67).
According to Imam al-Ghazali, the highest goal of ethics
requires cleansing the soul and separating it from the body so that the
soul can reach the highest passion, namely, "love of God". Imam alGhazali also determined mystical qualities as the basic characteristics
of his qualities. In this case, Imam al-Ghazali established a
complicated mystical theory, mostly taken from earlier Sufis, which
involved the terms maqam (station) and hal (state). It is said to be
maqam if a person's character becomes permanent and lasts and vice
versa. Here Imam al-Ghazali mentions mystical virtues with the
expression maqam (Afifah & Zulkarnaen, 2024, p. 54).

8

3. Philosophy of Science Approach to Islamic Business Ethics
Axiological Review
Ontologically (theory of being), Islamic Business Ethics is based
on several things: First, belief in the Oneness of God (Tawhid),
second, the unity of creation, third, the unity of truth and the unity of
knowledge, fourth, the unity of life, and fifth, the unity of humanity.
This thinking at the ontological level then forms the assumption of
epistemology (theory of knowledge), that everything in nature was
created by God with the right measurements. The concepts of Islamic
Business Ethics are obtained from a correct understanding of God's
words (the Koran and Sunnah) as well as self-perception of objective
and subjective reality. Meanwhile, the implications of ontological and
epistemological assumptions give rise to goals, behavior, or axiology,
namely the implementation of the values outlined in the principles of
Islamic Business Ethics, with the ultimate goal of achieving falah
(pleasure from God) (Fauzan, 2012, p. 99).
Axiology is a branch of philosophy that studies life values.
Viewed from an axiological aspect, sharia economic law teaches that
every human activity is centered on devotion to Allah and in carrying
out Allah's duties to prosper the earth. Therefore, sharia-based
economic activities must not conflict with the principles and duties of
humans created on earth, namely as caliphs (Moh. Mufid, 2021, p.
40). According to M. Dawam Rahardjo, the goal of economic activity
is only a target to achieve a higher goal, namely happiness in life in
this world and the afterlife. Islamic economics pays attention to and
applies sharia in economic behavior and in the formation of economic
systems. In the economy, conventional economic problems arise

9

because of the demand to provide human needs. Humans have
unlimited needs, while natural resources (SDA) are limited. The
Islamic economic system stands on solid pillars, namely basic values,
instrumental values, philosophical values, normative values, and
practical values of how (how) to produce them, and for what (who)
goods are produced, as well as why (why) goods are produced. Islam
considers that scarcity of goods and natural resources does not apply.
What is limited are human needs, because these needs are categorized
as necessities (dlaruriyât), pleasures (hajat), and luxuries (tahsiniyyât)
(Muslihun Muslim, 2015).
Kohlbeng said that ethical principles in business can be grouped
into three groups, namely: Principles of benefit, Principles of human
rights, and principles of justice. Meanwhile, regarding the term
"business" what is meant is a trade, industrial or financial matter or
activity that is connected with the production or exchange of goods or
services by placing money from entrepreneurs at certain risks with
certain businesses with the motive to gain profit.
Business is an activity between humans that involves producing,
selling, and buying goods and services to fulfill society. The basic
need for thinking is a fair reciprocal exchange between the parties
involved. The main goal of business is not to make a profit but to
fulfill other people's needs, and through that, they can get what they
need. Matsushita, said that the real goal of business is not to make a
profit but to serve the needs of society. Meanwhile, profits are nothing
more than a symbol of public trust in a company's business activities
(Gumilar, 2017, p. 124).

10

Islamic values are present in all human life. As an entrepreneur, it
is important to apply the principles of Islamic business ethics such as
unity (Tauhid), justice, freedom, responsibility, and integrity/ honesty
(Latipah, 2024). These five principles are very crucial for
entrepreneurs.
1) Unity (Tauhid), is human faith and submission to God. This
means that the main source of Islamic ethics is a complete and
pure belief in the oneness of God. This statement specifically
shows the vertical dimension of Islam, which incorporates
man's

complete

unconditional

submission

to

God,

subordinating his desires, ambitions, and actions to His
commands “Say: verily my prayer, my worship, my life and
my death are only for Allah, the Lord of the worlds. (QS. AlAn'am: 162)
2) Balance (equilibrium), in the world of work and business,
Islam mandates fair treatment of all parties without
discrimination. Allah says in Surah Al Maidah verse 8, that
believers are expected to always adhere to the truth, because
Allah witnesses all actions fairly. Hatred of a group should not
drive someone to act unfairly. Acting fairly is an action that
brings oneself closer to piety.
3) Free will, according to Islamic understanding, humans can
will and make choices between various options, although this
freedom is not comparable to God's absolute freedom.
Humans can make decisions based on their relative free will,
choosing between what is considered "right" and sometimes
what is considered "wrong". In Islam, God's mercy depends on

11

man's initial choice of what is considered "right." This ethic is
highly valued in Islam as a moral foundation. Free will implies
that each individual has the freedom to strive both individually
and as part of a community. In an economic context, society
can apply Islamic principles which emphasize this freedom.
4) Responsibility, the concept of responsibility comes from at
least two fundamental aspects. First, the responsibility that is
inseparable from the caliphate status of God's representative
on earth. Both Islamic concepts of responsibility are
essentially voluntary, without coercion. So this principle
requires sacrifice, but has no dirty meaning. This means that
apart from being sensitive to the environment, society (which
is already free) must also be sensitive to the consequences of
its freedom.
5) Truth (virtue/honesty), in this context, truth includes two main
aspects, namely virtue and honesty, in addition to the concepts
of right and wrong. In a business context, truth refers to
correct values, attitudes, and behavior. This includes the
process of contract transactions, procurement or development
of assets, as well as achieving or determining profits. This
principle of truth confirms that Islamic business ethics
functions as protection and prevention against potential losses
in transactions, collaborations, or contracts.
4. Review of Axiology in E-commerce Transactions
Axiology in the context of e-commerce transactions refers to the
study or application of the values that underlie the interactions and
decisions that occur in the electronic commerce space. In e-

12

commerce, this includes ethical considerations, fairness, and
transparency that must be present in digital transactions. Several
axiological aspects in e-commerce transactions include: (Daud, 2016,
p. 18)
a. Ethical Values in E-commerce are Honesty and Transparency.
In online transactions, sellers and buyers must be committed
to the principle of honesty. Sellers must provide accurate
information regarding products, prices, and terms of service.
Likewise, buyers are expected not to cheat or engage in
unethical practices in carrying out transactions. One of the
main values in e-commerce is consumer protection. This
includes return policies, personal data protection, and fair
dispute resolution mechanisms for consumers.
b. The value of Justice and Equality is equal access. In ecommerce, equality is very important. Every consumer,
regardless of social or economic background, must have the
same opportunity to access and transact fairly. Fair Pricing:
Transactions in e-commerce must be based on the principle of
fair prices, without any exploitation or price manipulation that
is detrimental to consumers. Practices such as price gouging or
setting prices that are not in line with market value are
considered unethical.
c. Security and Privacy, in e-commerce transactions, an
important value that must be considered is the protection of
consumers' data. Sellers and e-commerce platforms must
ensure that the data provided by consumers is well-protected
and not misused. Apart from that, transaction security is

13

crucial in e-commerce. This includes implementing encryption
technology to protect online transactions and prevent fraud or
identity theft.
d. Sustainability and Social Responsibility. In recent years,
sustainability values have become important in the world of ecommerce. Many consumers and companies are starting to
care about the environmental impact of online business
activities, such as reducing the carbon footprint from shipping
goods or using environmentally friendly packaging. Ecommerce companies are increasingly being invited to apply
the principles of social responsibility, both in economic,
social, and environmental aspects. This includes efforts to
make a positive contribution to society and avoiding practices
that harm society or workers.
e. Responsibilities in Review and Reputation Management.
Product reviews and ratings have a big influence on
purchasing decisions. The value of objectivity and fairness in
assessment is very important, both for the seller and the
consumer. Sellers must ensure that there is no manipulation of
reviews or fake feedback. Openness and honesty in building a
company or seller's online reputation are highly valued values.
Consumers are more likely to choose companies with a good
reputation, which are known to provide honest and quality
service.
f. Accessibility and Inclusion, e-commerce platforms must strive
to provide broad access for various groups of people,
including those with physical limitations. Providing a user-

14

friendly and inclusive platform is part of implementing
axiological values in digital transactions. Axiology in ecommerce

also

considers

the

digital

divide,

namely

differences in access and understanding of technology
between various socio-economic groups. Providing tools or
education that allow everyone to participate in e-commerce is
an important value.
5. Perspective of Business Ethics and Practices in Using Ecommerce
E-commerce businesses open up opportunities for companies to
expand their reach and reach consumers more easily. Traditional
transactions have also been modernized with the presence of online
platforms. In Asian countries such as India and Indonesia, society
prioritizes social interaction rather than individualistic society.
Referring to the characteristics of Indonesian society and the types of
business interactions, the variety of e-commerce businesses in
Indonesia can be categorized into several types, including listings,
malls, marketplaces, online shops, online shops on social media, and
crowdsourcing or fundraising.
This research is based on a study of online news documents that
discuss ethical reports related to business practices. Several ecommerce companies are used as references because, in this dynamic
era, company growth and development are greatly influenced by
ethical business practices. Quoted from SellersCommerce 2.71 billion
people shop online globally in 2024, meaning 33% of the world's
population shops online. This marks an increase of 2.7% from the
previous year (Sellers Commerce, 2024). Meanwhile, data from

15

kata.co.id regarding e-commerce visitors shows a significant increase
in the number of customers visiting e-commerce businesses. The
survey results show that Indonesia's population reached 261,890.9
million people. Comparing it with the graph, the total number of
people who have accounts and visit each e-commerce is 236,300
million (Central Statistics Agency 2020). This shows that more than
80% of Indonesia's population visits e-commerce companies.
The Ministry of Communication and Information stated that
the use of smart phones or smartphones reached 167 million people or
a percentage of 89 percent of the total population of Indonesia. This is
driven by cheap rates for using the internet. Meanwhile, at the
beginning of 2022, based on a report from research company Data
Reports, the number of connected mobile devices in Indonesia
reached 370.1 million. This number increased by 13 million or 3.6
percent from the same period in the previous year. However,
Indonesia is one of the countries with the most cases of online fraud,
based on a UGM CfDS study of 1,700 respondents in 34 provinces in
August 2024, as many as 66.6% had been victims of online fraud.
This shows that technological devices present new concepts and cases
that have become popular issues in online business processes.
The results of media analysis via the Kominfo website in the
first semester of this year show that consumer complaint data is
dominated by complaints in the e-commerce or e-commerce sector.
The Directorate General of Consumer Protection and Orderly
Commerce (Ditjen PKTN) of the Ministry of Trade recorded that
3,692 consumer complaints were served in the first semester of 2022.
A total of 86.1 percent or 3,181 complaints came from the electronic

16

commerce sector. The types of complaints include purchasing goods
that do not comply with the agreement or are damaged, goods not
received by consumers, unilateral cancellation by business actors,
arrival times for goods not as promised, refunds, topping up balances,
and use of the platform or social media applications. PKTN noted that
99.8% or 3,687 consumer complaints had been successfully resolved.
Currently, there are five complaints are still in the process of being
resolved. This shows that the PKTN Directorate continues to strive to
resolve consumer complaints swiftly and professionally (Ekonomi &
Jakarta, 2024).
In general, the payment system that has been established by ecommerce is quite easy for buyers and sellers. However, sometimes
when there is a problem with the system, the payment given by the
buyer to the seller is still stored in the system and cannot be received
directly by the seller. The form of content on desktop websites and
smartphone applications has been created so that everyone can easily
use it. So that the information you want to convey can be accepted by
the public. The marketplace strives to carry out transactions by the
business ethics exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad. Attitudes
such as being honest, fair, friendly, capable, happy to help customers,
safeguarding consumer rights, and not badmouthing other people's
businesses. However, not all systems are perfect, sometimes there is a
delay in responding to the seller or buyer, which is one of the
problems that results in the party having the problem feeling
unsatisfied (Rusli & Alisyah, 2021, p. 46).

CONCLUSION

17

This research reveals that Axiology in the trend of using E-commerce
includes several things, namely: Ethical values, namely honesty and
transparency, values of justice and equality, security and privacy,
sustainability and social responsibility, responsibility in managing reviews
and reputation as well as accessibility and inclusion. In practice, if ecommerce transactions are carried out by Sharia principles, they can be
considered legal and halal. Transactions that comply with conditions such as
honesty, product clarity, legal ownership, and avoiding elements of usury,
gharar, fraud, maisir, and haram goods, are by Islamic law. However, a lack
of understanding of Islamic business ethics among E-commerce players
raises doubts and challenges in ensuring the conformity of transactions with
Sharia. Business people need to receive education and training regarding
Sharia principles and Islamic business ethics, including understanding riba,
gharar, and how to avoid fraud in online transactions. Providing clear and
honest information about products, including descriptions, prices, and
quality, is an important step to ensure transparency. Sellers must also
maintain consumer trust by adhering to the principle of trust to build a good
reputation and long-term relationships with consumers.
Regulators need to establish rules that ensure E-commerce
transactions comply with Sharia principles, including assessment and
certification to ensure online businesses comply with Islamic business ethics.
Counseling and support to business people and consumers regarding the
importance of ethics in E-commerce and practical guidance for its
implementation is very necessary. Consumers must also be vigilant and
critical in choosing products and sellers, ensuring that their transactions
comply with Sharia principles. The most important thing to pay attention to is
a caring attitude towards honesty, justice, and spiritual values in business

18

activities, because business is not only for making profits, but also for
meeting the needs of fellow brothers and sisters, family in the world, and
achieving blessings for life in the afterlife.

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