Nurse Media Journal of Nursing e-ISSN: 2406-8799, p-ISSN: 2087-7811 https://medianers.
:307-317.
December 2024 https://doi.
org/10.
14710/nmjn.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Factors Affecting the Quality of Life in Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hue.
Vietnam Dang Thi Han Ny1.
Le Van An2.
La Thanh Hai1.
Pham Van Quan1 1Department of Nursing.
Buon Ma Thuot Medical University.
Dak Lak.
Vietnam 2Faculty of Nursing.
Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
Hue.
Vietnam Article Info Abstract Article History:
Received: 15 May 2023 Revised: 18 April 2025 Accepted: 19 April 2025 Online: 30 April 2025 Keywords:
Hypertension.
quality of life.
WHOQOL-BREF
Corresponding Author:
Dang Thi Han Ny Department of Nursing.
Buon Ma Thuot Medical University.
Dak Lak.
Vietnam Email: dthny@bmtuvietnam.
Background: Hypertension is a common chronic condition that leads to serious complications and negatively affects patientsAo quality of life (QoL).
Therefore, improving hypertension management and understanding factors that influence QoL has become an important goal in patient care.
However, in Hue.
Vietnam, no research has been conducted to evaluate how sociodemographic factors affect the QoL of hypertensive patients.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic factors influencing the quality of life of hypertensive patients in Hue.
Vietnam.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 172 hypertensive patients receiving treatment at the Internal Medicine Department in Hue.
Vietnam.
Given the limited timeframe and research resources, convenience sampling was employed to facilitate rapid and effective participant recruitment.
Descriptive statistics were used to examine the mean quality of life (QoL) scores, which were assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF scale.
Independent t-tests and ANOVA were performed to analyze differences in QoL across sociodemographic factors within the four WHOQOL-BREF domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.
Linear regression analysis was applied to identify associations between QoL domains and the independent variables.
Results: The results showed that 93.
6% of patients had a moderate level of QoL.
Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that age, economic status, and physical activity were positively associated with three QoL domains: physical, psychological, and environmental health.
However, place of residence was negatively associated with the environmental domain .
% CI = -5.
64, -0.
, and the presence of comorbidity was negatively associated with three domains: physical health .
% CI = -7.
76, -2.
, psychological health .
% CI = -6.
47, -0.
, and environmental health .
% CI = -4.
84, -0.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that younger age, a moderate to high economic status, and engagement in regular physical activity are positively associated with higher QoL scores.
Conversely, residing in rural areas and having comorbid conditions are negatively associated with QoL.
These results underscore the need for targeted and context-specific interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of life in individuals living with hypertension.
How to cite: Ny.
An.
Hai.
, & Quan.
Factors affecting the quality of life in hypertensive patients: A cross-sectional study in Hue.
Vietnam.
Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 307-317.
https://doi.
org/10.
14710/nmjn.
Copyright A 2025 by the Authors.
Published by Department of Nursing.
Faculty of Medicine.
Universitas Diponegoro.
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-SA License .
ttp://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
0/).
Introduction Hypertension is a major public health concern.
In 2000, approximately 972 million adults worldwide were affected by hypertension, and this number is projected to increase to 1.
56 billion .
quivalent to 60% of the adult populatio.
by 2025 (Forouzanfar et al.
, 2.
In Vietnam, a 2016 survey conducted by the Ministry of Health reported that 18.
9% of adults .
ged 18-.
across all 63 provinces and cities had hypertension (Ministry of Health, 2.
According to a study by ( Minh et al.
, 2.
, over 50% of these patients remained inadequately controlled.
Furthermore, data from the Thua Thien Hue Department of Health showed that the prevalence of hypertension among individuals aged 40 and above increased from 26.
7% .
2Ae2.
8% in 2018 (Department of Health of Thua Thien Hue, 2.
Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 308 Historically, hypertension was primarily considered a condition affecting affluent nations with aging populations.
However, it has now become widespread among adults in most regions of the world.
Between 1990 and 2019, the global burden of hypertension has shifted markedly from high-income countries to low- and middle-income countries.
In 2019, over 1.
2 billion adults .
ged 30-.
were living with hypertension, two-thirds of whom resided in low- and middleincome countries (Zhou et al.
, 2.
This distribution underscores the global spread of hypertension beyond traditionally high-income settings (Zhou et al.
, 2.
Hypertension not only contributes to the overall burden of disease but also leads to severe complications, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and premature death.
Early detection, intensive treatment, effective blood pressure control, and prevention of complications are key strategies in reducing hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.
Moreover, these strategies have also been shown to contribute to improved quality of life (QoL) among hypertensive patients (Lee et al.
, 2020.
Niknam et al.
, 2.
As such, understanding and assessing QoL is crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of hypertension management.
The World Health Organization .
defines QoL as Auan individualAos perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concernsAy (World Health Organization, 2.
The study by Geprygs et al.
emphasizes that QoL encompasses not only physical health but also psychological, social, and environmental dimensions (Geprygs et al.
, 2.
Large-scale cross-sectional analyses have revealed that hypertensive patients tend to have lower QoL compared to normotensive individuals, particularly in the physical and psychological domains (Sang et al.
, 2.
Multiple factors-such as age, gender, economic burden, level of physical activity, social support, and comorbid conditions-have been identified as determinants influencing QoL among individuals with hypertension (Adamu et al.
, 2022.
Xiao et al.
, 2.
Several studies conducted in Vietnam have assessed QoL in hypertensive patients.
most have used the SF-36 scale (Dinh et al.
, 2016.
Duy et al.
, 2.
Only a limited number have applied the WHOQOL-BREF instrument (Ha et al.
, 2.
, which captures multiple life domains more comprehensively than the SF-36.
In Hue, no prior research has evaluated the impact of hypertension on patientsAo QoL using this tool.
This gap limits local insights needed for patientcentered care.
Therefore, utilizing the WHOQOL-BREF, the present study aimed to examine factors associated with QoL in hypertensive patients across the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains.
This study is expected to enable families, healthcare providers, and community organizations to develop appropriate strategies that support patients with hypertension in attaining the highest possible quality of life.
Methods Research design This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hue.
Vietnam to examine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and QoL among patients with hypertension.
Setting and samples The study was conducted at a hospital located in Hue.
Vietnam, from May 2020 to July 2021.
This hospital is one of the leading healthcare institutions in the region and is affiliated with a university, playing a pivotal role in medical care, education, and research in Central Vietnam and the Central Highlands.
The study focused on patients who had been diagnosed with hypertension and were undergoing treatment in the Department of Internal Medicine of the hospital.
Permission was granted by hospital authorities to access medical records and directly approach patients receiving treatment.
Given the limited timeframe and research resources, the study employed a convenience sampling method to facilitate rapid and effective participant This approach was appropriate in the hospital context, where a substantial number of hypertensive patients regularly sought medical consultation and treatment, enabling efficient data collection.
The study team reviewed patient medical records in the Internal Medicine Department to accurately identify individuals who met the inclusion criteria.
Following a thorough assessment of the records, eligible participants were selected based on predefined criteria to ensure data validity and reliability.
The inclusion criteria required participants to be at least 18 years old and to have been diagnosed with hypertension for a minimum duration of six Patients with psychiatric disorders or those who declined to participate were excluded Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 309 from the study.
A total of 172 patients who met all inclusion criteria were enrolled in the final This sampling strategy allowed for a reasonably representative study population, considering the practical constraints related to time and available research resources.
Measurement and data collection The questionnaires used for data collection consisted of two main parts: characteristics of the study participants and the QoL assessment scale.
The researchers selected independent variables .
emographic dat.
based on previous studies (Liang et al.
, 2019.
Xiao et al.
, 2.
, including age, gender, ethnic group, height, weight, place of residence, occupation, educational level, marital status, household economic status based on the Prime Minister of Vietnam's .
regulation, duration of illness, comorbidities, physical activity based on (World Health Organization, 2.
guidelines, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
Meanwhile.
QoL was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF scale developed by the World Health Organization in 1996 (World Health Organization, 1.
This scale consists of 26 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale.
Questions 1 and 2 were analyzed separately, aiming to evaluate the patientAos general perception of quality of life and overall health.
The four domains of the scale reflect specific aspects of participantsAo perceptions of quality of life, including: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.
Total domain scores were converted to a 0Ae100 scale, and participants were classified into three QoL categories using the 33rd and 66th percentiles of the score distribution (Low QoL: <33.
Moderate QoL: 33Ae66.
High QoL: >.
, with higher scores indicating better overall quality of life.
The Vietnamese version of the WHOQOL-BREF scale was translated by (Trung, 2.
using both forward and backward translation procedures and has been previously tested in the Vietnamese context.
The pilot study demonstrated high internal consistency, with a CronbachAos alpha coefficient of 0.
888 for the 26 items (Trung, 2.
Additionally, a study by Cheung et al.
assessed the reliability and validity of the WHOQOL-BREF across three language versionsAiEnglish.
Chinese, and MalayAiused within the community population in Singapore.
The findings showed that all versions exhibited good internal reliability, with CronbachAos alpha coefficients exceeding 0.
7 and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) exceeding 0.
4 across all These findings support the validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF in measuring quality of life, particularly in multilingual population settings (Cheung et al.
, 2.
In this study, data were collected through guided face-to-face interviews between the investigator and the participants using the standardized WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire.
This approach ensured that participants fully understood each question, thereby minimizing response bias due to misinterpretation or omission, which can occur with self-administered surveys.
Additionally, this method enhanced response rates, particularly among individuals with limited literacy or reading comprehension skills.
It was selected to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data within a quantitative research framework.
Prior to data collection, each patient was provided with a clear explanation of the study and instructions on how to respond to the Questions A1AeA6 were extracted from patientsAo medical records, while questions A7Ae B26 were obtained through direct interviews.
For patients who were not well enough to move, interviews were conducted at their bedside.
For those in better health, interviews were conducted in the health education counseling room of the department.
On average, each interview lasted between 15 and 20 minutes.
Data analysis In this study, the research team utilized SPSS version 20.
0 software for data processing and Categorical variables were described using frequency .
and percentage (%), while numerical variables were presented as means and standard deviations.
To examine differences between independent variables and the domains of the WHOQOL-BREF scale, independent ttests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied.
In addition, to determine the association between socio-demographic factors and QoL in each domain, the research team conducted multivariable linear regression analysis.
A significance level of p<0.
05 was set to ensure the reliability of the analytical results.
Furthermore, to assess the normality of data distribution, the study team calculated the skewness coefficients.
The results showed that the skewness values for all four domains fell within the range of -1 to 1, including: physical health .
, psychological health .
, social Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 310 relationships (-0.
, and environmental health .
These values indicate that the data were normally distributed, which was further supported by the symmetric shape of the distribution Based on this result, the use of independent t-tests and ANOVA was deemed appropriate.
Ethical considerations The Ethics Committee of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy approved the study under the Decision No.
H2020/120, issued on June 4, 2020.
Only patients who provided informed consent were included in the analysis.
Prior to data collection, the study team fully explained the study procedures to all participants and obtained written consent.
The head of the treatment facility approved the use of information from medical records and granted the study team access to the data.
The study team committed to maintaining the confidentiality of all information obtained through interviews and medical records.
This study was conducted solely to improve the quality of patient care and not for any other purpose.
Results Profile of participants Table 1 shows that the mean age of participants was 70.
The majority of participants lived in urban areas .
7%) and belonged to the Kinh ethnic group .
4%).
More than half were female .
8%), and a large proportion were either farmers or homemakers .
2%).
Approximately half of the participants had only completed primary education .
0%),
and most belonged to households with regular economic status .
3%).
The majority were married .
3%) and had a body mass index (BMI) within the normal range .
3%).
In terms of disease characteristics, the group with a hypertension duration of 1 to less than 5 years accounted for the highest proportion .
4%).
Most patients had comorbidities .
1%) and were adherent to treatment regimens .
0%).
A majority of participants engaged in physical activity levels that met recommended guidelines .
7%).
Meanwhile, a minority reported smoking .
3%) or alcohol consumption .
0%).
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics .
Characteristics Age (Mean(SD)) = .
<45
45Ae54 55Ae64 Ou65 Location Urban Rural Ethnicity Kinh Others Gender Male Female Occupation Civil servants Worker Farmer/Housewife Retire Purchase Others Education level Illiterate Elementary Junior high school High school Intermediate, college University or higher Frequency .
Percentage (%) Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 311 Table 1.
Continued Characteristics Economic status Poor households/near-poor households Normal households Marital status Single Married Widowed/divorced/separated Body mass index <18.
5 Ae 22.
0 Ae 24.
Ou25.
Duration of disease < 1 year 1 - 5 years 5 - 10 years Ou 10 years Co-morbidities Yes Adherence to treatment Yes Physical activities Yes Smoke Yes Alcohol/beer Yes Frequency .
Percentage (%) Notes.
SD=Standard deviation Quality of life and its associated factors in hypertensive patients Table 2 shows that the majority of patients .
6%) reported an average quality of life (QoL).
Only a small proportion of participants experienced high QoL .
1%), while 2.
3% were classified as having low QoL.
These findings suggest that although most hypertensive patients maintain a moderate level of well-being, very few achieve high QoL.
Table 2.
Quality of life classification Quality of life classification Low quality of life Average quality of life High quality of life Frequency .
Percentage (%) The mean scores across the four QoL domains, stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, are presented in Table 3.
Higher average QoL scores in all four domains were observed among patients younger than 45 years, male, married, with a university-level education or higher, from households with regular economic status, without comorbidities, physical activity, and alcohol consumption.
Statistically significant differences across all four domains were found in relation to education level, marital status, and physical activity.
Furthermore, the results of the linear regression analysis (Table .
revealed several factors significantly associated with QoL.
Specifically, age, economic status, comorbidities, place of residence, and physical activity were found to have significant associations with QoL scores in different domains.
Younger age, moderate or higher economic status, and physical activity were Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 312 positively associated with higher QoL scores, whereas living in rural areas .
pecifically in the environmental domai.
and having comorbid conditions were negatively associated with QoL.
Notably, none of the predictors showed significant associations with the social relationship Table 3.
Bivariate associations between independent variables and QoL
Characteristics Age
< 45
45 Ae 54 55 Ae 64 Ou 65 Gender Male Female Marital status Single Married Widowed/divorced/ Education level Illiterate Elementary Junior high school High school Intermediate.
University or higher Economic status Poor households/ near-poor households Normal households Co-morbidities Yes Physical activities Yes Alcohol/beer Yes Physical Mean(SD) Quality of Life Scores Psychological Social Relationship Mean(SD) Mean(SD) 8 .
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
Environment Mean(SD) Notes.
SD = Standard deviation.
p<0.
05, p<0.
001 = significant result Discussion The present study aimed to identify factors associated with the domains of QoL among patients with hypertension.
Analysis using the WHOQOL-BREF scale indicated that age, place of residence, economic status, comorbidities, and physical activity were significantly associated with patientsAo QoL.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Central Vietnam, specifically in Hue, to assess QoL among hypertensive patients using the WHOQOL-BREF scale.
Our findings showed that the majority of participants had moderate QoL scores, which are Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 313 consistent with previous studies conducted in Vietnam (Da Luz et al.
, 2018.
Luan et al.
, 2.
Chronic diseases, including hypertension, are of significant concern due to their prolonged course and long-term impact on patientsAo lives.
Numerous studies have indicated that chronic conditions negatively affect daily functioning and QoL.
The rising prevalence of chronic diseases poses a considerable threat to health-related QoL, particularly among middle-aged and older adults (Hu et al.
, 2.
Another study suggested that chronic illnesses may impair individualsAo ability to perform daily activities, thereby reducing their capacity for self-care and independence in later life (Ai et al.
, 2.
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve the QoL of patients living with chronic conditions.
One study demonstrated that lifestyle intervention programs can enhance QoL by reducing unhealthy behaviors and mitigating risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases (Weber et al.
, 2.
Therefore, care and treatment programs should focus on addressing the factors that influence QoL and the health conditions of patients.
Table 4.
Backward multiple linear regression analyses of significant factors associated with QoL among people living with hypertension Characteristics Age <65 vs.
Ou 65 Location Rural vs.
Economic status Normal households vs.
poor households/nearpoor households Co-morbidities Yes vs.
Physical activities Yes vs.
Physical 95%CI 4** .
2, 13.
Quality of Life Domains Psychological Social Relationship
95%CI
95%CI
Environment 95%CI .
4, 14.
(-5.
7, 3.
0 **
3, 10.
(-1.
4, 4.
9, 1.
(-3.
3, 4.
(-5.
6, -1.
8, 19.
3, 19.
(-8.
9, 8.
0, 13.
(-7.
8, -2.
(-6.
5, -0.
(-5.
1, 2.
(-4.
8, -0.
2, 20.
8, 16.
(-4.
3, 6.
2, 13.
Notes: CI = Confidence Interval.
= Versus.
(*): p<0.
(**): p<0.
ignificant result.
Reference categories for comparison are: Age Ou65 years.
Location: Urban.
Economic status: Poor/near-poor households.
Comorbidities: No.
Physical activity: No.
This study found that patients under the age of 65 had higher QoL scores in three domains.
Specifically, in the physical health domain, patients under the age of 65 scored 10.
4 points higher than those aged 65 and above.
In the psychological domain, the difference was 10.
8 points, while in the environmental domain, it was 8.
0 points.
These findings suggest that younger age is associated with better QoL.
Our results are consistent with several domestic and international studies (Adamu et al.
, 2022.
Sang et al.
, 2.
A previous study conducted in Henan Province.
China, showed that utility scores decreased with age (Sang et al.
, 2.
However, that study was limited to patients living in rural areas.
Residing in rural areas is often associated with limited access to quality healthcare services and recreational activities, which may negatively impact QoL (Cyr et al.
, 2.
Another study by (Adamu et al.
, 2.
also found that each additional year of age was associated with an average decrease of 0.
26 units in the physical health-related QoL score, even after controlling for other variables.
This finding is clinically significant, as it highlights that older hypertensive patients are at increased risk of experiencing physical, psychological, and environmental impairments.
Therefore, these patients should receive regular health monitoring, physical therapy support, psychological care, and improvements to their living conditions in order to maintain their QoL.
In this study, geographic location was only associated with the environmental domain.
Patients living in rural areas had QoL scores that were 3.
30 points lower than those living in urban This disparity may be attributed to the more modern and favorable living conditions available in urban settings.
A study by Snarska in 2020 also showed that patients living in urban areas had higher average QoL scores compared to those in rural areas .
2 vs.
3 point.
(Snarska et al.
, 2.
Similarly, multivariate regression analysis in a previous study by Son .
indicated that place of residence negatively affected QoL in the physical and psychological A study by Chantakeeree et al.
in Thailand further supported this, demonstrating that Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 314 QoL among elderly hypertensive patients was higher in urban than in rural areas (Chantakeeree et al.
, 2.
This study also showed that economic status was significantly associated with higher QoL scores in the physical, psychological, and environmental domains.
Patients with moderate or higher economic status consistently demonstrated better QoL compared to those in poor or nearpoor households.
Multivariate linear regression analysis confirmed these significant associations across three QoL domains.
These findings are in line with research by Huyen .
and a study conducted in Chongqing.
China (Xu et al.
, 2.
They suggest that financial stability helps patients feel more secure and better able to meet basic needs, thereby contributing to improved QoL.
Furthermore, this study found that patients without comorbidities had higher average QoL scores across all domains compared to those with comorbid conditions.
Regression analysis revealed that the presence of comorbidities significantly reduced QoL in three out of the four domains, excluding the social relationships domain.
These findings are consistent with the study by (Mannan et al.
, 2.
, which reported that health indicators such as mobility, self-care, daily activities, pain/ discomfort, and psychological well-being were more severely affected in patients with comorbid conditions.
Despite using different measurement tools, studies consistently demonstrate that chronic comorbidities have a markedly negative impact on patientsAo QoL.
Additionally, this study identified a significant association between physical activity levels and multiple QoL domains.
Engaging in physical activities, even simple daily tasks such as housework, can improve health outcomes and enhance QoL among patients.
These results align with findings from a study conducted in Dessie City.
Ethiopia, which showed that moderate levels of physical activity contributed to better blood pressure control and improved QoL (Adamu et al.
These also findings underscore the importance of counseling and encouraging patients to maintain an active lifestyle as part of a comprehensive disease management strategy.
Meanwhile, the social relationships domain in this study did not show any significant association with demographic variables.
This outcome may be attributed to two main reasons.
Firstly, the number of observed items in this domain was limited to only three, whereas other domains included at least six items.
Secondly, social relationships are often influenced by subjective factors and are highly dependent on individual, cultural, and specific social environmental contexts.
In addition, our sample size may have been insufficient to detect statistically significant associations within this domain.
Implications and limitations The study findings indicate that the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with hypertension was at a moderate level across all four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF.
The significant associations between HRQoL and socio-demographic factors such as age, place of residence, economic status, comorbidities, and physical activity level suggest that these variables could serve as initial screening indicators to identify patients at risk of low QoL.
These factors reflect, to some extent, patientsAo living conditions, level of independence, and self-care ability, thereby highlighting the need for more comprehensive and individualized care strategies in clinical settings.
In clinical nursing practice, it is essential to strengthen the role of initial QoL assessment and the identification of related factors upon patient admission.
Utilizing brief assessment tools such as the WHOQOL-BREF or simple screening questionnaires may help nurses promptly identify patientsAo needs in physical, psychological, or social domains.
Accordingly, nurses can develop tailored care plans for different patient groups.
In addition, during hospitalization and especially prior to discharge, nurses should organize individual or group health education sessions focusing on raising awareness about the benefits of healthy lifestyles, regular physical activity, and effective hypertension management.
For patients with low QoL, nurses are encouraged to collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to develop post-discharge follow-up plans, ensuring continuity of care and sustained support.
However, this study has several limitations that should be acknowledged.
Firstly, the crosectional study design does not allow for establishing causal relationships between variables.
Secondly, the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam, which affected accessibility to research participants and led to a relatively small sample size that may not fully represent the broader population of hypertensive patients.
Therefore, future studies should aim Copyright A 2025, e-ISSN 2406-8799, p-ISSN 2087-7811 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14.
, 2024, 315 to expand the sample size and incorporate longitudinal study designs to more accurately assess the long-term impact of socio-demographic factors on QoL over time.
Conclusion The study identified several socio-demographic factors significantly associated with the QoL of hypertensive patients receiving treatment in Hue.
Vietnam.
The results indicated that the average QoL scores were at a moderate level across all four domains defined by the WHOQOLBREF: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.
The analysis of the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and each QoL domain revealed that patients under 65 years of age, with moderate or higher economic status, and those who regularly engaged in physical activity had significantly higher QoL scores in three domains:
physical health, psychological health, and environmental health.
However, patients residing in rural areas had lower QoL scores in the environmental domain.
The presence of comorbidities was also associated with decreased QoL in most domains, except for social relationships.
These findings suggest that the QoL of hypertensive patients is influenced by multiple sociodemographic factors, highlighting the importance of integrating QoL assessment into the care process, especially for elderly patients, those with comorbidities, or those facing socioeconomic The results provide a foundation for developing comprehensive intervention programs aimed at improving QoL for hypertensive patients both in hospital settings and in the Acknowledgment We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Board of Directors, the Faculty of Nursing, and the Hospital where the study was conducted for granting permission to carry out the We also extend our heartfelt thanks to all patients who willingly participated and supported us during the data collection process.
Author contribution All authors contributed significantly to the conduct of the research and the writing of the All authors have agreed to and are responsible for submitting manuscripts to the DTHN: data collection, problem formulation, literature review, research methodology, conclusion, discussion, writing-original draft, and editing.
LVA: data collection, result, writingoriginal draft.
LTH: writing-developed draft, and editing.
PVQ: writing-developed draft, and Conflict of interest There are no potential conflicts of interest to declare.
References