Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
Number 1.
Maret 2024
(P-ISSN) 2656-6273, (E-ISSN) 657-1714
DOI Number 10.
36636/jogiv.
Systematic Literature Review: Political Patronage Versus Merit System on Local Government Analysis VOSViewer Sri Handayani1.
Ella Fadzia Fauzi2.
Risnu Dwi S.
N3.
Khusna Damayanti4 Government Studies Department.
Universitas Islam Raden Rahmat Malang shipuniramalang@gmail.
1,2,3,4
Abstract It is important to improve the public sector with recruitment rules that aim to improve public services by minimising political interests and patronage practices.
The purpose of this study is to examine the development of the application of the merit system in the prevention of patronage practices in local government.
Bibliometric analysis using VOSViewer.
The literature review in this study provides an overview of the improvement of the public sector from the perspective of the merit system, taking articles in the period 2013-2023.
The results obtained in this study are the prevention of patronage practices with the merit system in local government administration successfully implemented in Indonesia, namely in the cities of Medan.
Deli Serdang and DIY, while in other countries it was successfully implemented in the African state of Nigeria, the merit system is used to prevent political patronage in the public sector by ensuring the acceptance of competent employee candidates, and reducing the influence of political patronage that previously hindered the development of public services and Keywords: Merit system.
Local goverment.
Political patronage.
Bibliometrics.
VOSViewers Abstrak Pentingnya peningkatan perbaikan sektor publik dengan regulasi rekrutmen pegawai yang berorientasi untuk meningkatkan pelayanan masyarakat dengan meminimalisir kepentingan politis dan praktik patronase.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat perkembangan penerapan merit system pada pencegahan praktik patronase dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan lokal.
Menggunakan analisis bibliometrik VOSViewer.
Studi literatur dalam penelitian ini memberikan gambaran mengenai perbaikan sector public perspektif merit system dengan mengambil artikel pada rentang periode 2013Ae Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah pencegahan praktik patronase dengan merit system pada penyelenggaraan pemerintahan lokal berhasil dilaksanakan di Indonesia yaitu di kota Medan.
Deli Serdang dan DIY adapun di negara lain berhasil dilaksankan di Negara bagian Afrika yaitu Nigeria, merit system digunakan untuk mencegah patronase politik pada sektor publik yaitu dengan memastikan penerimaan kandidat pegawai yang kompeten, dan mengurangi pengaruh patronase politik yang sebelumnya menghambat perkembangan pelayanan publik dan keadilan.
Kata kunci: Merit System.
Pemerintahan lokal.
Patronase politik.
Bibliometrik.
VOSViewer Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
Number 1.
Maret 2024
(P-ISSN) 2656-6273, (E-ISSN) 657-1714
DOI Number 10.
36636/jogiv.
of the relevant government agencies Introduction Resources (Wijaya et al.
any organisation to Reports achieve its goals include materials.
Transparency International.
Open people, technology, money, machines Government 2015.
IMD World Talent and others.
One of the most important Indicators 2012 show that Indonesia's organisation is people because people government efficiency is far below that have the ability to organise, manipulate, of Singapore in the 2015 Corruption transform and use other resources to Perception Index.
The study shows that Indonesia's bureaucracy is still very organisational goals (Bassey et al.
poor compared to its Southeast Asian Moreover, the report shows necessary for Worldwide Governance that Indonesia's public sector reform appointment and recruitment of civil agenda is irrelevant compared to current servants in local government institutions progress and demands such as good However, transparency and accountability, trade provisions on various mechanisms and liberalisation or globalisation, and the procedures used in the appointment and enforcement of ethics and morality recruitment of employees.
A number of regulations and decisions made by the Specifically authorities indicate that the procedures recruitment procedures need to be for appointing and recruiting senior officials should be carefully considered.
important role in governance, the first These placements are not only about thing to do is to recruit human resources filling gaps in organisational structures, that match their capacity and potential but also about institutional governance, human resource development, creating a Since good work culture, and other issues that The importance of merit in affect the performance or productivity government organisations should be the Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
Number 1.
Maret 2024
(P-ISSN) 2656-6273, (E-ISSN) 657-1714
DOI Number 10.
36636/jogiv.
basis of the struggle to implement this recruitment reform in local government.
restricting the publication name to The formation of a selection committee, 'journal' and using the keywords 'local government' and 'merit system', and selection, evaluation and decision by the selecting journal sources from the authorised PPK is a long process that Google Scholar website.
The literature produces high-ranking officials in a review in this research is to provide an This process is designed to ensure overview of public sector improvement from a merit system perspective in the transparency, fairness and competency- context of local government.
Articles with a time span of 10 years in the effectively applied in the recruitment period 2013-2023 were taken and 200 process and that this process produces the best person for the job.
However, employees, especially local government officials, do not do anything during this process as it is against the broader bureaucratic reform and merit principles (Wijaya et al.
Methods Picture 1: Searching journal on PoP This research uses bibliometric The data were then saved in the analysis of Harzing's Publish or Perish form of a RIS file format extension and (PoP) system and VOSViewer.
The then visualised in a bibliometric map collection and retrieval of multiple using the VOSviewer application.
articles or journals on specific topics that are grouped into one (Susanti et al.
obtained from Harzing's Publish and The journal search tools used in Perish was analysed to show the links this study are Harzing's Publish or between the variables to be studied, in Perish and VosViewer to create and order to obtain keyword relationships.
Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
Number 1.
Maret 2024
(P-ISSN) 2656-6273, (E-ISSN) 657-1714
DOI Number 10.
36636/jogiv.
Result and Discussion Searching the journal URL in Mendeley yielded 3 journals with 2 keywords, namely 'local government' and 'merit system', 7 journals with the Picture 2: JournalAos URL containing keyword on Mendeley keyword 'local government' and 9 'merit The remaining 200 journals The 200 journal articles stored were not Open Access.
in the ris file will be added to the The results of the analysis using Mendeley reference manager.
Once the VosViewer showed that "merit system" Mendeley file has been added, it can and "local government" were the largest assist in the process of downloading the or dominant variables in the VosViewer network visualisation, which can be Furthermore, the journals can be tagged interpreted as these two keywords with keywords and then sorted and grouped with the aim of finding journals authors in the past.
URL
by many government and merit systems.
Data in .
RIS file format obtained from Harzing's Publish or Perish (PoP) software is then used by the author to bibliometric maps, as well as to see the network relationship between research objects or variables to obtain abstract VOSViewer.
Picture 3: Network Visualization From the visualization of the bibliometric map VOSViewer obtained 6 Clusters with divisions of them, cluster 1 with 12 items, claster 2 with Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
Number 1.
Maret 2024
(P-ISSN) 2656-6273, (E-ISSN) 657-1714
DOI Number 10.
36636/jogiv.
11 items.
Cluster 3 with 10, cluster 4 Where this is demonstrated by with 10.
Cluster 5 with 10 items, and the visualization of overlay nets that are cluster 6 with 3 items, where the merit colored from tosca green to purple system items are on cluster 5 and local green, which can be seen in the government items are in cluster 1.
following figure .
Where the division of Cluster on Cluster 1 is composed of agency.
work is depicted with a network of AuredAy lines.
Cluster 2 variables civil servant.
Indonesia.
role depicting with a AugreenAy The cluster 3 has a variable in federal character.
young study with a colored AucivilAy network on the AuoldAy line.
Picture 4: Overlay Visualization Further Density Visualization section of the VOSViewer that is in Figure .
) below, it can also be seen that the division of the Cluster by color and in accordance with the visualization of the bibliometric map of the Network Visualisation where there are 6 Clusters with division of Cluster 1 in red with a total of 12 items, cluster 2 In the section of visualization in green with a maximum of 11 items.
Overlay Visualization on VOSViewer Cluster 3 in old blue and 10 items, the software it can be seen that by 2022 cluster 4 in yellow with a minimum of research related to merit system and 10 items.
cluster 5 with 10 items in local goverment related to the theme or purple, and cluster 6 with 3 items in variable state civil apparatus.
young blue.
It can be seen from the performance and some other variables visualization that the purple and red that are seen with the marking of yellow circles with the merit system and local network visualisation is still rarely done Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
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According to the United compared to other variables.
This is due Nations Department Public to the variable in the period of the last Administration, it is a national political 10 years in 2013-2023.
subdivision governed by law.
It is responsible for local affairs such as paying taxes or dismissing employees for certain reasons (Nurcholis 1.
In the management aspect of local government, in this case, it is the regional government that should be able Picture 5: Cluster Density Visualization to create a more adaptive system to Local Government achieve the goals of achieving the Local government can mean local, self-governing or autonomous Local organisations of government at the local in other words, local government serves as the institutions that govern the operations of local government.
In this sense, the terms 'local government' and 'regional government' refer to councils and mayors, which are made up of councils and regional leaders who elect their officials.
In the second sense, local governments indicate what they should do and what they do.
In this sense, local governments are the same as local regional vision and mission.
To meet the evolving needs of the community environmental changes that continue to Where the changes in question take into account important factors that include changes in the content and context of the public sector (Polyando Although in the service of the community, local governments are often pathology, namely behaviour that is contrary to the rules, norms, morality and rationality required by local leaders themselves (Setyasih 2.
governments because they perform their functions as autonomous regions .
elf- Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
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services to the community" (Welasari et Merit System Amartya Sen meritocracy depends on the perception of people who are considered good.
Rewarding meritocracy (Wijaya et al.
other words, a meritocratic system rewards merit.
McCourt .
defines meritocracy as "the best person" and states that this system must be applied nepotism will occur.
McCourt also shows how mistakes in defining merit can lead to corruption.
In situations candidates, selectors can take advantage of the ambiguity and appoint family members or supporters of candidates who are almost as capable as the highly capable candidates.
"best government/bureaucratic organisations must apply the principles of merit in conducting selection, namely Jobs at every level.
the merit principle applies to promotions as well as initial recruitment and every job level must follow the merit principle, .
The best candidate.
the candidate who, among a number of candidates, is best able to perform the duties of the job adequately, .
Open to all.
priority to the requirement of fairness and equality, where all parties are given equal opportunities, so as not to rely only on a limited number of internal candidates, .
Systematic, transparant be made systematically, openly and difficulty of placing the 'client' in a and competitive.
appointments should This leaves the 'patron' with the knowledge and expertise rather than one that is left out (Mccourt and West There may be no application of meritocracy as it has been defined so Defining meritocracy as a system for filling positions should result in "the best people providing the best quality (Mccourt West Application Development of Merit System in Prevention of Patronage Practices on Local Government The bureaucratic recruitment or government apparatus in the prevention of patronage practices on local governments in Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
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Indonesia of the results of the review of execution is still controversial due to the journals found and producing positive presence of pro-contracted related Batak culture that affects the implementation competent officials has been carried out of the ASN Act by the city and district in the government of the city of Medan, in the district of Deli Serdang which (Sembiring & Simanihuruk, 2.
implements the merit system by holding Therefore, the implementation of the a coherence test and the qualification of system of merit in the placement of senior PNS officers is a joint task, (Sembiring Simanihuruk, 2.
The North Sumatera including the community itself (Wijaya et al.
recruitment of government apparatus The findings related to the anticipation of the practice of political implemented in the government of the patronage with the merit system in village, which is carried out in the countries other than Indonesia were territory of Yogyakarta.
The recruiting carried out in the African state of of the rural apparatus is conducted in Nigeria in an attempt to implement the the neighborhood of the government merits system because the recruitment district of Istimewa Yogyakarta is one process in Nigeria is often based on the of the features of the bureaucratic practices of political patronship.
The reform in the field of government and controversial recruitment process in the application of the merits system is Nigeria that is usually based on political not only discourse but has been applied patronage and quotas at the expense of to the lowest administrative level such capacity must end.
as the village (Atmojo and Pratiwi Recruitment service needs to be balanced between As for the findings of the merit performance and quota, by eliminating system that cannot be applied in the political considerations thoroughly to recruitment of bureaucracy occurred in the area of the district of Samosir Because before the merit system was Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 6.
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particular theme, i.
it can see the Nigerian public service recruitment development of research on that theme that relates to other items/variables.
incompetence, and inefficiency based spite of successes in Medan City and on social affiliation, religious identity.
Deli Serdang district as well as DIY in ethnic fantasies, and rooted political connections (Bassey et al.
Samosir district there has been cultural Conclusion implementation of the ASN, while The writing of the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using this method of bibliometric analysis aims to implementation of the "Merit system" and "Local Governance" theory by linking to variables that are still rarely used by researchers in general.
efforts to improve the quality of staff remain, reaffirming the importance of the placement of qualified officials in the public service, both in Indonesia and other countries such as Nigeria, where the dominance of political patronage in inability, inefficiency, and corruption.
The research took and used journal articles over a 10-year period in the period 2013-2023.
Retrieved as elimination of political considerations many as 200 journal articles published thoroughly to increase the efficiency with HarzingAos Publish or Perish search and efficiency of public services.
tools (PoP).
Then three journals were References