Lisda Nurjaleka/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
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JURNAL ARBITRER
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| Article Refusal Expression in L2 and its Comparison with Native Speaker: A Study Case in the Japanese Language Lisda Nurjaleka1 Japanese Languae Education.
Universitas Negeri Semarang.
East Java.
Indonesia ion Track Submi Recieved: January 25, 2020 Final Revision: April 07, 2020 Available Online: April 26, 2020 orre pondence Politeness strategy.
Japanese refusal expression.
Indonesian Japanese learners.
Pragmatic competence Phone: 08979333781 E-mail: lisda_nurjaleka@mail.
A B S T R A C T
This study aims to fill the gap of the comparison study between Japanese learners and native Japanese speakers, focused on the semantic formula of refusal act.
Sixteen Japanese native speakers and twenty-two Indonesian learners are the subjects of this study.
We use a questionnaire or Discourse Completion Test (DCT) to collect the data, and we use the semantic formula by Ito and Ikeda to analyze the refusal utterances.
This paper reveals that Indonesian Japanese learners tended to not aware of different social status levels and use different semantic formulas in Japanese.
The lack of knowledge of the pragmatic competence within the use of speech act is the main problem in Japanese education.
INTRODUCTION
person who refuses may need to soften the force of the refusal.
To this end, making reasons for refusal are also crucial for reducing face-threatening.
(Taguchi 2008.
Campillo.
Jordy & Espurz 2.
However, the study of this aspect is limited.
Japanese is referred to as a contextual language.
This means that communication is essential in the context of socio-cultural discourse relating to the use of the Japanese language.
Studying Japanese, however, should not be separated from the culture of the society to which the language belongs.
Many aspects of communication are closely related to their social, cultural, political, and various other These complex relations between the nature of Japanese discourse and its socio-cultural contexts are problematic for foreign learners.
For example, many people say that the refusal expressions in Japanese are ambiguous, especially for foreigners who study Japanese.
They often misunderstand and have difficulty understanding these expressions.
Many studies have investigated refusal expressions from the function of the modality in refusal discourse until a contrastive study with their native For example.
Grein .
compared the speech act of refusal within the languages of German and Japanese in the setting of a dialogic action game.
Ito .
and Ikeda .
analyzed the semantic formula of refusal expression in Japanese.
Some studies have investigated the important speech act performed by language learners .
Al-Kahtani, 2005.
Gass & Houck, 2011.
Ikeda.
Refusals are categorized as face-threatening acts, 2009.
Allami & Naeimi, 2011.
Yamada, 2010, and the possibility of offending someone is inherent Kartika, 2.
in the act itself (Beebe.
Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz.
These studies revealed that the generic structure For this reason, refusals are often regarded of Japanese refusals to requests has two obligation as strategies.
More direct the refusal, the more the stages: request/Invitation and refusal.
Others, threat to the personAos face.
Because of this risk, such as initiating, pre-sequence, excuse, apology, some degree of indirectness usually exists.
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
25077/ar.
Under Liscense of Creative Commons Attributioni-NonCommercial 4.
0 International.
Lisda Nurjaleka/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
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empathy, and alternative, are optional stages.
This pattern is relatively similar to the refusals in other However, few studies have investigated the speech act performed by Indonesian Japanese learners and their comparison with Japanese that learners negotiated their way by using various means to establish solidarity.
Their findings suggest that refusal by non-native speakers should be analyzed in a broader range of communicative resources, such as discourse tactics and turn takings.
A study by Okto Primasakti .
investigated refusals by native Indonesian speakers.
The result is that native Indonesian speakers use different semantic formulas and adjuncts of refusals following the status levels.
For example, they use apologies to speakers of low status less frequently than those of equal status and use more often to those of high rank.
The aim of the present paper is twofold: .
to compare refusal strategies by Indonesian Japanese learners and native Japanese speakers.
to examine and compare the semantic formulas of both Indonesian Japanese learners and native Japanese speakers.
The results can contribute to active Japanese language learning for Indonesian learners and smooth communication between Wijayanto .
compared refusals in Javanese Indonesian and Japanese people.
and English.
The findings showed that Javanese Several studies on cross-cultural conducted and British native speakers used similarly indirect throughout the year and one of the primary refusal strategies.
Furthermore, they found minor research in refusal is by Beebe et al.
Beebe differences in the way they chose semantic formulas et al.
conducted survey research to see and clarify to mitigate the refusals.
pragmatic transfer from its mother tongue Japanese In recent years, some studies such as Gustini to English of English learners whose mother tongue .
examined refusal in the Indonesian is Japanese.
On that process of investigation, this language and compared it to the Japanese language, study uses a semantic formula for refusal in English focusing only on working situations.
This study American whose mother tongue is American, and a investigates the differences and similarities in the refusal of Japanese language whose mother tongue politeness strategies of refusal.
The results are is Japanese.
Therefore, the difference between that Indonesians use reason to state the refusal American English and Japanese becomes clear.
act clearly.
Meanwhile, the Japanese considerably According to Beebe et al.
, in Japanese refusal use aimai reason.
However, few of the studies expression, we can either choose to be part of it or have compared the use of refusal between native Japanese speakers and Indonesian learners of Ito Emiko .
stated that AuLonger expressions are politer than shorter expressions with regards to refusals under the condition that the expression is Ay The results of the present study show a necessary implication for learners of the Japanese The Japanese language is considered HC communication (High Contex.
This means that the context of communication is essential for socio-cultural discourses regarding Japanese language use.
If these socio-cultural expressions of communication are not followed, communication is considered incomplete (Hall 1.
This suggests that learners also need to be able to estimate the appropriate level of politeness in a close relationship and to use acceptable expressions when speaking with native Japanese speakers.
Japanese.
Therefore, the present study is an attempt to analyze refusal strategies by Japanese learners of Indonesia with native Japanese speakers.
The findings might reveal the knowledge of refusal strategies by Japanese learners and their various means to negotiate the strategy.
II.
METHODS
Participants This study compared refusal strategies and their semantic formulas employed by two groups of participants: .
Indonesian Japanese learners as Group 1 (G.
, and .
native Japanese speakers as Group 2 (G.
Group 1 consisted of 22 participants from S University, and group 2 consisted of 16 Gass and Houck .
studied interlanguage participants living in Osaka city.
Japan, selected refusal by non-native speakers.
The results reveal through a random sampling technique.
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Instrument Table 1 Semantic formulas and examples In providing data, researchers use a questionnaire called discourse completion test (DCT) to collect data from both sides.
Japanese and Indonesian.
DCT is usually used as a test of intercultural communicative competence and pragmatic A DCT consists of a one-sided roleplay containing a situational prompt that a participant will read to elicit the responses of another participant.
Two initiating acts of refusal .
nvitation and reques.
were used as the setting situation of the refusals act.
The DCT questionnaire was designed to be as realistic as possible in both Japanese and Indonesian contexts.
For this purpose, the situation was developed by consulting with native speakers of Japanese and Indonesia, who were all lecturers of language studies.
Semantic formula example Apology Gomen, sumimasen, moushiwake Implicit refusal (Xw.
chottoAsekkaku desuga.
Tsukarete iru node.
Yakusoku/youji/yoteo ga aru node.
Conclusion Direct : ikemasen/ ikimasen/ dame Indirect : ie ni kaeritai desu.
Jikan ga nai desu.
Zannen desuga, benkyou shitai no Arigatou gozaimasu.
Hontou ni sumimasen.
Mata kondo onegai shimasu.
Ashita .
oka no hi n.
ukagatte mo ii Empathy Gratitude second apology expectation for next time Procedure Data collection was administered in Semarang Indonesia for Indonesian Japanese learners.
For the native Japanese speakerAos participants, data collection was conducted in Osaka.
Japan.
Before answering the DCTs, the participants received some explanation about their roles in the scenarios.
The refusal strategies were analyzed by the semantic formulas that were classified by Ito .
and modified by Ikeda .
ouji g.
hayaku owattara, renraku Jibun de benkyou shimasu.
RESULT
The usage of direct and indirect strategies In the early the 1990Aos.
Beebe et al.
semantic formulas into three main categories which are: .
direct refusals such as execution and .
indirect refusals such as apologies, excuses, and alternatives.
adjunct to refusals Semantic formula classified by the meaning such as: Gratitude and filler.
content of an expression that use by people to In the first setting of the refusal of an invitation, refuse something.
The content of the expression Indonesian Japanese learners use more Auindirect commonly used Auapology,Ay Auexcuse,Ay Aualternative,Ay refusalAy than native Japanese speakers for Aunot so and so on.
(Ikoma and Shimura, 1.
close senior,Ay and Aunot so close friend.
Ay Data Coding In Japanese classes, they learned about the Japanese uchi-soto concept.
The uchi-soto concept is a human relation concept in Japanese that divides between person close to the speakers as an uchi group.
Such as family, the person who the same office with him/her.
The person outside the inner circle of his/her as a soto group.
In the Moreover, the degree of intimacy is set and questionnaire.
Indonesian Japanese learners know classified as follows:
the concept and use it in the situation of these A close senior.
refusal acts.
Below is an example of indirect refusal Not very close senior.
by Indonesian Japanese learners.
Close friend.
ame ag.
Ayaa sou desuka, demo pa-ti ni iku no wa Amari Not very close friend.
ame ag.
suki jyanai node, sumimasen.
ChottoAAy A close junior.
Not very close junior.
(Oo.
I donAot like going to a party.
I am The first is the refusal of an invitation to a welcome the Second situation is the refusal of a request to substitute him/her for a part-time job.
The last setting is the situation of refusal to request to be an I donAot thinkA.
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Meanwhile, native Japanese speakers equally use direct refusal and indirect refusal.
These results show that in Japanese daily life, the more intimate the opponent, the speaker could easily and directly refuse the invitation.
Auindirect refusalAy and give more to the Aunot so close seniorAy and Aunot so close friend.
Ay In the use of Auindirect refusalAy and Audirect refusalAy, between Indonesian Japanese learners and comparison with native Japanese speakers, we can see that Indonesian Japanese learners tend not to notice the degree of intimacy, and the refusal strategies usage differs from native Japanese In the use of Audirect refusalAy for the invitation situation.
Indonesian Japanese leaners use to Aua close seniorAy and Auclose friend.
Ay On the other hand, native Japanese speakers mostly use Auclose friendsAy and Auclose Junior.
Ay Below is an example The semantic formula of Refusal Expression by of direct refusal by native Japanese speakers.
Indonesian Japanese learners and Native Japanese .
"pa-ti wa sukijyanai node ikanaide okou to Speakers In this section, we compare refusal expression (I think I canAot come to the party because I do with its semantic formula for Indonesian Japanese not like a party.
learners (G.
and native Japanese speakers (G.
The The second situation is the refusal expression semantic formula was analyzed with classification used on a request to substitute him/her for a part- as follows: .
, .
, .
efusal implici.
, time job.
Indonesian Japanese learners mostly use .
mpathy/gratitud.
, and .
Auindirect refusalAy, regardless of the interlocutors their facing.
Meanwhile, native Japanese speakers mostly use Auindirect refusalAy to the Aunot so close friendAy and Aua close friend.
Ay We conclude that Japanese Indonesian learners lack pragmatic competency because the Auindirect refusalAy usage is high for all the interlocutors without considering the degree of intimacy.
These results may also show that they have a limited refusal expression variety.
Figures 1 shows that, in the apology semantic formula.
Indonesian Japanese learners tend to use apology much more than native Japanese speakers, regardless of whom they are talking.
The native Japanese speakers use apology only to Aunot so close senior,Ay Aua close senior,Ay and Aunot so close Ay In Japanese, being polite, such as using apology before making a refusal act use, not to all the interlocutors, but mainly to the person in the The third situation is the refusal of a request to be soto group or older than him/her.
Therefore, a an interpreter.
Indonesian Japanese learners have native Japanese speaker uses different strategies the same tendency as in the other situation, which towards the speaker whom they are talking about.
is that they use more indirect refusal regardless of Meanwhile, in the semantic formula of reason, the interlocutors they are facing in conversation.
native Japanese speakers mostly add a reason in Meanwhile, native Japanese speakers use less their refusal act.
Similarities occurred in the answers Fig 1: Situation 1 AiRefusal on an invitation to a welcome party Ai(G1:n=20.
G2: n=.
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from Indonesian Japanese learners.
They also tend onegai shimasu!Ay to add a reason for their refusal act.
It is somehow (I am sorry, on that day.
I have something to stated that both use reason as an act of politeness to I am like to come.
I am sorry.
Next time, lower the FTA or Face Threatening Act.
And giving please invite me again!) a reason is maybe one of the politeness strategies in Another strategy in the refusal semantic formula both Indonesian and Japanese.
in figure 1 is adding a feeling of gratitude or The third semantic formula of refusal expression expressing empathy.
Japanese speakers use more is refusal implicit.
Refusal implicit in Japanese empathy and gratitude strategies to their refusal generally uses an ellipsis sentence such as expression rather than Indonesian Japanese AuchottoAAy and so on.
In figure 1, the usage of learners.
Figures 1 shows that Indonesian Japanese refusal implicitly by Indonesian Japanese learners learners give feeling regret by showing and is higher than native Japanese speakers.
This kind expressing an apology.
However.
Japanese native of ellipsis sentence was taught in Japanese classes speakers tend to use another strategy different from as one of the refusal expressions.
Therefore, many the opponentAos talking.
learners thought that adding AuchottoAAy as an act of Figures 2 shows the result in the second situation refusal in Japanese.
for refusal of a request to substitute in the partIn Japanese, refusal expression uses an ellipsis time job.
Japanese native speakers use the strategy to give a polite refusal without providing any of an apology based on the degree of intimacy.
explanation adding.
It is to show that they do not they use the politer expression of apology if the explicitly refuse the offer to make the speaker opponent is a senior or the person is older.
comfortable regarding who is the opponent of the both situations of refusal expression.
Indonesian They use a different strategy for Japanese learners mostly use a semantic formula of refusal expression.
apologies, regardless of whom they are talking.
Below is an example of ellipsis expression in the a situation of refusal to request, both learners and native Japanese speakers use apologies as one of refusal interaction.
the refusal strategies.
Example of Indonesian Japanese learner (G.
"Hontou ni sumimasen, pa-ti ni iku no wa Meanwhile, the same tendency also occurred in the semantic formula of an excuse or reason.
High Amari suki dewa nai node, chottoA" (I am sorry.
I donAot like going to a party, so usage of the reason was seen in both Japanese learners and native speakersAo refusal strategies.
Example of a Japanese native speaker (G.
However, refusal implicit such as ellipsis expression "Suimasen, sono hi wa chotto youji ga ateA use less by native Japanese speakers, and not by honto ni ikitain desukedo, sumimasen.
Mata the learners.
This has the same results as the first Fig 2: Situation 2Ai Refusal on a request to substitute him/her for a part-time job Ai(G1:n=20.
G2: n=.
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situation on the refusal of an invitation.
and confirm if they use another alternative to help.
Meanwhile, native Japanese speakers have seen that they used more empathy or gratitude than Japanese learners.
They also give an alternative plan as refusal strategies to give more polite acts to their interlocutor.
Below is an example of the use of alternative plan semantic formulas.
In this request situation, we can see that the empathy strategy is less used.
There is an entirely different tendency of the use of ellipsis expression for an invitation situation and a request situation.
Japanese learners tend to use a much more elliptical expression in an invitation situation instead of in a Alternative plan on refusal expression by request situation.
Japanese learners "Raishuu no kinyoubi wa youji ga arimasu kara, hoka no hito wa dou deshouka.
(I have something to do in next Friday, how about I ask other people?) IV.
DISCUSSION
In Japanese refusal interaction, a Japanese native speaker uses a different expression to the interlocutors in regards to showing politeness.
Alternative plan on refusal expression They use direct refusal and sometimes provide Japanese speakers no apology if the opponent intimate and close.
"Yaa, youji aruA Gomen ne.
Dareka hoka no contrast.
Indonesian Japanese learners use refusal hito ni kite mite ageyokka?" strategies regardless of whom they are talking.
(No.
I have some errand.
Sorry.
I will ask Moreover, they also tend to make an indirect refusal and express a feeling of sorry by showing apology someday how about it?) regardless of the opponentAos facing.
Figures 3 shows the semantic formula of the third situation of refusal on request to be an interpreter.
In this study, the DCT scenarios were made with As in the previous situation on refusal to request, the social status and social distance between the here.
Indonesian Japanese learners also mainly speakers and the interlocutors.
added apologies to the semantic formula of Japanese native speakers varied the refusal refusal strategies regardless of the interlocuters strategy to with whom they were talking.
However, their facing.
Both learners and native Japanese Indonesian Japanese learners differ.
In the Japanese speakers much less use the semantic formula of language, the refusal strategy is complicated.
an alternative plan, as this result may relate to the use a variety of different kinds of apology or giving topic of the speech act theyAore giving to which is refusal implicit, and so on.
a request to be an interpreter.
An alternative plan Related to Brown and LevinsonAos .
politeness may also suggest a solution giving by the speaker theory, strategies for negative politeness preferred to the interlocutors.
This shows that they feel regret in Japanese.
On the contrary.
Indonesian expression Fig 3: Situation 3AiRefusal on request to be an interpreter Ai(G1:n=20.
G2: n=.
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tends to express positive politeness because it uses an indirect form.
Japanese learners give a formal expression somewhat different from Japanese.
Indonesian learners use apology form when they represent refusal regardless of the interlocutorAos social status.
However, the Japanese show politeness by giving a feeling expression of regret or gratitude and sometimes adding an alternate plan to its refusal utterance.
both speakers are somewhat the same.
By using an explanation adding to a refusal expression could provide a more formal expression so that the opponent would not hurt their feelings.
This result is a preliminary investigation.
percentage shows above might differ if the object was more in number.
However, we can head up the situational and linguistic expressions that differ both by Japanese learners and Japanese native speakers.
This study implies that Indonesian Japanese learners still influence their first language when using refusal expressions.
Because of their lack of pragmatic competency in Japanese, they tend not to use a variety of refusal expressions based on the interlocutorAos social distance and social status.
According to Aziz .
, an Indonesian native speaker commonly gives a direct refusal expression .
trategy #.
, although a variety of ways smoothens Indonesian speakers often do not reveal the refusal and make indirect refusal by making words around in circles and inconsistent.
This strengthens the claim that Indonesian learners tend to use indirect refusal, as explained above.
The degree of intimacy that was chosen above has a close-range relationship, senior student, friends, and junior.
In Japanese, as explained above, we can see that Japanese native speakers use a different kind of strategy in refusal interaction.
CONCLUSION
This study shows different usage of refusal expressions between Indonesian Japanese learners and native speakers.
Indonesian Japanese learners mostly use apologies in their indirect refusal.
Moreover.
Indonesian Japanese learners tend to use regardless of whom they are talking.
Meanwhile, ellipsis much more than Japanese native speakers.
native Japanese speakers use negative politeness In the Indonesian language, there is no called and and use different refusal strategies and consider ellipsis expression such as AuchottoAAy.
AunodeAAy.
their degree of intimacy with the interlocutors.
However, in Indonesian, according to Aziz .
, there is some strategy to refuse by making vague The data employed in this study are limited.
It is also assumed that strategy is the results should be examined using more data.
However, the results of the current study are to influence of the mother tongue.
contribute to intercultural communication studies The use of reason as a strategy in the refusal and the need for the introduction to pragmatic semantic formula for both Japanese learners and competency in Japanese learning.
Japanese native speakers is high.
We conclude that to give politeness feeling on its refusal utterance.
REFERENCES