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JAPANEDU:
Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang http://ejournal.
edu/index.
php/japanedu/index Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations A Linguistic Landscape Study Muthi Afifah Graduate School.
Kanazawa University.
Japan Muthi_mail90@yahoo.
ABSTRACT
This article focuses on the expressions of prohibition signs in Japan and Indonesia.
Based on the Politeness Theory of Brown & Levinson .
, consideration for the other conversation participants is expected if the speaker tells them not to do something in personal communication.
In contrast, the expressions on prohibition signs in public spaces did not need such consideration and can be done Auwithout redressive, baldlyAy.
However, many prohibitions signs use polite expressions.
Japanese has AukeigoAy system that adjusts the usage of vocabulary depending on whom the listener is, while Indonesian does not have that system although polite expression is commonly used.
This article aims to resolve those differences and compares the expression of prohibitions signs, especially in train stations, which displayed many prohibited signs from cautions, and manners expressions.
The data in this study were collected at Tokyo station-Tokyo and Osaka station-Osaka in Japan, and Gambir station-Jakarta and Gubeng station-Surabaya in Indonesia.
The results found that the prohibition signs at railway stations in Indonesia used prohibitive expressions with and without honorific expressions almost equally.
On the other hand.
JapanAos railway stations used more prohibitive expressions with honorifics on their prohibition signs.
In Japan railway stations, the use of honorific expressions on prohibition signs is part of their service and to appeal that they are a railway company with good
KEYWORDS
Linguistic landscape.
Pragmatics.
Prohibitive expressions.
Prohibition signs.
Attitudinal expression.
First received: 03 November 2022
ARTICLE INFO
Revised: 21 November 2022 Available online: 25 December 2022 Final proof accepted: 20 December 2022 and careful consideration is required and It is often said that prohibition signs are also made by signboards of language landscapes From the point of view of the politeness theory of that are intended for an unspecified number of Brown & Levinson .
Auprohibited actsAy that people (Schulze , 2019 ).
Still , the location and restrict the behaviour of the other party in face-tocontent of prohibition signs indicate what kind of face communication are likely to be acts that person the reader is predictable .
This research
threaten the negative face of the other party (FTA), examines what kind of expressions are used by 94 | P a g e
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INTRODUCTION
JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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December 2022, pp.
using prohibition signs at railway stations and also attempts to compare prohibition signs at stations in Japan and Indonesia , which have different cultural backgrounds .
Japan is basically a Aumonolingual country Ay, while Indonesia is a multilingual country .
In addition , the Japanese have an honorific system, but the Indonesians do not have a corresponding honorific system.
Such may lead to differences communication methods between Japanese and Indonesian.
If so, the results of this research will open up the possibility of teaching Indonesian learners of Japanese a communication style in Japanese that is different from Indonesian.
Japan is a country with a total population in 2021 is 125.
52 million, according to data from the Statistics Bureau of JapanAos Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
Japanese exists as the official language of Japan and is used as the national language .
The Tokyo dialect, especially the language of Yamanote, is used as a common language.
Japanese has a form of honorific, and the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs .
stated that honorifics are Auwords that are used properly with consideration for the faceAy.
In other words, it is a term used by the speaker to express respect and social relations to the person they are talking to or who is in the Meanwhile.
IndonesiaAos total population in 2020 was 270.
2 million, the fourth largest in the world, according to data from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics .
Indonesia is called a multi-ethnic country because there are more than 1,340 ethnic groups in it.
In addition, since each ethnic group has its own language .
ocal language or ethnic languag.
, it is said to be a multilingual Historically.
Indonesian was originally the Malay language of Sumatra and was used as the ancient lingua franca of merchants.
Then, the day after Indonesia declared its independence (August 17, 1.
Indonesian was officially established as the official language of Indonesia in the to do somethingAy, but also as Ausigns that limit the behaviour of the other party Ay (Kim , 2011 ).
See the following Figures 1, 2, and 3.
However, communication, the usage rate is considerably lower than the use of local languages .
thnic language.
9% Indonesian, 79.
5% local languages, and 0.
35% foreign language.
The above three prohibition signs are treated as the subject of this study.
The prohibition sign in Figure 1 statesAUAeAOsAsOCeAUAAEAUAi AE As Aukono mae ni nimotsu wo okanaide kudasaiAy (Please do not place your luggage in front of thi.
and uses a negative request expression such as AU aEAUAiAEAsAushinaide kudasaiAy (Please do On the other hand.
Figures 2 and 3 respectively showAUoAOCeaiCUAaO The Definition of Prohibition Sign In this study, prohibitive signs are defined not only as Ausigns for commanding, requesting, or doing not Figure 1: The use of a negative request expression.
Figure 2: The use of a positive imperative expression.
Figure 3: The use of statement expression.
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Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations:
A Linguistic Landscape Study AICeAAOiANaiAEAsAusenro ni mono wo otosareta baai wa eki kakariin ni omoushide kudasaiAy (If you drop something on the line, please report it to the station staf.
which both used affirmative command expression, and AUauOEaOCi As AuFukushi kyoka sharyou senyouAy (For welfare/permit vehicles onl.
which shows statement expression, and it does not use negated prohibition as in Figure 1.
However, the two signs restrict the readerAos behavior in the affirmative form of AuIf you drop something on the road, do not pick it up yourselfAy and AuPlease do not park vehicles other than welfare or permitted vehiclesAy seem to produce the same result as using the negative form.
In other words, it encourages opposite behavior.
For this reason, those that use the positive form are also subject to this research.
One prohibition sign may contain several pieces of information.
In this research, each piece of information described in the prohibition sign is distinguished as shown in Figure 4.
Additional Prohibition Information Literature Review Nakazaki .
9, p.
suggests that since many of the prohibition signs are based on social rules, common sense, and popular support, it is not necessary to express them with consideration, and gives three reasons.
It is tacitly understood by the authors and readers of prohibition signs that the situation is urgent and efficiency takes precedence over face-saving.
Faith is less likely to be threatened because it benefits the reader of the forbidden sign.
The author of the prohibition sign has more power than the reader, and people around him support him to threaten the face.
However.
Kishie .
and Kurabayashi .
have different opinions.
Kishie .
argued that while there are signs that directly issue warnings, there are also various expressions, such as those that avoid direct expressions and use ingenious expressions.
Kurabayashi .
selects an expression that can maintain the recipientAos face in a place where the recipient of the forbidden sign is considered a customer.
Still, the universityAos forbidden sign points out that the risk of infringing on the recipientAos face is low because it is conscious that the sender is the university and the recipient is the student.
Kurabayashi .
also argued that the no-discretionary baring language is used to avoid life-threatening behavior.
In other words, in the research of Kishie .
and Kurabayashi .
, there are prohibition signs that use considerate expressions in the expression of prohibition signs in Japanese, which is inconsistent with NakazakiAos .
Meanwhile.
Safriyah prohibition signs in Indonesia.
As the results, prohibition signs in student dormitories around the university, she found that more prohibitive signs used request expressions than prohibitive expressions as follows.
Prohibition sign that uses AuTerima kasihAy .
Example:
Terimakasih anda membuang sampah pada Thankyou you dispose trash on its place (Thank you for dispose trash in its plac.
Figure 4: Japanese prohibition sign and Indonesian Prohibition sign.
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Prohibition sign that uses AuTidak bolehAy .
hould Example:
Tidak boleh merokok di ruangan ini.
Not should smoke in room this (Should not smoke in this roo.
Prohibition sign that uses AuJanganAy .
onAo.
Example:
Jangan buang sampah sembarangan DonAot dispose trash (DonAot dispose trash carelessl.
Prohibition sign that uses AuDilarangAy (Prohibite.
Example:
Dilarang menginjak rumput.
Prohibited stepping grass (Prohibited stepping on the gras.
Prohibition sign that use AuMohon tidakAy (Please do no.
Example:
Mohon tidak merokok di ruangan ini.
Please not smoking on room this (Please do not smoke in this roo.
Prohibition sign that uses AuSebaiknya tidakAy .
etter no.
Example:
Sebaiknya tidak diminum bersama-sama ItAos better not taken dengan obat lain.
with drugs other (ItAos better not to be taken together with another Prohibition sign that uses threatening language Example:
Kena panas bisa meledak.
Contact hit can explode (May explode on contact with hea.
Prohibition sign that uses statements Exampleo Ruangan khusus petugas.
Room (Staff roo.
Prohibition sign that uses interrogative Example:
Apakah anda bisa diam sejenak.
Does you can silent a moment (Can you be quiet for a momen.
From the previous studies mentioned above, this research tried to focus on linguistic expression that plays an important role in communication and explores sign communication between the Japanese and Indonesian, which have different linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
This research also explores what kind of expression the Japanese and Indonesian use to convey the prohibition information to the reader.
Hypothesis Based on the above problems, this study set the following three hypotheses.
(Hypothesis .
About the two types of prohibition signs: There are two types of prohibition signs: a without honorifics type that prioritizes information transmission and with honorifics type that prioritizes showing or giving honour.
(Hypothesis .
Presence or absence of an honorific system: The way of consideration differs depending on the presence or absence of the honorific system.
(Hypothesis .
Presence or absence of commercial competition: The preference for prohibition signs that prioritize attitudinal is related to commercial competition and the dignity of the artist.
METHOD
This study focuses on prohibition signs in Japanese and Indonesian at railway stations in both At railway stations, while prohibition signs are installed for acts that endanger life, many prohibition signs are also installed for other nonthreatening acts, such as nuisances.
In addition, the presence or absence of a attitudinal expression may be related to which side has more power, the passenger side as the receiver of the signboard, or the railway company side as the sender.
The railway stations in Japan and Indonesia each have their own unique characteristics.
Japanese and Indonesian railway companies have in common that they have been privatized, but while Japanese railway companies are competing with multiple companies, there is only one Indonesian railway Also, in Japan, railways are used as the main means of transportation on a daily basis, but in Indonesia, there are only local railways in the Jakarta area and large cities, and long-distance railways are only available in Java and Sumatra.
Therefore, the railway cannot be said to be the main mode of transportation.
Based on this background, the data collection locations and periods were set as follows.
Pictures of the prohibition signs were taken at the location.
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Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations:
A Linguistic Landscape Study Data collection sites are the station parking lot, in front of the ticket gate, on the campus area in Japan, conducted from March until April 2020 in Tokyo Station and Osaka Station.
While the data collection in Indonesia was conducted in February 2020 and March 2021, in Capital JakartaAos Gambir Station and SurabayaAos Gubeng Station.
The prohibition sign was collected as the data in the form of the photograph as many as 2774 photos were taken in Japan, and 514 photos were taken in Indonesia.
These photographs were copied into Excel and converted into data.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Classification of Prohibitive Expressions in Prohibition Signs Using the collected data, we categorized the expressions used in the prohibited sentences of Japanese and Indonesian prohibition signs into the following four categories.
Prohibitive expressions without honorifics Non-prohibitive expressions without honorifics Prohibitive expressions with honorifics Non-prohibitive expressions with honorifics Prohibitive expressions without honorifics These expressions show barely prohibitive expressions and are expressed openly.
Example:
[AuaE] AushinaiAy IeAUAUAAE ACOAAEAs AuArukanai HashiranaiAy (DonAot walk DonAot ru.
[AuaEA] IeAUEOCACUAAEas AushinaideAy AuDoa ni hanarenaide!Ay (DonAot touch the door!) .
[AuaEAeA] IeAUOUAoCOAUCOeCeCO NAiAAEAeAAs Aushinai kotoAy AuTesuri kara karada o nori dasanai kotoAy (Do not lean over the railin.
[A] AukinshiAy IeAUCEsas AuGomi sute kinshiAy (Do not litte.
[AuaA] AugenkinAy IeAUias AuKaihou genkinAy (Strictly forbidden to ope.
IeAUCaACUas AuWataru na!Ay (DonAot cross!)Ay .
[AuA] AunaAy Representation of Prohibition Signs in Japanese Takiura and Ohashi .
found that some of the prohibitive expressions used in Japanese prohibition signs encourage prohibition with negative expressions, while others use positive expressions to encourage prohibition.
Therefore, in the classification of prohibitive expressions in Japanese in this research, we called those that use negative expressions as Auprohibitive expressionsAy and positive expressions as Aunon-prohibitive expressionsAy.
In addition.
Kurabayashi .
states that the prohibitive expressions of prohibition signs include those that use Auattitudinal expressionsAy and those that use Aunon- attitudinal expressionsAy.
A detailed description of each category is provided as follows.
Figure 5: AUaUAcAAE ACOAAiAAE AUAcAeA AAs(Do not lean Do not climb Do not ru.
of [AuA AAE].
Non-prohibitive expressions without honorifics These expressions clearly limit the readerAos actions without using prohibitive expressions.
Example:
AUOUAoCOaUACU AUAoUAACUAs uSupport AuTesuri ni tsukamaru arukazu tachidomaruAy (Hold on to the railing Stop without walkin.
AUIaCeAuCUAAsAyAIAUOUCeaeAAs uSupport AuYsji o noseru toki wa hogo-sha ga te o tsunagu kotoAy (Parents should hold hands when carrying an 98 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 2776-4478 JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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Since the expression of AuprohibitionAy is one of the AunominalizationsAy in Brown & LevinsonAos negative politeness strategy, in this study.
AuprohibitionAy was included in the classification of attitudinal-type forbidden expressions.
Non-prohibitive expressions with honorifics Figure 6: AUOUAoCOaUACUAs(Hold on to the railin.
AUACCUAUAoUAACUAs(Stop without a hitc.
AUE OAEoAIIAAUAAs(Stand inside the yellow lin.
AUsOCeaUCOCCAAs(Hold your luggage firml.
Prohibitive Expressions with honorifics These expressions are using honorifics and polite prohibitive expressions.
Example:
[AOCECaiAE] AuoyamekudasaiAy IeAUIAcAOAAOCECaiAEAs AuKakekomi jssha wa o yame kudasaiAy (Please stop rushing to boar.
[AuAOnCONa.
Auokotowari itashimasuAy IeAUisOUaOnCOAiAuACAsA AoACAs AuChsdai nimotsu mochikomi wa okotowari sa sete itadakimasuAy (We do not allow oversized luggag.
[AuAiAIaiAE] AuGoenryo kudasaiAy IeAUEoeOAaUAAiAIaiAEAs AuPetto no dshan wa goenryo kudasaiAy (Please refrain from bringing pet.
[AuaEaiAE] Aushinaide kudasaiAy IeAUEoeOEuEOE eAsaEAU AiAEAs AuPetto botoru kan/bin wa sutenaide kudasaiAy (Please do not throw away cans and bottle.
Figure 7:AUEoeOEuEOE eAsaEAU AiAEAs(Please do not throw away cans and bottle.
of AUAuaEaiAEAs.
These expressions restrict the readerAos actions with honorifics and polite expressions without using prohibitive expressions.
These expressions also use anything other than polite positive imperatives and other negative imperatives that require pragmatic Not using negative prohibitive expressions will achieve the same result.
Example:
AUNIuCOasEOCAUnUaeAAUAiAnAEAAoAC CCACUAUAUCUAsoAAoAsuReason AuDeiriguchi ni tsuki doa ga hiraku koto ga gozaimasu.
Motarekakaru to kiken desuAy (The door may open at the entrance/exit.
Leaning is dangerous.
AUeueCiAsupermissible limits AuJgysin senAoysAy (Employees onl.
AUACCOAUAAI NOosCOAA! oCeeoC as AuArigats jitensha orite ne! 7-Ji 22-ji madeAy (Thank you, get off your bike! From 7:00 to 22:.
AUUoAoCneANOCeOaiAoUAEAA aeaCOAAoACAs AuKaki no jikantai wa jitensha o oshite go tsks itadaku koto ni narimasu.
Ay (During the following hours, you will be asked to push your bicycle through.
AUeOAneoiCenUAcCOAIAAEceAAcCOAIAA OUAEAIAUAECeaCNAIAs AuHito to kankaku o akeyou, masuku o tsukeyou, tearai u gai o shimashouAy (Keep your distance from other people, wear a mask, wash your hands, and gargl.
Figure 8: AUNOAosCOaOAAUAiAEAs(Please get off the bicycle and push i.
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Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations:
A Linguistic Landscape Study Representation of Prohibition Signs in Indonesian Prohibitive expressions used in Indonesian prohibition signs are the same as in Japanese.
Some use negative expressions .
rohibitive expression.
to urge prohibition, but also use positive expressions .
on-prohibitive expression.
to urge prohibition (Afifah , 2020 ).
However , concerning attitudinal expressions, the Indonesian language does not have an honorific system for expressing attitudinal expressions as in Japanese , but have expressions for showing respect such as hedges ( called Au penanda kesantunan Ay in Indonesian ).
Prohibitive expressions when requesting other people not to do something include adding AuTolongAy .
word that corresponds to the English meaning of Aoplease A.
, which becomes a polite expression by adding the suffix Au-lahAy, and the prefix Audi- Au.
Details are explained in sub-sections below.
Prohibitive expressions without honorifics These expressions barely used prohibitive expressions, expressed openly.
Indonesian prohibition signs that fall into this type are basic Indonesian prohibition expressions using AuJanganAy .
o no.
and AuTidakAy .
Sasanti .
taxonomy stated that the use of AuJanganAy and AuTidakAy expressly express prohibition.
Example:
[JanganA.
OAuaEA AuShinaideAyO Ie Jangan meninggalkan kartu tanda parkir / barang DonAot card sign parking/ goods berharga di kendaraan anda valuables on vehicle (Do not leave parking tickets/valuables in your .
[TidakA.
OAuAAE AunaiAyO Ie Tidak Mengibaskan tangan yang masih basah ke Not hand wich still wet to Lantai (No Flicking wet hands on the floo.
Figure 9: Jangan meninggalkan kartu tanda parkir/ barang berharga di kendaraan anda (Do not leave your parking pass/valuables in your vehicl.
Non-prohibitive expressions without honorifics These expressions are prohibited explicitly without prohibitive expressions.
Indonesian prohibition signs that fall into this type use directives to restrict the readerAos actions.
The use of referential expressions has the purpose of forbidding doing the opposite of what is being Example:
Jaga jarak 1 meter uInstruction Keep distance 1 meter (Keep a distance of 1 mete.
Figure 10: Jaga jarak 1 meter (Keep a distance of 1 mete.
Prohibitive expressions with honorifics These expressions used to express prohibition Indonesian prohibition signs use AudilarangAy .
included in this type.
study by Sasanti .
states that the use of AudilarangAy is an explicitly prohibitive expression, so it is an overt expression and not a polite prohibitive However, the meaning of AudilarangAy in Indonesian grammar , which the verb Aularang Ay is prefixed with AudiAy .
ereafter referred to as di-verb ), is a passive verb that has the function of expressing politeness.
Therefore, in this 100 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 2776-4478 JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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Indonesian prohibition signs that use AudilarangAy are included in the Auattitudinal-type prohibitive expressionsAy that use polite prohibitive Example:
AUDilarangAsOForbiddenO Ie Dilarang merokok Forbidden smoking (Forbidden to smokin.
Figure 11: Dilarang merokok (Forbidden to smokin.
Non-prohibitive expressions with honorifics These expressions show prohibition by polite expressions without using prohibitive expressions.
Forbidden signs in Indonesian that can be included in this type are those with the AulahAy suffix and the AumohonAy .
verbs in the basic imperative Indonesian forbidden signs that use verbs in basic imperative sentences are included in .
untreated non-prohibitive expressions.
Example:
Buanglah sampah pada tempatnya uRequest Trow-lah trash on its place (Throw garbage in its plac.
Mohon tidak menggunakan alas kaki karet/ bahan Please do not use footwear rubber/ material elastis di escalator elastic on the escalator uDemand (Please fold your bicycle before entering the train Figure 12: Mohon tidak menggunakan alas kaki karet/ bahan elastis di escalator (Please do not use rubber/elastic footwear on the escalato.
Figures 13 and 14 are the results of analysis of how much each of the above categories is used in the data collected.
There are two types of prohibited signs: singular use of prohibitive expressions and combined use of prohibitive Figure 13 .
umber by differenc.
and Figure 14 .
otal numbe.
show the percentage of expressions used in prohibition signs at stations in the target Since Figure 13 counts the number of differences, it shows which expressions are used more often except for the same ones, while Figure 14 is the total number.
Even if it is exactly the same, it does not count duplicates and shows how many prohibitive expressions are used, but how often they are visible in the linguistic landscape.
First, look at the analysis of the number of differences in Figure 13.
Forbidden signs using non-attitudinal and attitudinal expressions can be seen in both languages.
In addition, it was found that both languages used prohibitive expressions with honorifics the most.
And although the percentages differ greatly, non-prohibitive expressions with honorifics are the second most common, accounting for 27.
27% at Osaka Station and only 7.
27% at Tokyo Station.
However, from this result, it can be seen that many expressions of the attitudinal type are used for prohibition signs at Japanese railway stations.
However, there is a slight difference in Indonesian prohibition signs in Gambir station and Surabaya station.
At Gambir Station in Jakarta, 60% of the trains used the prohibitive expressions with honorifics, but at Gubeng Station in Surabaya, only 43.
48% used prohibitive Prohibitive expressions with honorifics was not the most frequently used expression at Gubeng Station in Surabaya, but it is the second most frequently used There is no significant difference in the use of non-prohibitive expressions without However, looking at the ratio of with and without honorifics prohibition signs at Gubeng Station in Surabaya, the use of honorifics accounts 64%, while the use of non-honorifics was From these results, it is known that prohibitive expressions with honorifics is the most used in prohibition signs at any station in Japan and Indonesia, and all of them show a ratio of higher than half of overall use.
On the other hand, the prohibition signs without honorifics type are used only at Gubeng Station in Surabaya at a mere 10%.
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Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations:
A Linguistic Landscape Study 39,13% Gubeng Stations 15,00% 5,00% 5,00% Gambir Stations Osaka Stations Tokyo Stations 43,48% 8,70% 8,70% 10,00% 5% 60,00% 6,50% 62,34% 27,27% 1,30%3,90% 7,27% 1,82%5,45% 74,55% 2% 3,64% 3,64% Unusing c
1,82%
cc cc Figure 13: Expressions used in prohibition signs at stations .
ifferent number.
Gubeng Stations 0,70% 1,63% Gambir Stations 0,43% Osaka Stations 0,25% 0,43% Tokyo Stations 0,31% Unusing c
48,24%
40,00%
3,53% 8,24%
34,50%
41,96%
9,56%
4,23% 13,81%
62,90%
43,41%
11,66%
18,64%
18,58% 1,61%
34,86%
0,56%
cc Figure 14: Expressions used in prohibited signs at stations .
otal numbe.
Kurabayashi .
points out that in the case of Japan, prohibition signs posted at railway stations tend to use honorifics because they are conscious of readers as the customers.
However, judging from the result of this study, not only in Japan but also in Indonesia tends to use honorifics for prohibition signs.
On the other hand, since need to convey information to the reader outweighs the need to use prohibition without honorifics (Takiura & Ohashi, 2.
, clear and direct expressions also used to avoid misunderstandings.
For example.
Kurabayashi .
stated that prohibition signs that prevent danger are used without honorifics and bare prohibition expressions because there is a high need to convey prohibition information to the reader.
LetAos take a look at what kind of prohibited contents the prohibition signs used without honorific expression as seen in the data of this In the case of the Japanese, all of Tokyo Station has dangerous behavior prevention, and Osaka Station has only one of five that does not prevent dangerous behavior.
On the other hand, the prohibition signs that use honorific expressions seen at Gambir Station and Gubeng Station in Indonesia do not contain any content to prevent dangerous behavior.
In other words, it is in line with KurabayashiAos .
opinion above regarding Japanese prohibition signs at railway stations but disagrees with Indonesian prohibition Next, we examine what kinds of expressions are used for prohibition signs to prevent dangerous acts and examine what kinds of prohibition expressions are used for prohibition signs to prevent dangerous acts seen at railway stations.
Figure 15 shows what expressions are used in prohibition signs related to Auprevention of dangerous behaviorAy.
As seen in Figure 15, in the case of Japanese, more than 70% use honorific expressions, while in the case of Indonesian, it seems that all of them use honorific prohibitive expressions.
In other words, it was found that many of the prohibition signs to prevent dangerous behavior at railway stations use honorific expressions.
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Gubeng Stations gambir Stations Osaka Stations Tokyo Stations 33,33% 2,90% 8,82% 66,67% 8,82% 29,41% 50,00% 10,00% 5,00% c
25,00%
5,00% 5,00%
Unusing Figure 15: Percentage of expressions used for prohibition signs for Auprevention of dangerous behaviorAy at railway stations .
umber of difference.
In summary, both languages appear to have the most prohibition signs used with honorific expressions, regardless of content.
This result is inconsistent with NakazakiAos .
assertion that Auprohibition signs do not require consideration Ay The above results so far have clarified what expressions are most frequently used in the study area of each railway station.
However, it is not yet clear what prohibited content those expressions are used for.
In order to see the above results in more detail, it is necessary to analyze the expressions used in prohibition signs and their contents concerning each other.
In the case of the Japanese, there are three possible reasons for this.
One is related to the Auhonorific .
Ay system that exists in Japan.
However.
NakazakiAos .
claim is based on a general politeness theory and does not apply to the use of honorifics in Japanese.
The Japanese honorific has the function of Auindicating a hierarchical relationshipAy rather than Auprotecting the other personAos faceAy in the theory of politeness, so we use honorifics to represent the station side, who is the sender, and who is the receiver.
It is thought that it shows that they place value on the hierarchical relationship with customers.
The second reason is also related to the Japanese honorific system.
Honorifics have the function of expressing Auoneself who has common sense as a member of society Ay .
In addition .
Ide ( 2.
stated that honorifics have the function of expressing the speakerAos social status .
other words , by using polite language , railway companies are thought to use honorifics to Au create a good corporate image with common senseAy.
In other words, it is related to maintaining a positive face of the railway company .
he sender A third reason concerns commercial competition among railroad companies.
If it is run .
overnment, administratio.
, because it is a single management company, the railway company has power over passengers, and the expressions used in the prohibition signs are efficiency-oriented rather than consideration-oriented, even there is no problem if there are more consideration-oriented signs are used.
However, railways in Japan are run by multiple railway companies, and these railway companies aim to provide the best possible service to their customers through a competitive Therefore, the customer has power from the viewpoint that customer can select the railway company.
As a result, it is thought that the consideration-prioritized type will be used more often than the efficiency-prioritized type in the form of customer service.
On the other hand, the same three reasons are conceivable in the case of Indonesian.
First.
Indonesia does not have a system of honorifics like Japanese, but linguistic considerations and linguistic manners are important in speech acts in Indonesian communication.
These linguistic considerations and linguistic manners are determined by three factors: the age of the interlocutor, intimacy of the relationship, and social position (Matsumoto , 1988 ).
Prohibition signs in the linguistic landscape are said to target an unspecified number of people , but in actual situations , the intended audience is predictable .
Therefore , in order to maintain the relationship with the reader of the prohibition sign , it can be said that consideration is also important in the expression of the prohibition sign.
For the second reason, it is said that it is important to express written words such as signs in Indonesian as short and clear as possible.
Using Muthi Afifah.
Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations:
A Linguistic Landscape Study SasantiAos .
AuMohon tidakAy .
lease do no.
and the one using AuSebaiknya tidakAy .
etter no.
, the adverbs AuMohonAy and AuSebaiknyaAy would have to be added, making the prohibition sentence longer.
In addition, there is a risk of causing misunderstandings by readers due to roundabout However, the use of the passive verb AuDilarangAy makes it both polite and explicit to avoid misunderstandings.
The third reason is that, unlike Japan, railways in Indonesia are privatized, but are operated by only one railway company.
Buses are the main means of transportation rather than trains.
In other words.
Indonesian railway companies are not in competition with the same railway company, but in competition with other means of transportation such as buses.
So, the railway company needs to get more people to use it to increase sales.
For that reason, it is thought that the considerationprioritized type will be used more often than the efficiency-prioritized type in the form of customer service, aiming to provide the best possible service to the customer.
Since Japanese has a system of honorifics to create polite expressions (Lu, 2.
, one chooses from the honorific set and incorporates it into the utterance .
On the other hand , in languages like Indonesian that do not have honorifics to create polite expressions , we use hedges and choose ways of speaking that are not rude to the other party .
According to Ito ( 2004 ).
Japanese honorifics tend to have strong negative politeness due to the background of Ca As A AO nN Un Auwakimae bunka Ay .
akimae culture ), whereas Indonesian , which does not have an honorific system , uses implicit imperative expression such as AuTerimakasih anda membuang sampah pada tempatnya.
Ay (Thank you for throwing the trash in the trash bin ), and has a strong tendency to be positive and polite.
CONCLUSIONS
This article examined the use of prohibitive expressions in the prohibition signs, analyse the reason behind the application of polite expressions on prohibitions signs, and compares their use in Japan and Indonesia which have different language cultures.
Further, this study also successfully verified the following hypothesis.
Verification of Hypothesis 1: There are two types of prohibition signs, type that prioritize information transmission and type that prioritizes showing or giving honor in prohibition signs.
hypothesized, we found that there are two types of prohibition signs in Japanese and Indonesian, namely AuSigns that prioritize efficiencyAy and AuSigns that prioritize consideration.
Ay Verification of Hypothesis 2: Since Japanese has a system of honorifics to create polite expressions, vocabulary is selected from the honorific set and incorporated into the utterance.
On the other hand, in languages like Indonesian that do not have honorifics system, to create polite expressions, we use hedges and choose ways of speaking that are not rude to the other party.
Verification of Hypothesis 3: Preference for prohibition signs that give priority to consideration is related to commercial competition and the dignity of the creator.
Unlike Japan, railways in Indonesia are privatized but are operated by only one railway company, and there is no competition between railway companies, but railways are not the main means of transportation in Indonesia.
Buses are the main means of transportation rather than trains.
In other words.
Indonesian railway companies are not in competition with the same railway company, but in competition with other means of transportation such as buses.
On the other hand, in the case of Japan, railways are operated by multiple railway companies, so there is a competitive relationship among railway Therefore, railway companies in Japan and Indonesia have different social backgrounds, but as part of their service, they use expressions that give priority to prohibition signs so that they can be selected by customers who have the right to In this study, only the prohibitive sentence part of the prohibition sign was targeted, but to conduct a deeper analysis, it is necessary to analyze the additional information part as well.
In addition, due to the difference in railway usage between Japan and Indonesia, there is a large difference in the amount of data collected.
To make a more valid analysis, it is necessary to study prohibition signs not only for railways but also for Autransportation-relatedAy as a whole, and not limited to railway stations.
Prohibition signs may also differ depending on where they are placed.
Therefore, it will be necessary to analyze prohibition signs in different places .
ourist areas, commercial areas, etc.
), explore the characteristics and differences of each place, and try to compare Finally, although the non-verbal aspects of 104 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 2776-4478 JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
No.
December 2022, pp.
prohibition signs .
tyle, color, image, etc.
) carry messages as well as the linguistic aspects, many studies of the linguistic landscape have so far focused only on the linguistic aspects.
There are only a few works that focused on and analyze the style, color, image, etc.
Therefore, as a future task, it is necessary to analyze not only the linguistic aspects such as the expressions analyzed this time but also the non-linguistic aspects.
REFERENCES