Journal ofRenewable Renewable Energy.
Electrical.
Computer Engineering Journal of Energy.
Electrical, and and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Volume 5.
Number 1.
March 2025.
eISSN 2776-0049 Research Original Article DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
29103/jreece.
Optimization of Geothermal Binary Cycle Technology: an Review Atifah Hirahmah1.
Putri Nabila2.
Serli Ahzari3.
HamdiA4 1Departemen of Physic.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science.
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Padang.
West Sumatera.
Indonesia, atifahhirahmah@student.
2Departemen of Physic.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science.
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Padang.
West Sumatera.
Indonesia, putrinabila@student.
3Departemen of Physic.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science.
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Padang.
West Sumatera.
Indonesia, serliahzari@student.
4Departemen of Physic.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science.
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Padang.
West Sumatera.
Indonesia, rifai.
hamdi@gmail.
Corresponding Author: rifai.
hamdi@gmail.
Phone: 62821-7434-5569 Received: January 26, 2024 Revision: January 15, 2025 Accepted: March 10, 2025 Abstract Geothermal energy is mostly stored in the earth's interior, cost-effective and reliable compared to other sustainable energies, such as solar, wind and nuclear energy.
Geothermal energy or geothermal energy is a competitive alternative energy because it is available in very large potential, can be used in the long term, and is environmentally friendly.
This research uses descriptive quantitative methods with a data analysis and mapping process approach.
The articles used in this research were articles published in the 2018-2023 range, totaling 50 articles.
The articles are collected and then saved in *.
ris format.
Next, researchers used VOSviewer.
Furthermore, this application suggests that the use of applications using Vosviewer is an application that is widely used to search for the latest research.
Therefore, in this research the topic of optimization and zeotropic mixture.
Keywords: Optimization.
Geothermal.
Binary Cycle Technology Introduction In recent years, environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion and global warming have become energy policy considerations for a country (Kolahi, 2.
The change from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy fuels is becoming increasingly important in the development of sustainable energy due to the need to reduce carbon emissions.
One of the benefits provided is reduction of greenhouse gases, energy self-sufficiency, and so on.
Therefore, renewable energy such as bioenergy, solar, wind or geothermal is widely used today, but its use has not yet reached its full potential (Syaiful Alim et al.
, 2.
Among these resources, geothermal energy is the only renewable resource that is not affected by external weather conditions with a wide temperature range between 50 to 350oC (Baoul, 2.
Geothermal energy is mostly stored in the earth's interior, cost-effective and reliable compared to other sustainable energies, such as solar, wind and nuclear energy (Lei et al.
, 2.
Geothermal is a promising renewable resource and can reduce fossil fuels and environmental impacts (Lee, 2.
Therefore, geothermal energy is a competitive alternative energy because it is available in very large potential and can be used in the long term and is environmentally friendly (Wijayanti, 2.
Additionally, geothermal energy is gaining strong interest from both the private and public sectors.
Analysts predict that its use will grow rapidly in the next few decades in many places (Zwaan & Longa, 2.
The development of geothermal resources at the world level requires regional information regarding geothermal potential that can be accessed by developers.
Heat flow was an important parameter in early reconnaissance work to indicate areas where large amounts of heat release occurred (Prol-Ledesma & MorynZenteno, 2.
There are two groups of geothermal systems: .
geothermal systems with low enthalpy, and .
geothermal systems with high enthalpy.
Regarding the first type, these are geothermal systems characterized by fluids at temperatures below 90oC, not suitable for electricity production, but useful for thermal purposes, that is, for all applications aimed at the direct use of geothermal heat, from room air conditioning to heat supply in large industrial processes, pay attention to Figure 1.
Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Figure 1.
Lindal Diagram: Schematically Depicts the Use of Geothermal Energy Based on System Temperature Next, regarding geothermal systems with high enthalpy.
In this type it is possible to produce electricity starting from around 90oC.
Geothermal energy can provide basic services and can play a role of "flexibility" in a sustainable electricity system in the future (Zwaan & Longa, 2.
However, for electricity generation, a higher temperature power source is needed, around 100-1500C or higher (Aghahosseini, 2.
Geothermal power plants can only be built around tectonic plates where high temperatures from geothermal sources are available near the surface.
Developments and improvements in drilling and extraction technology have expanded the reach of developing geothermal power plants from nearby tectonic plates (Meilani & Wuryandani, 2.
Drilling technology makes it possible to access the earth's crust and extract geothermal energy for power generation.
Conversion of geothermal energy into electricity is promising due to its efficiency and higher load factor.
In 2016, geothermal capacity grew at an annual rate of 3.
4% .
MW) to reach 13.
4 GW (BP, 2.
(Zhang & Hu, 2.
Globally, many regions have large geothermal resources so that they can be utilized more optimally and produce electricity continuously at low capital costs.
According to Bertani .
n Baoul, 2.
due to increasing interest in geothermal electricity production lines and lowering costs, existing systems need to be repaired or replaced with new With this goal, the total world installed power will reach 12,640 MW.
Of the installed power, 5,079 MW comes from single flash cycle, 2,863 MW from dry steam, 2,544 MW from reverse pressure cycle and hybrid cycle.
Currently, all geothermal power plants being built utilize the binary cycle, where geothermal energy is used as a heat source for the Organic Rankine Cycle.
Binary geothermal power plants have several advantages over flash-based power plants, including the use of low-quality heat sources and, as a result, longer equipment life, less equipment contact with corrosive geothermal water (Cetin et al.
, 2.
However, binary GPP with ORC is preferred for generating electricity from geothermal sources with low enthalpy due to recent advances in technological development (Zheng et al.
, 2.
The use of ORC technology for geopower production .
binary power generatio.
has become a well-established solution worldwide.
At the end of 2014, the geothermal sector numbered 279 binary units .
% of the total geothermal in the worl.
with an installed capacity of around 1700 MWel .
% of the total geothermal wor.
(C et al.
, 2.
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has been proven to be one of the most efficient ways to utilize low-level geothermal energy, due to its compact structure, stable operation and easy maintenance (Zhao et al.
, 2.
One of the main challenges in ORC power generation systems is the high rate of exergy destruction in the condenser and evaporator .
ue to the temperature difference between hot and cold stream.
(Almutairi et al.
, 2.
A modified ORC, namely binary-flashing cycle (BFC), is proposed with incomplete evaporation characteristics for the working fluid in the evaporator.
By dividing the traditional evaporation process into two stages, namely incomplete evaporation and flash evaporation, more working fluid is evaporated, resulting in more power production.
BFC is proven to be an efficient technology to achieve full utilization of geothermal brine (Wang et al.
, 2.
Based on the information presented above, it is clear that geothermal-based energy systems provide good results and are environmentally friendly, making them a viable alternative to replacing fossil fuels.
The integration of geothermal energy with other heat sources in combined structures has demonstrated superior performance, especially in terms of economic feasibility and environmental impact.
Inspired by these promising results, this research was motivated to carry out the design and analysis of a new geothermal-based system, coupled with the utilization of flue gas from a trigeneration power plant (Xiao et al.
, 2.
Materials & Methods This research uses descriptive quantitative methods with a data analysis and mapping process approach.
The article data used in this research is research data from articles that have been published in journals that have been indexed by Scopus.
In this research, we used an additional application in the form of Sci.
hub to get access to paid journals for free.
The reference management application used in this research is Publish or Perish.
Publish or Perish is used in conducting a literature review of the theme used.
Each article's data must be indexed by Scopus and in the type of journal article and be in accordance with the search for the themes needed in this research in a file that is used in VOSviewer.
In this research, each article was filtered, and the author only took those related to the keywords "binary cycle technology and Geothermal" to obtain 200 articles.
However, the data selected is only from journal articles with 91 The articles used in this research are articles published in the 2018-2024 range.
The articles are collected and then saved in *.
ris format.
Next, researchers used the VOSviewer application to visualize and analyze it in the form of a bibliometric map.
We mapped article data from prepared database sources.
Apart from that, we also filter terms that will Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 be included in the VOSviewer network mapping visualization.
Total articels from the Scopus database that will enter the quality assessment stage .
Data with more than 91 citations .
Articles with less than 91 citations removed .
Total articles that will be reviewed .
Figure 2.
Flowchart for Selecting Journals to be Reviewed Data Collection At this stage, the data required for the research is collected for further analysis.
Following are the data collection steps:
Open the Publish or Perish application Select the Scopus search database Enter the keywords "binary cycle technology and Geothermal" In the Scopus search "Year" column, enter 2018 in the first box and 2023 in the second box.
This shows that the selected range of article papers is from 2018-2023.
Click the 'Search' button and the 2018-2023 Scopus article database will appear.
Figure 3.
Search Results Using Publish or Perish with the Keywords Binary Cycle Technology and Geothermal Data Analysis and Mapping Based on the data that has been collected, an analysis process is then carried out using Microsoft Excel.
Furthermore, to find out the progress of research and mapping, it is carried out using the Vosviewer application.
This application can display visualizations of the data that has been obtained in the form of Network Visualization.
Overlay Visualization, and Density Visualization Based on the visualization displayed, various information can be seen, such as research that has been carried out a lot, research that is still small, including what the latest research is.
Apart from displaying visualization of mapping results.
Vosviewer also provides cluster information and the items contained in it.
Research from (Triwahyuningtyas et al.
, 2.
suggests that utilizing applications using Vosviewer is one of the applications that is widely used to search for the latest Results and Discussion Distribution by Year of Study From the results of the search process using the Publish or Perish application, we obtained journals indexed by Scopus in the 2018-2023 period with the keyword "binary cycle technology and Geothermal".
Table 1 displays these articles.
Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Citation Writer Mahmoud Paulillo Vesely Wang Boukelia Wang Vonsye Menberg Wang Matuszewska Kaczmarczyk Peya-Lamas Lohse Nasruddin Hou Hijriawan Surindra Cetin Wang Birney Wang Moya Abidin Alkhasov Baoul Zhao Alkhasov Table 1.
Articles that Meet the Criteria Title A review of geothermal energy-driven hydrogen production systems The environmental impacts and the carbon intensity of geothermal energy: A case study on the Hellisheiyi plant Effect of impurities on compressor and cooler in supercritical CO<inf>2</inf> cycles Comparative life cycle assessment of geothermal power generation systems in China Thermodynamic performance assessment of a new solar towergeothermal combined power plant compared to the conventional solar tower power plant Downhole geothermal power generation in oil and gas wells A comprehensive exergy evaluation of a deep borehole heat exchanger coupled with a ORC plant: the case study of Campi Flegrei Energy technology dependence - A value chain analysis of geothermal power in the EU Environmental performance of a geothermal power plant using a hydrothermal resource in the Southern German Molasse Basin Thermo-economic investigation of binary flashing cycle for enhanced geothermal system Evaluation of using gas turbine to increase efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Geological and thermodynamic analysis of low enthalpy geothermal resources to electricity generation using ORC and Kalina cycle Optimal production of power from mid-temperature geothermal sources:
Scale and safety issues Environmental impact by hydrogeothermal energy generation in lowenthalpy regions Exergy analysis and exergoeconomic optimization of a binary cycle system using a multi objective genetic algorithm Thermodynamic, environmental, and exergoeconomic feasibility analyses and optimization of biomass gasifier-solid oxide fuel cell boosting a doable-flash binary geothermal cycle.
a novel trigeneration Experimental analysis of R134a working fluid on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems with scroll-expander Comparison of the utilization of 110 AC and 120 AC heat sources in a geothermal energy system using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with R245fa.
R123, and mixed-ratio fluids as working fluids Integration of cryogenic energy storage and cryogenic organic cycle to geothermal power plants Multi-objective optimization of Binary Flashing Cycle (BFC) driven by geothermal energy A spatially resolved thermodynamic assessment of geothermal powered multi-effect brackish water distillation in Texas Investigation on geothermal binary-flashing cycle employing zeotropic mixtures as working fluids Method for the technical, financial, economic and environmental prefeasibility study of geothermal power plants by RETScreen Ae Ecuador's case study Tax incentive policy for geothermal development: A comparative analysis in ASEAN Technologies of geothermal resources development in South of Russia A parametric study on exergoeconomic analysis for a binary geothermal power plant with ORC Energy and Conventional and Advanced Exergy Analyses of LowTemperature Geothermal Binary-Flashing Cycle Using Zeotropic Mixtures Evaluating the Effect from Constructing Binary Geothermal Power Units Based on Spent Petroleum and Gas Boreholes in the South Regions of Russia Year Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Liu Zhao Oreijah TranamilMaripe Xiao Chasapis Titus Yankovsky Butuzov Sahana Tomarov Serbin.
Research progress of technologies and numerical simulations in exploiting geothermal energy from abandoned wells: A review Thermo-Economic Comparison Between Organic Rankine Cycle and Binary-Flashing Cycle for Geothermal Energy A parametric analysis to evaluate the performance metrics of power generation system involving Trilateral Flash Cycle using three different working fluids for low grade waste heat Assessing the Hybridization of an Existing Geothermal Plant by Coupling a CSP System for Increasing Power Generation Simulation and study of the simultaneous use of geothermal energy and flue gas waste energy in an innovative combined framework for power, chilled water, and fresh water generation Thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a low-enthalpy geothermal field using a CO2 supercritical binary cycle Carbon negative geothermal: Theoretical efficiency and sequestration potential of geothermal-BECCS energy cycles CYCLE DIAGRAM OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Experience of the Development of Geothermal Energy on the Example of Iceland Optimum operation of an ejector-assisted combined flash-binary geothermal cycle using R245fa-isopentane mixture-based secondary working fluids Results from Optimization Studies of Multistage Binary Cycles for Utilization of Low-Temperature Geothermal Heat Carrier Turbogenerating Units for Cogeneration and Distributed Power Plants The results of the search process are displayed in Table 1.
Grouped by journal type to make it easier to group the types of data or journal types obtained through the search process with the help of Publish or Perish Source Journal Energy Geothermal Renewable Green energy Advancement of science Environment Resources Conservation Resource Application earth science Geoenergy Chemical Engineering Greenhouse Total Table 2.
Grouping by Journal Year Journal articles in Table 2 are sorted based on the most citations in 2018-2023.
Of the 40 articles that met the criteria, the highest number of publications was in 2019 with 9 articles, followed by 2020, 2021 and 2023 with 7 articles.
Then, published articles experienced a drastic decline in 2022 with a total of 4 articles 4.
In 2018, there were 6 articles published.
Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Distribution Based on Research Theory In research, you definitely need a theoretical basis that is used to strengthen the article.
A total of 450 articles were used by researchers, there were quite a lot of theories used, but the most numerous were theories regarding geothermal with 8 articles, then theories regarding the application of geothermal with 6 articles and other articles related to geothermal.
The following are the results of data visualization called Network Visualization using Vos Viewer.
From the following visualization you can see the relationship between the variables in the article used by the researcher.
The following image is divided into 4 clusters, namely .
the red cluster which contains exergy, implication, and exergy analysis.
, .
green cluster containing development, reverse osmosis desalination, and review, .
blue cluster containing geothermal energy and performance, .
yellow cluster containing optimization and zetropic mixture.
Can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Network Visualization Display It can be seen in Figure 4.
That the system has the largest circular shape.
This shows a strong relationship with other article research topics.
It can be seen that the system is related to exergy, implication, and exergy analysis.
Likewise with geothermal energy which has a close relationship with performance, optimization, reverse osmosis desalination, and Furthermore, the small circle shows a not so strong relationship spread across 4 clusters.
This shows that there are not many research results and opportunities for renewable research to be carried out (Karim, 2.
Next is mapping with an overlay visualization display.
At this stage, the color of each topic in the article is displayed based on the year of The color range in the article is from blue to yellow.
Topics in articles that have the lowest year, namely 2018, will be colored purplish blue, whereas topics in articles that have the highest year will be colored bright yellow.
The following displays the visualization overlay in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Overlay Visualization Display Based on Figure 5, it can be explained that the 2018-2020 period has various colors.
The blue-purple color indicates that the article was published in 2018 on the topic of exergy analysis and implications.
Furthermore, in 2019 the color turquoise will be displayed on the topics of geothermal energy, performance and zeotropic mixture.
Furthermore, in mid2019 there was a green color which showed the topics of system, optimization and review.
Finally, in 2020 it showed yellow on the topics of development, reverse osmosis desalination and exergy.
Next is Density Visualization which is the final visualization of the VOSViewer system.
It is illustrated that the brighter the color that appears on a variable, the more often that variable is examined as in Figure 3 below from the words that appear such as exergy, implication, exergy analysis, development, reverse osmosis desalination, review, geothermal energy, performance, optimization and zetropic mixture.
Look at Figure 6.
Journal of Renewable Energy.
Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 5 .
51-58 Figure 6.
Density Visualization Display In density visualization, bright colors indicate that the topic is the topic most researched by other researchers, while dark colors indicate that the topic is rarely researched by other researchers (Suhartini et al.
, 2.
In Figure 6, it can be seen that the brightest colors are system, development, and review, this shows that many people have researched these three topics.
Furthermore, the colors are bright to dim on the topics of geothermal energy, reverse osmosis desalination, and impilcation, which shows that someone has already researched this topic.
Next, the colors get darker on the topic of optimization and zeotropic mixture.
Conclusions Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the results of the Systematic Literature Review or SLR for 40 articles published in Scopus indexed journals from 2018-2023 regarding "Geothermal" have decreased Many of these articles discuss the use of geothermal energy in the field of electricity.
This is done to utilize electrical energy that can be used sustainably.
References