al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 20 (1), 2025: 144-167
ISSN: 1907-591X, E-ISSN: 2442-3084
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v20i1.15662

Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency Based on Syirkah
bi al-Muzāra’ah Contract in Nusantara Capital City;
A Proposal
Dyah Ochtorina Susanti
Universitas Jember, Indonesia
email: dyahochtorina.fh@unej.ac.id

Aan Efendi
Universitas Jember, Indonesia
email: aan_efendi.fh@unej.ac.id

Suwardi
Universitas Jember, Indonesia
email: suwardi.fh@unej.ac.id

Auliya Safira Putri

Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember, Indonesia
email: auliyasafira@uinkhas.ac.id
Article history: Received: October 17, 2024, Accepted: May 31, 2025,
Published: July 08, 2025

Abstract
This research focuses on the situation of food needs in the new
National Capital due to the increasing number of population
movements. Its purpose is to analyze the role of the
government in realizing proposed food self-sufficiency based
on syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah scheme in the Nusantara Capital City
area. It used an empirical juridical method that examines the
correlation between the principles of sharia economic law and
the place or environment studied, namely the Nusantara
Capital City. The results of this study show that the role of the
government in realizing proposed food self-sufficiency based
on the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract in the Nusantara Capital
Author correspondence email: dyahochtorina.fh@unej.ac.id
Available online at: http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/alihkam/
Copyright (c) 2025 by Al-Ihkam, Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial

Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency Based on Syirkah
bi al-Muzāra’ah Contract in Nusantara Capital City; a Proposal

City is evident from 3 (three) elements in the theory of the legal
system, namely: First, the legal structure in which the
government plays a role as a provider of capital (ṣāḥib al-māl)
and infrastructure in realizing food self-sufficiency. Second, the
legal substance requires the role of the government in forming
strong regulations to achieve food sufficiency in the Nusantara
Capital City area. Third, the legal culture so that the concept of
syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah can be carried out by complying with
local customary norms that are harmonized with sharia
principles.

Keywords:
Government; Proposed Food Self-Sufficiency;
Syirkah bi al-Muzāra’ah; Nusantara Capital City

Introduction
The agricultural sector in Indonesia plays an important role in
the national economy, especially related to meeting food needs.1 Law
Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food (hereinafter referred to as the
Food Law) defines food as "everything that comes from biological
sources of agricultural products, plantations, forestry, fisheries,
livestock, and waters, both treated and untreated for human
consumption". The condition of meeting food needs in a country
independently without having to depend on imports is a form of food
self-sufficiency which has become one of the important goals for
Indonesia in the last few decades.
The availability of food, especially rice with high quality and
nutrition in sufficient quantities, has a wide impact on the economy
and human resources,2 especially in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN;
Ibu Kota Nusantara) area which officially began to be inhabited in
2024.3 The movement of people to the Nusantara Capital City in East
1 Sostenes Konyep, “Upaya Pencapaian Swasembada Pangan Melalui
Membumikan Padi Amfibi Balitbangtan di Provinsi Papua Barat,” Jurnal Triton 11, no.
2 (2020): 32–41, https://doi.org/10.47687/jt.v11i2.115.
2 Brigita N. Purukan, Herman Nayoan, and Fanley N. Pangemanan, “Kinerja
Penyuluh Pertanian dalam Meningkatkan Swasembada Pangan di Kecamatan
Ranoyapo Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan,” Jurnal Governance 1, no. 2 (2021): 1–8,
https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/governance/article/view/34839.
3 Shafira Cendra Arini, “Jokowi Berkantor di IKN Mulai Besok Sampai
Pensiun,
Ini
Alasannya,”
Detik
Bali,
September
9,
2024,

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Kalimantan certainly increases the number of food needs in the
region. Based on the results of a survey by the Central Statistics
Agency from the 2020 Population Census Long Form, it was recorded
that for 5 (five) decades until January 2023, Kalimantan became the
favorite destination for Indonesian population migration.4 The
relocation of the State Capital to East Kalimantan is predicted to have
a population movement of 1.5 million in the future.5 However, the
residents of East Kalimantan and the surrounding areas have not yet
achieved food self-sufficiency, so they are still experiencing food
insecurity conditions and there is a potential shortage of raw water.
In the area where the State Capital is currently being built, there are
indications of a lack of raw water sources.6
Some of the situations that make East Kalimantan unable to
achieve food self-sufficiency are: (1) The area in general has
geographical and topographic conditions with tropical rain
characteristics so it has a type of latosol soil with a low fertility level,
so it is necessary to make maximum use of the conditions of the land
used to grow rice. (2) The population growth is increasing. (3) Food
needs have not been met so this requires food supplies from other
regions in an effort to meet the basic needs of food security. (4) It takes
efforts from the government and the agriculture and food security
office to develop new rice plant verieties that can grow in the East
Kalimantan area.7
Many studies have attempted to clarify food security in
various countries as a vital issue. To pursue fulfilling these
expectations, some parts of Africa have adopted agricultural trade

https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-7532026/jokowi-berkantor-di-ikn-mulaibesok-sampai-pensiun-ini-alasannya.
4 Tryanita Berlianty and Trinita Meiliana, “Potensi Deforestasi di Pulau
Kalimantan: Pro dan Kontra Migrasi,” Ijd-Demos 5, no. 2 (2023): 279–90,
https://doi.org/10.37950/ijd.v5i2.426.
5 Berlianty and Meiliana.
6 Suryadi Jaya Purnama and Chotib, “Analisis Kebijakan Publik Pemindahan
Ibu Kota Negara,” Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik 13, no. 1 (2022): 155–68,
https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v13i1.2155.
7 Emilda Kuspraningrum et al., “Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi
Kalimantan Timur Melalui Haki Atas Varietas Tanaman Padi,” Risalah Hukum 20, no.
2 (2023): 112–34, https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v19i2.1176.

146

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Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency Based on Syirkah
bi al-Muzāra’ah Contract in Nusantara Capital City; a Proposal

liberalization policies as a strategy to achieve food security,8 so that
the fulfillment of needs relies on the circulation of goods in and out of
the trading area. In contrast, Pakistan has taken the initiative to
provide land on the outskirts of the city for agricultural graduates
with the aim of promoting agricultural development and increasing
food production.9 All of this is a way that leads to food self-sufficiency
even though in the field, it must face the constraints of limited fertile
land that makes some countries dependent on food imports in the
long term.10 The authority of the Nusantara Capital City and its
surroundings can indeed adopt agricultural processing cooperation
by involving the community. This cooperation can be packaged in the
form of syirkah with the object of agricultural land (muzāra’ah) as
successfully carried out on Ingu Island, Riau Province.11 This is very
realistic given that the availability of land as an important capital12 to
optimistically realize a large harvest of foodstuffs.
This research elaborates proposals to realize the Nusantara
Capital City which is self-sufficient in food so as to avoid food
insecurity. In previous studies, it is known that although many
countries strive for food stability, no one has realized it in synergy
between the government and the community, especially farmers. So
far, the relationship between the two is only limited to assistance
(counseling) putting the community as the object of assistance. In this

8 Krishna Chikhuri, “Impact of Alternative Agricultural Trade Liberalization

Strategies on Food Security in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region,” International Journal of
Social
Economics
40,
no.
3
(2013):
188–206,
https://doi.org/10.1108/03068291311291491.
9 Abid Hussain and Jayant Kumar Routray, “Status and Factors of Food
Security in Pakistan,” International Journal of Development Issues 11, no. 2 (2012): 164–
85, https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951211241146.
10 Jennifer Clapp, “Food Self-Sufficiency: Making Sense of It, and When It
Makes
Sense,”
Food
Policy
66
(2017):
88–96,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.001.
11 Meri Andani, “Implementasi Kerjasama dalam Bidang Pertanian (Padi)
Berdasarkan Prinsip Muzara’ah dan Mukhabarah di Desa Pulau Ingu Kecamatan
Benai,”
Juhanperak
2,
no.
1
(2021):
750–64,
https://ejournal.uniks.ac.id/index.php/PERAK/article/view/1487.
12 Farah Hanim Abdul Rahim, Nurul Nazihah Hawari, and Norhaslinda
Zainal Abidin, “Supply and Demand of Rice in Malaysia: A System Dynamics
Approach,” International Journal of Supply Chain Management 6, no. 4 (2017): 234–40,
https://doi.org/10.59160/ijscm.v6i4.1945.

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Dyah Ochtorina Susanti, et al.

study, the capital of the government and the community’s potential is
mapped out under syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract.
For that purpose, we offer a new concept in the form of
cooperation based on the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract. This contract
is a merger of 2 (two), namely syirkah, which is a business cooperation
in the form of a capital partnership with a profit-sharing system
according to the capital participation of each party,13 and muzāra’ah,
which is agricultural cooperation based on sharia principles between
land owners and cultivators where capital and plant seeds come from
land owners.14 Syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah is deemed as the right choice
because it is a combination of government intervention in the form of
capital policies and guidance in farming and the community as the
executor of agricultural land so that this combination realizes
satisfactory and safe farming results in an Islamic-based transaction.
This research elaborates on efforts to realize the Nusantara
Capital City, which is a new area, as an area that is self-sufficient in
food by paying attention to land construction & utilization and
proposals by collaborating government policies with the efforts of
farming communities around the Nusantara Capital City using the
syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract. As is known, the Nusantara Capital
City is a pilot city and is projected to be the administrative center of
the country occupied by many migrants either as state apparatus or
others. Balancing population growth with food availability certainly
requires real food security planning.
Methods
This research uses an empirical juridical method, which is to
examine the applicable legal provisions and what actually happens in

13 Zahra Aulia Mufidah and Rachmad Risqy Kurniawan, “Syirkah dalam
Bisnis Islam,” Ulumul Qur’an: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir Volume 10, no. 1 (2022):
1–15, https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rvmw4.
14 Dinda Dwi Nursaputri, Eka Wahyu Hestya Budianto, and Nindi Dwi Tetria
Dewi, “Akad Muzara’ah pada Inklusi Keuangan Syariah: Studi Pustaka (Library
Research) dan Bibliometrik VOSviewer,” Bait Syariah Indonesia, 2016,
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.10117767; Erie Hariyanto and Moh. Hamzah,
“Bibliometric Analysis of the Development of Islamic Economic Dispute Resolution
Research in Indonesia,” Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah 21, no. 2 (2022): 221–33,
https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6997.

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Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency Based on Syirkah
bi al-Muzāra’ah Contract in Nusantara Capital City; a Proposal

society.15 In this regard, it examines the correlation between the
principles of sharia economic law and the place or environment being
studied.16 The approach used in this research is qualitative, resulting
in descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from
people or institutions and observable behavior that is directed at the
context and individuals holistically.17
Data was obtained from the field, namely through interviews
with the agriculture officer of Penajam Paser Utara district as a
representative of the government, people of the Sepaku area who act
as policy executors, and farmers who cultivate agricultural land. The
data obtained is then analyzed thoroughly by involving literature
relevant to the object of research.18 This is deemed relevant to reach
the objective of this research, namely to propose how the government
might realize food self-sufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City
through syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah scheme by combining 2 (two) laws,
namely Islamic law and civil law applicable in Indonesia.
Result and Discussion
Strategic Role of Government in Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency in
the Nusantara Capital City
Food self-sufficiency supports food security where countries
are able to produce their own food needs so that the risk of
imports/dependence on other countries can be reduced. This makes
the country better prepared to deal with global food supply
disruptions or international price fluctuations. The fulfillment of
stable and sufficient food production makes people's access to food
also more guaranteed.
In this context, the movement of hundreds of thousands of
residents as the ministry's civil servants to the Nusantara Capital City
in 2024 and will still increase in the following years does matter. It
15 Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitiaan Suatu Pendekatan Praktek (Jakarta:
Bumi Aksara, 2012).
16 Mhd Arif, Sri Kasnelly, and Okviera Andaresta, “Pelaksanaan Jual (Al Ba’i)
Berakad Salam,” Al-Mizan : Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 4, no. 2 (2021): 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.54459/almizan.v4iII.306.
17 Arif, Kasnelly, and Andaresta.
18 Faizi, “Are Cryptocurrencies Ḥaram? A Critical Analysis toward MUI’s
Fatwā,” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial 18, no. 2 (2023): 420–42,
https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i2.8290.

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will certainly increase the number of food needs, especially rice, in the
region.19 The impact of the relocation of the National Capital is
projected to increase the population to the East Kalimantan region in
2022-2023 by 0.11% every year. Related to this, the number of rice
food consumption is also increasing, so it can cause a rice deficit
condition that will also increase by up to 60% in 2023-2032 with an
average of -528,826.11 tons/year.20
Meanwhile, the results of the observations carried out found
thatthe problem with agriculture in the Nusantara Capital City is that
so far, more land has been planted with oil palm than rice, corn, and
other staple foods. This is what also affects rice production.
Anticipating the occurrence of a rice deficit in the Nusantara Capital
City, the government has a very crucial role, considering the
importance of food security for social and economic stability in the
region. The government has the authority to make policies in the
agricultural sector.21 As stated in Article 17 of the Food Law, the
government and local governments are obliged to protect and
empower farmers, fishermen, fish farmers, and food business actors
as food producers.22 The goal is to prosper the community and
increase food production. Related to this, we use legal system theory
as a benchmark for the government's role in realizing food selfsufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City.
The legal system, according to Sudikno Mertokusumo, is an
order or unity that is intact in the form of rules or statements about
what should be, so that the legal system becomes a normative
system.23 Meanwhile, Faisal Burlian in his book "The Legal System in
19 Laode Muh Asdiq Hamsin Ramadan, Nurmaranti Alim, and Muhammad
Tahrir, “Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Beras Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Tahun 20232032,”
Nusantara
Innovation
Journal
1,
no.
2
(2023):
34–46,
https://doi.org/10.70260/nij.v1i2.20.
20 Ramadan, Alim, and Tahrir.
21 Abdul Aziz, “Impor Pangan dan Perburuan Rente Perspektif Ekonomi
Politik,”
Journal
of
Politics
and
Policy
4,
no.
1
(2022):
65–83,
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jppol.2022.004.01.05.
22 Fabian Pratama Kusumah, “Ekonomi Politik dalam Kebijakan Impor Beras:
Membaca Arah Kebijakan Pemerintah 2014-2019,” Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 10, no. 2
(2019): 137, https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.10.2.2019.135-156.
23 Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno, “Kelemahan Teori Sistem Hukum Menurut
Lawrence M. Friedman dalam Hukum Indonesia,” IUS FACTI: Jurnal Berkala Fakultas
Hukum
Universitas
Bung
Karno
2,
no.
1
(2023):
197–205,
https://www.ejurnal.ubk.ac.id/index.php/iusfacti/article/view/447.

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Indonesia" said that the legal system is a unity of various legal
components that are interrelated and work together to achieve legal
goals, namely justice, order, and benefits for the life of the
community.24
In an effort to realize food security, we tend to rely on
Friedman's opinion which reveals that there are 4 (four) functions of
the legal system25 which can be broken down into three main points
below:
First, the legal structure which includes law enforcement
officials/institutions.26 Regarding the food self-sufficiency policy, the
legal structure does not only concern active law enforcement but also
all related elements, namely the government and legislators who are
interrelated in formulating policies in the legal system.27 The
government plays a role in ensuring that agricultural land and natural
resources related to food production are managed optimally for the
welfare of the people, including efforts to maintain the availability of
agricultural land so that it is not diverted uncontrollably. The
government through food laws has an obligation to provide
protection to the domestic agricultural sector and encourage
innovation and technology to increase food productivity. This is
aimed at creating an efficient food distribution system and
maintaining price stability so that it can develop local food production
to achieve food self-sufficiency.
In relation to efforts to realize food self-sufficiency in the
Nusantara Capital City, the government needs to ensure the
development of adequate agricultural infrastructure around the
Nusantara Capital City, including irrigation networks, road access,
and food storage facilities, to support rice production in the
Kalimantan region. In this regard, the government in Kukar Regency
and North Penajam Paser Regency has prepared land acquisition for
the construction of dams and lake irrigation networks that has been
24 Farida Pahlevi, “Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia Perspektif Legal
System
Lawrence
M.
Freidmen,”
El-Dusturie
1,
no.
1
(2022),
https://doi.org/10.21154/eldusturie.v1i1.4097.
25 Suyatno, “Kelemahan Teori Sistem Hukum Menurut Lawrence M. Friedman
dalam Hukum Indonesia.”
26 Suyatno.
27 Azmi Fendri, “Perbaikan Sistem Hukum dalam Pembangunan Hukum di
Indonesia,”
Jurnal
Ilmu
Hukum
1,
no.
2
(2013):
96–107,
https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v1i02.1157.

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carried out since 2020 and is one of the National Strategic Projects
(PSN) whose construction costs are taken from the State Budget of
around 1.7 trillion.28 The construction of this dam and irrigation
network is expected to be able to become a source of water that will
irrigate rice fields in the district which will be a supporter for food
self-sufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City.29
Furthermore, the National Food Agency through the Deputy
for Food Insecurity and Nutrition also made a working visit to
Balikpapan City and North Penajam Paser Regency on November 2425, 2023. This was done in order to strengthen the availability of
strategic food in the Nusantara Capital City. Besides that, the local
government can also collaborate with BULOG Public Corporation.30
As stated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional
Government, local governments have the authority to implement food
self-sufficiency policies at the local level.
Another effort that has been made by the government in
carrying out its role to realize food self-sufficiency in the Nusantara
Capital City is by preparing fertilizer subsidies for local farmers so
that they can increase agricultural productivity. As emphasized by
former President Joko Widodo, the budget allocation for subsidized
fertilizers will increase by IDR 14 trillion in 2024.31 Nevertheless, the
government is also trying to maintain strategic food reserves both
through local production and measurable rice import policies, to
maintain supply stability. This is done by preparing areas around the
Nusantara Capital City to become a food buffer for the Nusantara
Capital City.
28 M. Ghofar, “Asa Swasembada Pangan di Calon Ibu Kota Negara,” Antara
News, January 31, 2021, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1976046/asaswasembada-pangan-di-calon-ibu-kota-negara.
29 Andi Rachman Salasa, “Paradigma dan Dimensi Strategi Ketahanan Pangan
Indonesia,”
Jejaring
Administrasi
Publik
13,
no.
1
(2021):
35–48,
https://doi.org/10.20473/jap.v13i1.29357.
30 Badan Pangan Nasional, “NFA Perkuat Koordinasi Ketahanan Pangan
Daerah Penyangga IKN,” Badan Pangan Nasional, November 27, 2023,
https://badanpangan.go.id/blog/post/nfa-perkuat-koordinasi-ketahanan-pangandaerah-penyangga-ikn.
31 Anisa Indraini, “Sri Mulyani Sudah Kucurkan Rp 32 T Buat Bangun IKN, Ini
Rinciannya,”
Detik
Finance,
January
3,
2024,
https://finance.detik.com/infrastruktur/d-7121517/sri-mulyani-sudah-kucurkan-rp32-t-buat-bangun-ikn-ini-rinciannya.

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The government around the Nusantara Capital City has also
made efforts to support local farmers to carry out agricultural land
intensification by utilizing agricultural technology.32 This was also
said that:
“So far, although Kalimantan is synonymous with oil
palm plantations, there has been a lot of rice planting that
has resulted in harvests continuing to increase from year
to year. In this case, the local government of Penajam
Paser Utara always emphasizes increasing yields.”
(Interview, 10 March 2025-translated) 33
SB explained that so far, the area around the Nusantara
Capital City has not only been planted with oil palm but also rice
which produces qualified rice so if later agricultural land is projected
for food security by planting rice, it is very likely to run without
obstacles.
It should be noted that in addition to being the urban area of
the Nusantara Capital City (KPIKN), Penajam Paser Utara district is
also a support area for food security in the Nusantara Capital City as
confirmed in Article 2, Article 73, and Article 117 in the Presidential
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 64 of 2022
concerning the Spatial Plan for the National Strategic Area of the
Nusantara Capital City Year 2022-2042. As a consequence, some subdistricts in Penajam Paser Utara district, such as the Sepaku subdistrict, are included in the environmental buffer area and support
food security. On the other hand, the local government in the North
Penajam Paser Regency area has also made efforts to regulate and
tighten the regional spatial plan, so that the area can be used as one of
the supports for food security in the Nusantara Capital City.
So far, the Penajam Paser Utara area has been planted with oil
palm, rice, and a few secondary crops with the dominance of oil palm.
Therefore, if the government makes movements and policies to plant
staple foods such as rice, it is not difficult because the land is still
32 Ana, “Dorong Kemandirian Petani, Pemkab PPU Libatkan BP dan Generasi
Milenial,” Jurnal Borneo, June 7, 2025, https://jurnalborneo.com/dorongkemandirian-petani-pemkab-ppu-libatkan-bp-dan-generasi-milenial/.
33 SB, agricultural extension workers and assistants of Penajam Paser Utara
district, Interview, 2025

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quite supportive of self-sufficiency.34 This policy proposal is also
welcomed if it is later realized. One of the communities around the
Nusantara capital city (Sepaku) expressed readiness and excitement.
For one member of this community, this policy will reduce the
dependence on rice supplies from outside Kalimantan as has been the
case so far. In addition, this policy will erase the stigma that the
government's agricultural policies only pay more attention to
development in Java.35
The Nusantara Capital City buffer zones extend from districts
in Sulawesi Province to North Penajam Paser Regency and East
Kotawaringin Regency (Kotim) in Central Kalimantan.36 One of them
is the Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi.37 Due to this large scope, the
government must have a fast and equitable food distribution
mechanism, so that it can ensure that the supply of rice to the
Nusantara Capital City is maintained and food prices are stable.
Regarding the application of the concept of agricultural
cooperation based on the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract, the
government can take part as a financier (ṣāḥib al-māl) in the
management of agricultural businesses so that it can mitigate the risk
of rice deficit and ensure food security as well as create a strong
foundation for the sustainability of development in the new capital
city. A strong foundation means that in the legal structure, the
government plays a fundamental role in shaping policies and
regulations that support the government's role in realizing food selfsufficiency.
Second, the substance of the law which comprises all legal
rules, encompassing both written and unwritten aspects, that serve as
a framework for the community and the government, emerging from

34 SB, Agricultural extension workers and assistants of Penajam Paser Utara

district, Interview, 2025
35 AS, One of the residents of Sepaku subdistrict, Interview, 2025
36 Muhammad Fauzan, “Peran Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Sebagai
Penyangga Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) Baru: Perspektif Distribusi Logistik Untuk
Kebutuhan Pangan Ibu Kota Negara Baru,” Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah 2, no. 2 (2022):
78–87, https://jurnalbrida.sultengprov.go.id/index.php/bomba/article/view/43.
37 Subhan, Junaedi, and Darmawan, “Potensi Ketersediaan dan Kebutuhan
Beras dalam Kaitannya dengan Ketahanan Pangan di Kabupaten Mamuju,” Proper:
Jurnal
Penelitian
Pertanian
Terapan
1,
no.
2
(2023):
2023,
https://doi.org/10.61119/prp.v1i2.462.

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the legal system.38 Regarding efforts to realize food self-sufficiency in
the Nusantara Capital City, it must be accompanied by policies in the
form of rules that support increasing food productivity. In essence, it
is found in Government Regulation No. 17 of 2015 about Nutrition
and Food Security, which further governs how food security policies
are implemented in compliance with the Food Law. The government,
through the regulation, is tasked with providing production facilities,
access to capital, as well as research and development to increase
productivity and food independence, including subsidies and
technical assistance to farmers which are also regulated in this
regulation.
In this regard, in terms of legal substance in realizing food selfsufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City, it has been listed in general
in the Food Law and Law Number 41 of 2009 concerning the
Protection of the Sustainable Food Agricultural Land as amended by
Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government
Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation
into Law, which is the legal basis to protect agricultural land from the
transfer of Nusantara Capital City land and ensure that the land used
for crop production remains protected and productive. According to
Law Number 22 of 2019 concerning Sustainable Agricultural
Cultivation System as explained in Article 21 of the law, to achieve
food independence in the Nusantara Capital City area, land for
agricultural cultivation is carried out by considering the type of plant
commodity or livestock population according to geographical
conditions and agroclimate, availability of capital, management
capacity and technology, and suitability of the function of the room.39
Other regulations that are more specific regarding food in the
Nusantara Capital City area are contained in Government Regulations
and Regional Regulations of the Nusantara Capital City such as
Government Regulation Number 12 of 2023 concerning Business
Licensing, Business Ease and Investment Facilities for Business Actors
38 Pahlevi, “Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System
Lawrence M. Freidmen.”
39 Siti Farisyah Yana, “Pembangunan dan Penguatan Ketahanan Pangan di
Wilayah IKN dalam Rangka Memperkokoh Ketahanan Nasional” (Lembaga
Pertahanan
Nasional
Republik
Indonesia,
2023),
1–93,
http://lib.lemhannas.go.id/public/media/catalog/0010112300000000095/swf/7339/PPRA LXV 83 - 2023.pdf.

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in the Nusantara Capital City; Presidential Regulation Number 63 of
2022 concerning the Details of the Master Plan of the Nusantara
Capital City; and Presidential Regulation Number 64 of 2022
concerning the Spatial Plan of the Strategic Area of the Nusantara
Capital City for 2022-2024.40 Related to this, although there are no
special rules regarding efforts to realize food self-sufficiency in the
Nusantara Capital City, this has been covered in various existing legal
rules so that in substance, this has been fulfilled.
Regarding the concept of cooperation based on the syirkah bi
al-muzāra’ah contract in realizing food self-sufficiency in the
Nusantara Capital City, there are several things that need to be taken
into consideration in this self-sufficiency proposal. We tend to think
that although there is no specific regulation, it can be supported by
the implementation of the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract as a model
of agricultural partnership based on justice and mutual benefit. The
government, through its policies, can regulate and facilitate this
cooperation, so that it can increase food productivity while
empowering and prospering local farmers. In this regard, there is a
need for strong regulations regarding land protection, food
distribution, agricultural subsidies, the management of food reserves,
as well as infrastructure support, so that the syirkah bi al-muzāra‘ah
contract can contribute significantly to the achievement of food selfsufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City area.
Third, legal culture encompasses the beliefs, principles,
perceptions, and actions of a community regarding the application of
law, focusing on public knowledge, comprehension, and acceptance
of the relevant legal framework.41 The legal culture of the community
in realizing food self-sufficiency is based on involving norms, values,
and legal customs that support the sustainability of food production.
This certainly plays an important role where most of the Indonesian
population depends on the agricultural sector for their livelihood or

40 Yana, “Pembangunan dan Penguatan Ketahanan Pangan di Wilayah IKN
dalam Rangka Memperkokoh Ketahanan Nasional”; Harry Setya Nugraha, M. Yasin
Al Arif, and Mhd Zakiul Fikri, “Examining the Legal Standing of IKN Authority
Regulations within Indonesian’s Legislation System,” Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum
dan Konstitusi 6, no. 2 (2023): 261–80, https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v6i2.9394.
41 Pahlevi, “Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System
Lawrence M. Freidmen.”

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work.42

However, the people of East Kalimantan are currently still
experiencing the problem of limited farmer resources, so the role of
the younger generation is needed to work in the agricultural sector.43
Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2021, in 2020, the
population in East Kalimantan reached 3.8 million people, but until
2022, there are only 10,407 members or networks of millennial farmers
(aged 19-39 years) spreading across 10 districts/cities.44
The increase in knowledge and expertise of the local
community still needs to be prepared to hone mature skills and
creativity for the local community so that it can improve the quality of
human resources.45 In line with that, the development of becoming a
modern farmer requires support involving the government, the
business world, and banking institutions to develop farmer
institutions in order to develop businesses in the agricultural sector.46
In this regard, people in the Nusantara Capital City area in the
agricultural sector are currently in a transition phase. It is especially in
overcoming the challenges of limited land and ensuring food land,
one of which is through the concept of urban farming which has
begun to be introduced by the government.
Above all, related to the legal culture of the community in
realizing food self-sufficiency in the Nusantara Capital City, syirkah bi
al-muzāra‘ah contract can be a form of sharia-based agrarian
42 Nursaputri, Budianto, and Dewi, “Akad Muzara’ah pada Inklusi Keuangan

Syariah: Studi Pustaka (Library Research) dan Bibliometrik VOSviewer”; Andani,
“Implementasi Kerjasama dalam Bidang Pertanian (Padi) Berdasarkan Prinsip
Muzara’ah dan Mukhabarah di Desa Pulau Ingu Kecamatan Benai.”
43 Muhamad Hidayanto, “Peningkatan Peran Generasi Milenial Untuk
Mendukung Pengembangan Pertanian di Kawasan Penyangga Pangan Ibu Kota
Negara (IKN),” in Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Nusantara (Prosiding Forum Ilmiah
Nusantara: Badan Penelitian Pengembangan Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur,
2022), https://www.forumilmiah.kaltimprov.go.id/index.php/FIN/article/view/14.
44 Hidayanto.
45 Arfriani Maifizar, Sopar, and Riki Yulianda, “Pembangunan Sumber Daya
Manusia Masyarakat Lokal Terhadap Daya Saing Aktivitas Ekonomi di Ibu Kota
Baru,” Konferensi Nasional Sosiologi IX APSSI 1, no. 1 (2022): 161–66,
https://pkns.portalapssi.id/index.php/pkns/article/view/31.
46 Sidik Rahman Usop and Merrisa Octora, “Fleksibilitas Kultural Petani
dalam Pengembangan Food Estate Berbasis Korporasi,” Konferensi Nasional Sosiologi
IX
APSSI
1,
no.
1
(2022):
370–74,
https://www.pkns.portalapssi.id/index.php/pkns/article/view/60.

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cooperation that emphasizes justice, mutual cooperation, and
compliance with customary and sharia laws. Justice can be seen from
the equitable distribution of food availability throughout Indonesia,
dismissing the notion that rice farming policies are only centered in
Java. Mutual cooperation, meanwhile, can be inferred from the
involvement of local communities in realizing self-sufficiency
simultaneously. Adherence to the law and sharia can be seen from the
implementation in the field, which still takes customary
considerations into account and collaborates with the government
farmers using a platform in sharia economic law. Because the people
of Kalimantan are still preserved through the behavior of the
Indigenous,47 implementing agricultural cooperation based on the
syirkah bi al-muzāra‘ah contract necessitates complying with local
customary norms in line with sharia principles, especially in terms of
justice, trust, and responsibility. With the support of social norms,
customs, and government policies, this contract has the potential to
strengthen food security in the Nusantara Capital City, thereby
contributing to sustainable food self-sufficiency.
Syirkah bi al-Muzāra’ah Contract as an Effort to Increase Food
Production
The increase in agricultural production, in addition to
affecting food supply, also has an impact on farmers’ income and
welfare, where most of the Indonesian population earns their
livelihood as farmers.48 However, in meeting the needs of the
agricultural sector, people use agricultural land as the main capital for
cultivation, but not everyone who owns land (rice fields) also has the
expertise to farm. On the other hand, farmers who have the expertise
or skills to farm do not all have land (rice fields) and capital to
manage agricultural businesses.49 Based on this, the concept of the
syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract can be used to tackle the problem.
The scholars have slightly different opinions in interpreting
syirkah, namely: (1) According to the Shafi'i school, syirkah is a fixed
47 Muhammad Sabiq et al., “Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Pedalaman (Studi
Masyarakat Adat Kalimantan Timur pada Proses Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara),”
Konferensi Nasional Sosiologi IX APSSI 1, no. 1 (2022): 80–89.
48 Nursaputri, Budianto, and Dewi, “Akad Muzara’ah pada Inklusi Keuangan
Syariah: Studi Pustaka (Library Research) dan Bibliometrik VOSviewer.”
49 Nursaputri, Budianto, and Dewi.

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right for two or more people together; (2) The Maliki school defines
syirkah as permission to utilize the property owned by two people
jointly by the two, namely by allowing one of the parties to manage
the property, where each party also has the right to manage it; (3) The
Hanafi school defines syirkah as the mixing of two or more goods that
cannot be distinguished between the two once they have been mixed;
and (4) the Hambali school interprets syirkah as a right of authority for
the management of property (taṣarruf).50 From this description, it can
be concluded that syirkah is a collaboration between two mutually
beneficial parties with equal rights to manage the object of
cooperation according to a specific agreement.
Meanwhile, the DSN-MUI Fatwa No: 114/DSN-MUI/IX/2017
explained that syirkah is: a “Cooperation agreement between two or
more parties for a certain business in which each party contributes
funds/business capital (ra's al-māl) with the provision that the profits
are divided according to the agreed ratio or proportionally, while the
losses are borne by the parties proportionally.” In this regard, the
amount of capital deposited in syirkah may differ, but each party can
still participate in the management of the capital so that profits and
losses are borne jointly according to the proportion of capital
submitted by each party.51
Meanwhile, according to Idris Achmad, the condition of
syirkah consists of a statement that the members of syirkah allow the
managing parties to manage the assets handed over as capital, mutual
trust between syirkah members, and a mixture of assets so that each
person's rights cannot be distinguished in the form of currency or in
other forms.52 Based on the descriptions above, it can be concluded
that a syirkah contract is a partnership agreement in which two or
more parties cooperate by uniting capital or labor, with profits being
shared according to the agreement.53

50 Mufidah and Kurniawan, “Syirkah dalam Bisnis Islam.”

51 Eka Wahyu Hestya Budianto, “Pemetaan Penelitian Seputar Akad
Musyarakah pada Lembaga Keuangan Syariah: Studi Bibliometrik VOSviewer dan
Literature Review,” JESI: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia 12, no. 1 (2022): 25–36,
https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2022.12(1).25-36.
52 Mufidah and Kurniawan, “Syirkah dalam Bisnis Islam.”
53 Mardani, Fiqh Ekonomi Syari’ah (Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group,
2012).

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On the other hand, muzāra’ah means cooperation in
agricultural land management between land owners and cultivators
through a profit-sharing system based on mutual agreement between
both parties.54 The conditions for muzāra’ah are: (1) the contracting
parties must be aware of the law; (2) cultivators must have skills; (3)
plant seedlings must be described in detail at the time of the
contract.55 (4) Agricultural land is managed, worked, and produced in
accordance with local customs; (5) The harvest must be clearly
divided.56 It is evident that muzāra’ah contract is a form of cooperation
between land owners (land) and farmers, where the land owner
provides land, and farmers manage the land. The harvest is divided
between the landowner and the farmer based on an agreed
percentage.57 Thus, syirkah muzāra’ah is a contract in which there is a
capital provider (i.e. the government) and a capital manager (i.e. the
farming community) in which the capital is used to manage
agricultural land and then the harvest is divided according to the
percentage agreed upon by both parties.
This combination allows resources such as land, capital, and
labor to be managed efficiently, potentially increasing food
production as well as advancing the agricultural sector through an
alliance that is fair and beneficial for all parties involved. In an effort
to realize the Sepaku area (Penajam Paser Utara district) as a food
buffer area for the Nusantara Capital City, of course the government
legally and formally has a basis for realizing cooperation in this
agricultural field. This is to make the Nusantara Capital City an area
of food self-sufficiency and stimulation for farmers.

54 Ahmad Syaickhu, Nik Haryanti, and Alfin Yuli Dianto, “Analisis Aqad
Muzara’ah dan Musaqah,” Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Syariah 7, no. 2 (2020): 149–68,
https://doi.org/10.53429/jdes.v7i2.85.
55 Jaih Mubarok, Fikih Mu’amalah Maliyyah Akad Syirkah dan Mudharabah
(Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2017); Nufi Mu’tamar Almahmudi, “Analisis
Implementasi Pembiayaan Mudharabah dalam Perkembangan Hukum Ekonomi
Syariah di Indonesia,” Al-Huquq: Journal of Indonesian Islamic Economic Law 2, no. 2
(2020): 208–30, https://doi.org/10.19105/alhuquq.v2i2.3166.
56 Syaickhu, Haryanti, and Dianto, “Analisis Aqad Muzara’ah dan Musaqah.”
57 Mubarok, Fikih Mu’amalah Maliyyah Akad Syirkah dan Mudharabah; Inti Ulfi
Sholichah Amelisah, “Implementasi Prudential Banking Principles pada Akad
Mudharabah di Perbankan Syariah,” Al-Huquq: Journal of Indonesian Islamic Economic
Law 5, no. 1 (2023): 96–117, https://doi.org/10.19105/alhuquq.v5i1.7613.

160

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The use of sharia contracts in agricultural cooperation has
various significant benefits to increase crop yields and food
production. One of the main benefits is fairness in the distribution of
profits between the parties involved, such as landowners, farmers,
and capital providers. Due to the principle of transparency and
mutual agreement as the basis of sharia contracts, such as the
muzāra’ah contract (land cooperation) and the syirkah contract
(partnership), each party gets their rights according to their
contribution, thus encouraging motivation to work more efficiently
and harder. Related to this, the following are some efforts to realize
food self-sufficiency:
First, optimizing agricultural land management by also
boosting the use of neglected land. This is certainly based on the
presidential regulation which can be made a clear foothold on the
takeover in order to expand agricultural areas.
Second, improving the welfare of farmers through a fair
distribution of profits according to the percentage agreed at the
beginning of the agreement. This will in turn increase motivation
among farmers to work, thus maximizing crop yields.
Third, enlarging and opening the bids for financiers or capital
owners. The existence of a financier as one of the parties involved in
funding the agricultural business can help provide modern
agricultural tools, superior seeds, and other facilities needed by
farmers. The financier or investor in this contract can also come from
sharia financing institutions, local governments, or agricultural
offices.
Fourth, involve relevant parties within the cooperation, such as
the local Agriculture Office and other institutions. Therefore, training
and coaching can be carried out for farmers on the latest agricultural
techniques, the use of organic fertilizers, and effective pest control so
as to improve the quality and quantity of food production.
Fifth, developing agricultural product marketing and ease of
market access. Through the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract, the parties
can develop crop commodities marketing to increase income and
reduce the risk of losses due to crop failure. Capital owners with
market connections can help farmers in selling crops at more
competitive prices so that they can encourage an increase in crop
yields to meet food needs in the region.

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Based on several factors above, this contract encourages the
principle of mutual help and avoids elements of ribā and speculation,
which can create economic stability and healthier relationships in the
agricultural sector through a fair distribution of profits and risks. The
use of sharia contracts can also increase the sustainability of farming,
encourage the improvement of agricultural technology, and
ultimately produce better and more abundant food production.
Conclusion
The proposed government policy in realizing food selfsufficiency based on the syirkah bi al-muzāra’ah contract in the
Nusantara Capital City can be viewed from 3 (three) elements in the
theory of the legal system, namely: First, the legal structure where the
government can act as a financier (ṣāḥib al-māl) in the management of
agricultural businesses, namely providing capital in the form of
superior seeds, fertilizer subsidies, and infrastructure facilities so as to
mitigate the risk of rice deficits and ensure food security in the
Nusantara Capital City. Second, legal substance where the government
plays a role in forming strong regulations and policies to realize food
self-sufficiency and food independence in the Nusantara Capital City.
Third, legal culture where the people of East Kalimantan still
experience problems of limited farmer resources so government
support, business actors, and banking institutions are needed to
develop farmer institutions. With the fact that the Nusantara Capital
City is still under massive development, it will certainly be in line
with the emergence of dynamics that will continue to develop, so
there are opportunities for future researchers to examine many things,
especially the dynamics of the government in a further effort to realize
the Nusantara Capital City buffer zone as a food buffer.
Acknowledgment
The article is partially funded by the Research and Community
Services Institute, University of Jember, through grant no:
3083/UN25.3.1/LT/2024.
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