E-ISSN : 2797-9172
P-ISSN : 2655-6952
https://ejournal.
id/ojs/index.
php/iklila received: 3 April 2026, accepted: 26 April 2026, published: 30 April 2026
PRAYER
PREDICTOR
CONFIDENCE: A Statistical Analysis SELF- Ahmad Mohammad Tidjani1.
Ahmad Mahfud2.
Widayatul Amalia3.
Zulfatul Wasilah4 Email:
fauzitidjani@gmail.
Widayatulamalia1S@gmail.
achmahfud6@gmail.
Afiliasi: Universitas Al-Amien Prenduan.
Sumenep1.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya2,3 DOI: 10.
61941/iklila.
Abstract Self-confidence is a crucial psychological factor for teachers and parents in fulfilling their educational and caregiving roles.
Although prayer is generally believed to foster inner calmness and strength, empirical evidence regarding its relationship with self-confidence remains limited, particularly in the Indonesian context.
This exploratory quantitative study aims to examine the relationship and statistical contribution of prayer intensity to self-confidence.
Using a survey design with snowball sampling, data were collected from 30 respondents via a 1Ae5 Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using simple linear regression.
The results indicate a positive but weak correlation between prayer intensity and selfconfidence (R = 0.
The coefficient of determination (RA = 0.
indicates that prayer explains only 7.
4% of the variance in self-confidence, while the remaining 92.
6% is attributable to external variables.
The regression coefficient of 0.
181 suggests a positive direction, yet it does not reach statistical significance .
= 0.
These findings challenge the assumption of a direct causal link between spiritual practice and psychological well-being, while affirming that prayer may serve as a preliminary predictor requiring broader validation.
This study addresses a gap in the literature by providing critical preliminary empirical data for the development of large-scale research on the psychology of religion in the Keywords: Prayer.
SelfAcConfidence.
Small sample Abstrak Kepercayaan diri merupakan faktor psikologis krusial bagi guru dan orang tua dalam menjalankan peran edukatif dan pengasuhan.
Meskipun doa secara umum diyakini dapat menumbuhkan ketenangan dan kekuatan batin, bukti empiris mengenai hubungannya dengan kepercayaan diri masih terbatas, khususnya di konteks Indonesia.
Penelitian eksploratif kuantitatif ini bertujuan menguji hubungan dan kontribusi statistik Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 .
p:144-.
https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc/4.
0/?ref=chooser-v1 Prayer as a Predictor.
intensitas doa terhadap kepercayaan diri.
Menggunakan desain survei dengan teknik snowball sampling, data dikumpulkan dari 30 responden melalui kuesioner skala Likert 1Ae5 dan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier sederhana.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif namun lemah antara intensitas doa dan kepercayaan diri (R = 0,.
Koefisien determinasi (RA = 0,.
mengindikasikan bahwa doa hanya menjelaskan 7,4% variasi kepercayaan diri, sementara 92,6% lainnya ditentukan oleh variabel eksternal.
Koefisien regresi sebesar 0,181 menunjukkan arah positif, namun tidak mencapai signifikansi statistik .
= 0,.
Temuan ini menantang asumsi hubungan kausal langsung antara praktik spiritual dan kondisi psikologis, sekaligus menegaskan bahwa doa berpotensi sebagai prediktor awal yang memerlukan validasi lebih luas.
Studi ini mengisi kesenjangan literatur dengan menyajikan data empiris awal yang kritis bagi pengembangan riset psikologi-keagamaan berskala besar di masa depan.
Kata kunci: Doa.
Keyakinan Diri.
Sampel Kecil Introduction In Islamic tradition, prayer is viewed not only as a spiritual ritual but also as a means of self-reflection that is believed to help individuals better understand their thoughts and feelings.
This introspective process may theoretically enhance self-awareness and strengthen oneAos connection with spiritual beliefs.
Several studies have shown that prayer is associated with increased positive emotions, the cultivation of kindness, and improvements in self-esteem and self-confidence, such as feelings of compassion and being 1 By strengthening positive emotions, prayer is also assumed to free cognitive resources that are usually used to cope with stress and worry, enabling individuals to focus more effectively on their activities.
However, most studies on prayer and psychological aspects have been dominated by qualitative or descriptive approaches.
Quantitative studies specifically examining the relationship between prayer intensity and selfconfidence remain relatively limited, especially in the context of teachers and Yet these two groups play a central role in shaping the educational environment and the psychological development of students.
Teachers interact directly with students in the learning process, while parents constitute the first and primary environment for childrenAos character formation.
Therefore, both Nirmala Lekhak et al.
AuPrayer and Mental Health in Later Life: The Role of Positive Emotions,Ay Issues in Mental Health Nursing 44, no.
7 (July 3, 2.
: 639Ae48, doi:10.
1080/01612840.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 must collaborate in fostering development.
2 TeachersAo self-efficacy beliefs are related to teaching effectiveness and studentsAo academic achievement,3 whereas parental self-confidence is associated with parenting styles and role modeling.
To date, only a limited number of pilot studies have employed statistical approaches to examine the relationship between prayer intensity and selfconfidence among teachers and parents.
Theoretically, the relationship between prayer and self-confidence may be explained through the following logical pathway.
First, prayer as a repeated spiritual practice is assumed to contribute to emotional regulation, particularly in reducing anxiety and stress.
5 Second, good emotional regulation contributes to increased self-efficacy, namely an individualAos belief in their ability to handle specific situations.
6 Third, increased self-efficacy is in turn believed to strengthen self-confidence in various activities.
7 This pathway remains hypothetical and requires empirical testing.
From a QurAoanic interpretive perspective, the relationship between prayer and self-confidence can be drawn from Surah Taha .
: 25Ae28, in which Prophet Moses prays: AuMy Lord, expand for me my chest, ease for me my task, and untie the knot from my tongue so that they may understand my speechAy.
8 This verse does not merely depict a request for help, but also contains the concepts of tumaAoninah .
nner tranquilit.
and tawakkal .
eliance upon God after effor.
In Tafsir AlMisbah.
Quraish Shihab explains that MosesAo supplication reflects awareness of personal limitations while simultaneously maintaining confidence that GodAos assistance will come.
9 This may be described as secure attachment to God: self2 Rahmat Aziz et al.
AuTeacher-Parent Collaboration for Developing Student Character in Online Learning,Ay International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 12, no.
3 (September 1, 2.
: 1477Ae Gian Vittorio Caprara et al.
AuTeachersAo Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Determinants of Job Satisfaction and StudentsAo Academic Achievement: A Study at the School Level,Ay Journal of School Psychology 44, no.
6 (December 1, 2.
: 473Ae90, doi:10.
1016/j.
Ariana M.
Albanese.
Gabrielle R.
Russo, and Pamela A.
Geller.
AuThe Role of Parental SelfAcefficacy in Parent and Child WellAcbeing: A Systematic Review of Associated Outcomes,Ay Child: Care.
Health and Development 45, no.
3 (May 2.
: 333Ae63, doi:10.
1111/cch.
Lekhak et al.
AuPrayer and Mental Health in Later Life.
Ay Meysi Intan Tanjung.
Mustika Fitri, and Sandey Tantra Paramitha.
AuStrategi Regulasi Emosi Terhadap Self Efikasi Pada Atlet Beladiri Wanita,Ay Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani Dan Olah Rag.
8, no.
(November 23, 2.
: 216Ae21, doi:10.
36526/kejaora.
Tyaswiranti Fajrina and M.
Si Prof.
Dr.
Mochamad Nursalim.
AuKemampuan Resiliensi Pada Siswa Smk: Analisis Hubungan Antara Self Efficacy Dan Regulasi Emosi,Ay Jurnal BK UNESA 15, no.
1 (January 22, 2.
: 44Ae52.
AuQurAoan Kemenag,Ay accessed April 24, 2026, https://quran.
id/quran/perayat/surah/20?from=25&to=28.
Yoga Basyiril Sabirin dan Hamidullah Mahmud.
AuMotivasi Perspektif Al-Quran Dalam Membangun Kepercayaan Diri: Kajian Surah At-Thaha 25-28: Tafsir Al-Misbah,Ay Karakter: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Islam 1, no.
: 149Ae60, https://ejournal.
id/index.
php/Karakter/article/view/171.
Prayer as a Predictor.
confidence rooted in spiritual awareness and submission to God rather than personal arrogance.
It should be noted that not all previous studies support a direct positive relationship between prayer and self-confidence.
Some studies have found insignificant results or relational complexities that warrant attention.
Maltby.
Lewis, and Day found that reminding individuals of religious beliefs or prayer did not significantly affect self-efficacy, perseverance, or logical performance.
In two related experiments, participants who prayed showed no meaningful differences compared to the control group on these three variables.
These findings suggest that the effect of prayer on self-confidence may depend on other factors such as context, type of prayer, or individual characteristics.
Research by Krause revealed that the effectiveness of prayer in enhancing self-esteem depends greatly on individualsAo expectations regarding A study involving 1,500 older adults found that self-esteem was lower among individuals who believed prayers should be answered immediately and exactly as requested.
In contrast, self-esteem was higher among those who believed that only God knows the best time and way to answer prayer.
Furthermore, the benefits of prayer for self-esteem were stronger among African American older adults than among White older adults, indicating that demographic factors such as race/ethnicity moderate this relationship.
A study by Laird et al.
showed that prayer is a multidimensional phenomenon, meaning its effects vary depending on the type of prayer They identified five forms of private prayer: adoration, confession, thanksgiving, supplication, and reception.
In a sample of arthritis patients, several forms of prayerAiparticularly belief in prayer effectiveness, thanksgiving prayer, and receptive prayerAiwere associated with lower symptoms of depression and anxiety, better social interaction, and more positive health In simple terms, prayer does not automatically produce the same psychological effects for everyone.
Its impact depends on how a person prays and the meaning attributed to the prayer.
Research by Oman and Bormann found that the effectiveness of repeated prayer/mantram in increasing self-efficacy among veterans with PTSD John Maltby.
Christopher Alan Lewis, and Liza Day.
AuPrayer and Subjective Well-Being: The Application of a Cognitive-Behavioural Framework,Ay Mental Health.
Religion & Culture 11, no.
1 (January 1, 2.
: 119Ae29, doi:10.
1080/13674670701485722.
Neal Krause.
AuAssessing the Relationships Among Prayer Expectancies.
Race, and Self-Esteem in Late Life,Ay Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43, no.
: 395Ae408, doi:10.
1111/j.
Steven P.
Laird et al.
AuRESEARCH: AoMeasuring Private Prayer: Development.
Validation, and Clinical Application of the Multidimensional Prayer Inventory,AoAy The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 14, no.
4 (October 1, 2.
: 251Ae72, doi:10.
1207/s15327582ijpr1404_2.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 varied according to demographic characteristics.
The increase in self-efficacy was greater among White veterans, those with higher income, andAi interestinglyAithose who were non-religious .
arginal trend, p < 0.
These findings indicate that religiosity may moderate the relationship between prayer practices and self-efficacy.
A systematic review by Whittington and Scher in Counseling and Values concluded that the relationship between prayer and mental health is not uniform but depends on the type of prayer.
Colloquial and meditative prayer were positively associated with mental health through closeness to God, whereas ritualistic and petitionary prayer could even be negatively associated with mental health if not accompanied by reflective awareness.
These findings emphasize that ritualistic prayer without reflective awareness does not significantly correlateAior may even correlate negativelyAiwith improvements in psychological well-being.
The contradictory findings above indicate that the relationship between prayer and self-confidence is neither automatic nor universal.
Factors such as type of prayer, expectations regarding prayer, demographic characteristics .
ge, race, income, level of religiosit.
, and psychological stress context are assumed to moderate this relationship.
Therefore, the claim that Auprayer effectively increases self-confidenceAy needs to be empirically tested in specific contexts, including among teachers and parents in Indonesia.
This study does not seek to ignore these contradictory findings, but rather to provide an initial contribution in examining whether a positive relationship between prayer intensity and selfconfidence is also foundAior not foundAiamong teachers and parents.
Thus, the research gap addressed by this study includes: .
the scarcity of exploratory quantitative studies on the relationship between prayer intensity and self-confidence, .
the absence of statistical pilot studies in the context of teachers and parents in Indonesia, and .
the limited efforts to formulate preliminary hypotheses that may serve as a foundation for future studies with larger and more representative samples.
Therefore, this study aims to propose an initial hypothesis regarding the influence of prayer on self-confidence, without intending to generalize the findings.
Based on the explanation above, the research questions in this study are:
How strong is the relationship between prayer intensity and self-confidence Doug Oman and Jill E.
Bormann.
AuMantram Repetition Fosters Self-Efficacy in Veterans for Managing PTSD: A Randomized Trial,Ay Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 7, no.
: 34Ae45, doi:10.
1037/a0037994.
Brandon L.
Whittington and Steven J.
Scher.
AuPrayer and Subjective Well-Being: An Examination of Six Different Types of Prayer,Ay International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 20, no.
1 (January 2.
: 59Ae68, doi:10.
1080/10508610903146316.
Prayer as a Predictor.
among teachers and parents? .
How large is the influence of prayer intensity on self-confidence among teachers and parents? (Note: AuinfluenceAy here refers to statistical contribution, not absolute causality.
Method This study aimed to measure the relationship between prayer and increased self-confidence in various activities.
The target population consisted of teachers and parents in Indonesia selected at random.
The inclusion criteria for respondents were active teachers or parents with children, individuals who regularly practiced prayer, and those willing to complete the questionnaire Data were collected through the distribution of a questionnaire using a 1Ae5 point Likert scale.
The questionnaire was distributed using a snowball sampling technique, in which the researcher first contacted several teachers and parents who met the criteria, and they were then asked to recommend colleagues or fellow parents to participate.
The data collection procedure included: .
the researcher contacted 3Ae 5 teachers or parents as seed respondents.
the initial respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire and forward the link to a maximum of three colleagues .
ellow teachers or parent.
who met the criteria.
the process continued for 14 days in August 2025 until the target of 30 respondents was However, this study was not intended to produce generalizable The sample size of only 30 respondents constitutes a major limitation, meaning the data are insufficient to serve as a basis for broad general The respondents came from various regions, including Surabaya.
Sumenep.
Sidoarjo.
Cilacap.
Tulungagung.
Probolinggo.
Blitar.
Madura, and Kalimantan, with the majority residing in Surabaya.
In terms of age, respondents ranged from 23 to 56 years old, reflecting variation from productive adulthood to mature age groups.
Meanwhile, the parent group was distributed across Sumenep.
Surabaya, and Sidoarjo.
This diversity in regional background and status provides a reasonably representative overview of the respondentsAo characteristics in the study.
In addition, the use of non-probability snowball sampling and the limited sample size may have reduced the stability of the statistical results, particularly the significance values .
-value.
Small changes in the data could affect the pvalue, while the statistical power to detect actual effects was also low.
Therefore, non-significant findings, such as p > 0.
05, should not be interpreted as Endang Widi Winarni.
Teori dan Praktik Penelitian Kuantitatif.
Kualitatif.
PTK.
R&D (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 definitive evidence that no effect exists.
Rather, the findings of this study are more appropriately understood as preliminary results that may serve as a basis for hypothesis development in future studies with larger and more representative samples.
Results and Discussion The Influence of Prayer on Self-Confidence: An Integrated Review Prayer is one of the most universal spiritual practices and is found in nearly all religious traditions around the world.
In the context of psychology, prayer is not merely understood as a religious ritual, but also as a cognitive, emotional, and relational activity that has a tangible impact on an individualAos psychological condition.
16 Self-confidenceAiwhich includes self-acceptance, self-understanding, clarity of purpose, and positive thinkingAiis one of the most significant psychological aspects associated with quality of life and personal achievement.
The relationship between prayer and self-confidence can be understood through several operational dimensions of prayer, namely frequency, intensity, devotion, and subjective experience.
Each of these dimensions contributes uniquely to shaping the aspects of an individualAos self-confidence.
The following section presents an integrated discussion of these four dimensions of prayer in relation to self-confidence.
Prayer Frequency and Self-Confidence Prayer frequency refers to how often individuals engage in prayer activities in their daily lives.
Research indicates that individuals who pray frequently tend to have higher levels of self-confidence than those who pray 19 This can be explained through an internal reinforcement mechanism: the more often a person prays, the stronger the belief that they are not alone in facing lifeAos challenges, which in turn strengthens their selfconfidence.
John Maltby.
Christopher Alan Lewis, and Liza Day.
AuPrayer and Subjective Well-Being: The Application of a Cognitive-Behavioural Framework,Ay Mental Health.
Religion & Culture 11, no.
1 (January 2.
119Ae29, doi:10.
1080/13674670701485722.
Margaret M.
Poloma and Brian F.
Pendleton.
AuThe Effects of Prayer and Prayer Experiences on Measures of General Weil-Being,Ay Journal of Psychology and Theology 19, no.
1 (March 1, 1.
: 71Ae83, doi:10.
1177/009164719101900107.
Albert Bandura.
Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control (Macmillan, 1.
Kevin L.
Ladd and Bernard Spilka.
AuInward.
Outward, and Upward: Cognitive Aspects of Prayer,Ay Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41, no.
: 475Ae84, doi:10.
1111/1468-5906.
Mary K.
Bade and Stephen W.
Cook.
AuFunctions of Christian Prayer in the Coping Process,Ay Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47, no.
: 123Ae33, doi:10.
1111/j.
Prayer as a Predictor.
Prayer Frequency and Self-Acceptance Self-acceptance is an individualAos ability to feel comfortable with themselves, including when being the center of attention, as well as the ability to appreciate their own strengths.
Regular prayer provides individuals with opportunities to consistently evaluate themselves before God, thereby encouraging an attitude of accepting oneself as one is.
21 The routine of prayer creates a consistent ritual of reflection in which individuals learn to acknowledge their strengths and weaknesses honestly without fear of judgment, thereby increasing their comfort with themselves in front of others.
Prayer Frequency and Self-Understanding Regular prayer is also correlated with more realistic self-understanding.
Individuals who habitually pray every day tend to be better able to recognize their abilities and limitations proportionately.
23 This is because repeated prayer forms a pattern of cognitive reflection, in which individuals periodically examine their inner condition, goals, and achievements.
This reflective process strengthens metacognitionAithe ability to think about oneAos own thinkingAi which is the foundation of mature self-understanding.
Prayer Intensity and Self-Confidence Prayer intensity is related to the depth and sincerity expressed by individuals when praying.
Prayer performed with high intensity, accompanied by deep emotional expression, the articulation of hopes, and persistence, has been shown to have a stronger correlation with self-confidence than routine prayer performed without deep engagement.
Prayer Intensity and Clear Goals One indicator of self-confidence is the ability to make decisions without excessive doubt and to set realistic targets.
Prayer intensity directly contributes to this aspect.
When a person prays earnestly about a goal or decision in life, the process compels the individual to clarify their desires, values, and Christopher G.
Ellison.
Amy M.
Burdette, and Terrence D.
Hill.
AuBlessed Assurance: Religion.
Anxiety, and Tranquility among US Adults,Ay Social Science Research 38, no.
3 (September 1, 2.
: 656Ae67, doi:10.
1016/j.
Kevin S.
Masters and Glen I.
Spielmans.
AuPrayer and Health: Review.
Meta-Analysis, and Research Agenda,Ay Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30, no.
4 (August 1, 2.
: 329Ae38, doi:10.
1007/s10865-007-9106-7.
Edward M.
Anderson and Michael J.
Lambert.
AuA survival analysis of clinically significant change in outpatient psychotherapy,Ay Journal of Clinical Psychology 57, no.
: 875Ae88, doi:10.
1002/jclp.
Kenneth I.
Pargament.
The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory.
Research.
Practice (Guilford Press.
Jochen E.
Gebauer.
Constantine Sedikides, and Wiebke Neberich.
AuReligiosity.
Social Self-Esteem, and Psychological Adjustment: On the Cross-Cultural Specificity of the Psychological Benefits of Religiosity,Ay Psychological Science 23, no.
2 (February 1, 2.
: 158Ae60, doi:10.
1177/0956797611427045.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 26 Research by Wachholtz and Pargament found that intensive spiritual meditationAiwhich shares similar mechanisms with intense prayerAi significantly increased clarity of life purpose and reduced ambiguity in decisionmaking compared with secular relaxation.
Prayer Intensity and Positive Thinking Prayer intensity also plays a role in shaping positive thinking patterns.
Deeply internalized prayer creates a psychological condition that Pargament refers to as sacred copingAia coping mechanism involving the perception of God as a source of strength.
28 Through this mechanism, individuals who pray with high intensity tend to be more willing to face difficult tasks because they feel supported by a power greater than themselves.
This encouragement ultimately fosters a tendency to see the positive side of other people and the surrounding environment.
Prayer Devotion and Self-Confidence Devotion in prayer refers to the quality of concentration, full presence .
, and inner engagement that occurs during prayer.
This differs from frequency or intensity: a person may pray often and earnestly yet remain distracted, or pray briefly but with complete devotion.
30 Devotion in prayer shares characteristics similar to mindfulness meditation, and psychological literature has extensively documented the positive effects of mindfulness on psychological well-being, including self-confidence.
Prayer Devotion and Self-Acceptance Devotion in prayer directly contributes to self-acceptance.
When a person prays with devotion, full attention is directed toward the intimate relationship between the self and God, creating a psychological space in which the individual feels wholly acceptedAiregardless of flaws and mistakes.
32 This Amy B.
Wachholtz and Kenneth I.
Pargament.
AuIs Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation.
Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual.
Psychological.
Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes,Ay Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28, no.
4 (August 1, 2.
: 369Ae84, doi:10.
1007/s10865-005-9008-5.
Janice Bell Meisenhelder and Emily N.
Chandler.
AuPrayer and Health Outcomes in Church Members,Ay Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 6, no.
: 56.
Michael J.
Breslin and Christopher Alan Lewis.
AuTheoretical Models of the Nature of Prayer and Health: A Review,Ay Mental Health.
Religion & Culture 11, no.
1 (January 2.
: 9Ae21, doi:10.
1080/13674670701491449.
Michael Argyle.
Psychology and Religion: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2.
, https://api.
com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.
4/9780203980453&type=googlepdf.
Neal Krause.
AuAssessing the Relationships Among Prayer Expectancies.
Race, and Self-Esteem in Late Life,Ay Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43, no.
: 395Ae408, doi:10.
1111/j.
Prayer as a Predictor.
sense of transcendental acceptance becomes the foundation for stronger selfacceptance.
Krause found that the quality of the prayer experienceAinot merely its frequencyAisignificantly predicted higher self-esteem, particularly among individuals who believed their prayers were heard and answered.
Prayer Devotion and Self-Understanding Devotion also deepens self-understanding.
In a devoted state, cognitive activity shifts from autopilot mode toward deeper awareness.
Individuals become better able to identify the fears, hopes, and core values that drive their 34 Hackney and Sanders, in their meta-analysis, confirmed that intrinsic religiosityAiwhose characteristics closely resemble devotionAiis positively correlated with mental health, including realistic self-understanding and healthy self-esteem.
Subjective Experience in Prayer and Self-Confidence Subjective experience in prayer refers to the perceptions, feelings, and meanings personally experienced by individuals during and after prayer.
This dimension is idiosyncratic: two individuals who pray in the same way may have very different subjective experiences.
36 In fact, this subjective dimension is often the strongest predictor of psychological change, including selfconfidence.
Subjective Prayer Experience and Self-Acceptance Individuals who experience prayer as a warm and personal dialogue with GodAirather than merely a ritual obligationAitend to develop stronger selfacceptance.
The experience of feeling AuheardAy and AuacceptedAy by God serves as a psychological analogue to being accepted by a loving authority figure, which psychological literature recognizes as the basis for healthy self-acceptance.
Charles H.
Hackney and Glenn S.
Sanders.
AuReligiosity and Mental Health: A MetaAeAnalysis of Recent Studies,Ay Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42, no.
: 43Ae55, doi:10.
1111/1468-5906.
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
AuRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Ay Results Indicated, 1965, 623Ae642, https://effectiveservices.
com/s/measure/a007R00000v8Qf9QAE/rosenberg-selfesteem-scale.
Gene G.
Ano and Erin B.
Vasconcelles.
AuReligious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress:
A Meta-Analysis,Ay Journal of Clinical Psychology 61, no.
: 461Ae80, doi:10.
1002/jclp.
Peter C.
Hill and Ralph W.
Hood.
AuMeasures of Religiosity,Ay 1999, https://w.
net/profile/BobLew/post/How_to_measure_Religiosity/attachment/59d63ba779197b8077998ace/AS:41937847561830 5@1476999028454/download/Measures of Religiosity.
Hill & Hood .
, pp 001-100.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 Such individuals are more comfortable being the center of attention because their self-acceptance does not depend on the approval of others.
Subjective Prayer Experience and Self-Understanding Subjective experience in prayer also facilitates more mature selfunderstanding.
Prayer that is experienced as meaningful encourages individuals to actively reflect on their life circumstances, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and accept these conditions within a broader framework.
Research by Francis and Evans among adolescents in England showed that the quality of prayer experience was positively correlated with a stronger sense of purpose and clearer self-understanding, both of which are core components of self-confidence.
Subjective Prayer Experience.
Clear Goals, and Positive Thinking When prayer is experienced as meaningful and responsive, individuals gain inner peace that supports firmer decision-making.
The sense of calm after prayer reduces cognitive distractions that often lead to excessive doubt.
41 In addition, positive subjective prayer experiencesAiespecially feelings of gratitude, hope, and peaceAidirectly foster positive thinking patterns.
Rosmarin et al.
found that positive religious experiences, including the quality of prayer, were negatively correlated with anxiety and positively correlated with happinessAipsychological conditions that support positive thinking toward oneself and others.
42 Overall, the results of the analysis above can be seen in the following table as research indicators:
Table 1.
Variable Operationalization Variable Dimension Prayer (X) Frequency Intensity Indicators .
Frequency of praying in daily life .
Regularity of prayer times .
or example, before starting activitie.
Duration of time spent praying in one occasion Leslie John Francis and Jeff Astley.
Psychological Perspectives on Prayer: A Reader (Gracewing Publishing, 2.
, 9Ae21.
Kirrat Ahmad.
Mental and Physical Health of Adolescents During the Early Months of COVID-Induced Restrictions:
Pilot Study (The University Regina (Canad.
, https://search.
com/openview/15776f70bf1e5087629e75aec541f6d4/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
David H.
Rosmarin.
Kenneth I.
Pargament, and Annette Mahoney.
AuThe Role of Religiousness in Anxiety.
Depression, and Happiness in a Jewish Community Sample: A Preliminary Investigation,Ay Mental Health.
Religion & Culture 12, no.
2 (March 1, 2.
: 97Ae113, doi:10.
1080/13674670802321933.
Prayer as a Predictor.
Devotion Subjective Experience Self- Self-Acceptance Confidence (Y) SelfUnderstanding Clear Goals Positive Thinking .
Consistency in praying under various conditions .
oth joyful and difficult time.
Level of concentration during prayer .
inimal distraction.
Internalization of the meaning of the prayers recited .
Feelings of calmness or comfort after praying .
Increased optimism or motivation after praying .
Feeling comfortable when being the center of attention .
Appreciating oneAos own strengths Realistically recognizing oneAos abilities and limitations .
Able to make decisions without excessive doubt .
Accustomed to setting realistic .
Willing to learn and complete tasks even when difficult .
Tending to see the positive side in Data tabulation Data tabulation is the process of organizing data into tables so that analysis becomes more efficient.
In this way, survey or research data are presented systematically, making explanation and understanding easier.
Table 2.
Tabulation of Variable Data Category Variable X Variable Y Number of Respondents 30 people 30 people Highest Score Lowest Score Common Score Range 6Ae10 .
4Ae7 .
Maria Veronika Roesminingsih dkk.
Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (Madiun: Bayfa Cendekia Indonesia, 2.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 General Category Majority demonstrate Majority demonstrate fair to good understanding good understanding Respondents with Maximum Score Several .
ndicating very Several .
ndicating very goo.
Respondents with Low Scores Few Very few For the Prayer variable (X), the highest score reached 10 and the lowest score was 2.
The most dominant score range was within the interval of 6Ae10, indicating that most respondents had a good quality of prayer practice.
This is reinforced by the general category stating that the Aumajority demonstrate good Ay In addition, several respondents achieved the maximum score, meaning they demonstrated a very high level of prayer in terms of frequency, intensity, devotion, and subjective experience.
Meanwhile, only a few respondents were in the low-score category, suggesting that prayer practices within this research sample were relatively high and evenly distributed.
Meanwhile, for the Self-Confidence variable (Y), the highest score was 7 and the lowest score was 1, with the dominant score range falling within the interval of 4Ae7.
This indicates that respondentsAo self-confidence levels were generally in the fair to good category.
The general category also confirms that most respondents possessed fairly good self-confidence, although not as high as the Prayer variable.
Several respondents reached the maximum score, reflecting very strong self-confidence, while the number of respondents with low scores was very small.
This suggests that, in general, respondents already had reasonably developed self-acceptance, self-understanding, clear goals, and positive thinking patterns.
Overall, this tabulation shows a tendency for both variables to fall within positive categories, with the Prayer variable tending to be higher than SelfConfidence.
This finding may serve as an initial indication of a potential relationship between the quality of prayer and the level of self-confidence, which can be further examined through statistical analysis.
Validity Test Validity relates to the ability of a measuring instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure.
In research, validity shows how precisely a measuring instrument reflects the actual content being measured.
Validity tests are used to determine the extent to which the measuring instrument measures what it is Prayer as a Predictor.
supposed to measure.
44 The validity test that is often used is the product moment correlation validity test formula.
yc ycAOc ycUycUOe(Oc ycU)(Oc ycU) ycuyc Oo.
cA Oc a a a a a a a ycycuyc ycA Oc Oc Oc Oc Oc ycU 2Oe (Oc ycU) ].
cA Oc ycU 2Oe (Oc ycU) : Correlation coefficient between X items and total score Y : Number of respondents ycUycU: The sum of the products between the item value and the total ycU : The number of item values ycU ycU2: Total value ycU2: The sum of the squares of item values : The sum of the squares of the total value Item r-value (X) Sig.
(X) r-value (Y) Sig.
(Y)
P01
P02
P03
P04
P05
P06
P07
P08
P09
Item 10 Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae The first paragraph presents the analysis for Variable X, namely the aspect related to prayer, which was measured through 10 items (P01AeP.
The analysis results indicate variations in the relationships among items, with several significant positive correlations.
For example, the relationship between P01 and P03 is relatively strong, suggesting that an increase in one indicator is accompanied by an increase in the other.
In addition, items P02 and P03 show a very strong relationship with the total score, indicating that both contribute substantially to representing the prayer variable as a whole.
Other items such as P04.
P05.
P06, and P07 also demonstrate significant positive correlations with the total score.
Therefore, it can generally be concluded that most indicators Musrifah Mardiani Sanaky.
AuAnalisis Faktor-Faktor Keterlambatan Pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Asrama Man 1 Tulehu Maluku Tengah,Ay Jurnal Simetrik 11, no.
: 432Ae39, https://w.
ejournal-polnam.
id/index.
php/JurnalSimetrik/article/view/615.
Rahmi Ramadhani and Nuraini Sri Bina.
Statistika Penelitian Pendidikan: Analisis Perhitungan Matematis dan Aplikasi SPSS (Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2.
IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 within Variable X support one another.
Nevertheless, several weak negative correlations were found, such as P10 with P01 and P07, although these relationships were not statistically significant.
Overall, the significance values indicate that most items have meaningful relationships .
< 0.
, while a small number do not show significant relationships .
> 0.
The second paragraph presents the analysis for Variable Y, namely selfconfidence, which was measured through 8 items (P01AeP.
with a total of 30 The analysis results show that most items have positive and significant relationships.
The relationship between P01 and P03, for example, demonstrates a strong association, meaning that improvement in one aspect tends to be followed by improvement in another.
Item P08 emerges as the most dominant indicator because it has a significant positive correlation with all other items, indicating that P08 is highly representative in measuring the selfconfidence variable.
In addition, significant relationships were found between P06 and P04, as well as between P06 and P07, suggesting interconnections among certain aspects of this variable.
However, not all item relationships were significant, such as between P02 and P04, which although positively correlated, was not statistically significant.
In general, these findings indicate that Variable Y has fairly strong interrelationships among its indicators, with p < 0.
indicating significant relationships and p > 0.
05 indicating non-significant Reliability Test Reliability is an index that shows how reliable and trustworthy a measuring instrument is.
These reliability results show the extent to which the measuring instrument can provide consistent and reliable results.
Reliability Test Formula :Table 9.
Reliability Test Variable X Variable Y Reliability Statistics Cronbach's N of Alpha Items 0,704 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's N of Alpha Items 0,673 The results of the reliability test for Variable X, which is related to prayer, show a CronbachAos Alpha value of 0.
704 with a total of 10 items tested.
This Joko Prambudi and Jati Imantoro.
AuPengaruh Kualitas Produk Dan Harga Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Pada Ukm Maleo Lampung Timur,Ay Jurnal Manajemen DIVERSIFIKASI 1, no.
: 687Ae704 Prayer as a Predictor.
value indicates that the instrument has a fairly good level of internal consistency, meaning that each item is relatively capable of measuring the same construct in a stable manner.
Therefore, the instrument for Variable X is considered suitable for use as a measurement tool, although there is still room for improvement to achieve a higher level of reliability.
Meanwhile, the results of the reliability test for Variable Y, which measures self-confidence, produced a CronbachAos Alpha value of 0.
673 with a total of 7 items.
This value indicates that the instrumentAos level of internal consistency is still in the less satisfactory category, meaning that its reliability has not yet reached an optimal level.
Nevertheless, the instrument still demonstrates some consistency in measuring aspects of self-confidence, although not strongly enough.
Therefore, improvements are needed, such as revising or replacing several items, so that the instrument can provide more accurate and consistent measurement results.
Regression Equation Model The data analysis technique used is simple regression using IBM SPSS Statistics 27.
Simple linear regression is a statistical technique used to test the causal relationship between one independent variable and one dependent The formula used is as follows:
ycU = yca ycaycU yce : Dependent variable .
redicted variabl.
: Independent variables .
ariables that influenc.
yca : Constant (Y value when X = .
yca : Regression coefficient .
hows the influence of X on Y) yce The results of simple linear correlation test calculations of the effect of prayer as a predictor of self-confidence were tested using IBM SPSS Statistics 27 with the following results:
Table 10.
Coefficient of Determination a a a a Model Summary Std.
Adjust Error
Model
ed R of the Square Square Estim
0,074 0,041 1,593
Predictors: (Constan.
Prayer The table presented is the result of a regression analysis that shows the model summary (Model Summar.
for the variable predicted by the IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 independent variable, namely prayer.
The following is the interpretation of these results:
The results of the analysis show that the correlation coefficient (R) value 272 indicates a positive relationship between the independent variable, namely prayer, and the dependent variable.
However, the strength of this relationship is considered weak, suggesting that the influence of prayer on the dependent variable is not particularly strong.
This is further supported by the coefficient of determination (R Squar.
value of 0.
074, which means that only 4% of the variation in the dependent variable can be explained by the prayer variable, while the remaining variation is influenced by other factors outside the research model.
Furthermore, the Adjusted R Square value of 0.
041 indicates that after adjusting for the number of variables in the model, the contribution of the prayer variable becomes even smaller.
This confirms that the modelAos ability to explain data variation remains limited and has not yet reached an optimal level.
On the other hand, the standard error of the estimated value of 1.
593 indicates a fairly large discrepancy between the predicted values and the actual values.
Therefore, it can be generally concluded that although there is a positive relationship between prayer and the dependent variable, the model used still has limitations in explaining and accurately predicting the outcome.
Interpretation of Results The results from the Model Summary show that although there is a relationship between the Prayer and the dependent variable, the strength of the relationship is relatively weak with only 7.
4% of the variation explained.
This suggests the need for further exploration of other factors that may contribute to the variability in the data Table 11.
Regression Equation Model Model Coefficientsa Standard Unstandardized Coefficients Coeffici Std.
Beta
Error
(Constant 4,031 0,772 5,222 Prayer
0,181 0,121
0,272
1,495
Dependent Variable: Self-Confidence Sig.
0,000
0,146
Prayer as a Predictor.
This regression coefficient table provides an overview of the relationship between prayer as the independent variable and self-confidence as the dependent variable, as reflected in the unstandardized coefficients, standardized coefficients, t-values, and significance levels.
Based on the analysis results, the constant has a value of 4.
031 with a significance level of 0.
000, indicating that when the prayer variable equals zero, the average level of self-confidence is estimated to be at that value, and this result is statistically significant.
Meanwhile, the regression coefficient for the prayer variable is 0.
indicating that every one-unit increase in prayer tends to be followed by an increase of 0.
181 in self-confidence, assuming other factors remain constant.
The standard error value of 0.
121 indicates the level of precision of this coefficient estimate.
In addition, the standardized coefficient (Bet.
confirms that the relationship between prayer and self-confidence is positive.
However, when further tested using a t-value of 1.
495 and a significance level 146, it is evident that the p-value is greater than 0.
05, meaning that the effect is not statistically significant.
Therefore, although there is a tendency toward a positive relationship between prayer and self-confidence, the results of this analysis indicate that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that prayer has a statistically significant effect on self-confidence in the context of this study.
In other words, an increase in prayer practices does not necessarily lead to a measurable increase in self-confidence, suggesting that other factors may play a more dominant role in influencing this variable.
Conclusion Based on the results of the simple regression analysis, the strength of the relationship between prayer intensity and self-confidence among teachers and parents is indicated by a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.
This value shows that the relationship between the two variables is positive, meaning that the higher the intensity of prayer, the more self-confidence tends to increase.
However, the level of this relationship falls within the weak category, indicating that prayer intensity is not the main factor associated with respondentsAo selfconfidence in this study.
Meanwhile, the magnitude of the effect or statistical contribution of prayer intensity to self-confidence can be seen from the R Square value of 0.
This means that prayer intensity is only able to explain 7.
4% of the variation in self-confidence, while the remaining 92.
6% is influenced by other factors outside the scope of this study.
In addition, the significance test produced a p-value of 0.
146 (> 0.
, indicating that the effect is not statistically Therefore, although there is a tendency toward a positive effect, the empirical evidence from this study is not yet strong enough to conclude that IKLILA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Volume 9.
No.
April 2026 prayer intensity has a significant influence on self-confidence among teachers and parents.
Bibliography