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American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering https://biojournals.
us/index.
php/AJBP ISSN: 2997-9331 The Role of Radiation Therapy in Targeted Cancer Treatment: Innovations and Challenges Khudair Abis Kazem Madenat Alelem University College Medical physics science Muhammad Fadel Kazem Abd Madenat Alelem University College Medical physics science Ibrahim Jassim Kazim University of Hillah Department of Applied Medical Physics Haider Hussein Miri Hussein Almustaqbal University College of Science Department of Medical Physics Hadeel Ahmed Hajhuj Al-Karkh University / College of Science /Department of Medical physics Received: 2024 07.
Oct Accepted: 2024 08.
Oct Published: 2024 09.
Nov Copyright A 2024 by author.
and BioScience Academic Publishing.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.
Open Access http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/ by/4.
Abstract: Radiation therapy plays a significant role in targeted cancer treatment.
It has been known for more than a hundred years.
Radiation oncology combines advances in cancer biology, accelerating radiation machines, new imaging technologies for cancer visualization, and refinements in defining tumor contours with advances in computer technologies, leading to the development of practice-changing targeted cancer treatment.
New strategies for targeted radiation are under investigation, such as dose escalation using improved imaging methods for tumor definition and dose reduction for normal tissues using increased precision of radiation delivery, leading to new treatment approaches of dose painting, tumor subvolume therapy, and site-specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
Recent advances in radiologic imaging methods and computer technologies have the potential to change radiation oncology significantly by allowing assessment of tumor function, quantification or biological targeting of tumor markers, real-time tumor positioning, adaptation, and treatment delivery.
These advanced techniques make radiotherapy more American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov effective in destroying tumor cells and less harmful to healthy tissues.
Targeted radiation treatment is increasingly available at academic medical centers Recent innovations in diagnostic imaging, chemotherapy drugs, and surgery have raised the bar for the role of radiation therapy in modern multimodal cancer care.
The advanced targeted radiation techniques are underutilized and still face many challenges in taking these advancements from research to real-world applications for cancer patients.
This essay explores various innovative radiation technical advancements and discusses the challenges to improving clinical outcomes using these advanced techniques as part of multimodal cancer care.
Introduction Cancer treatment modalities have undergone a major change over the past few decades due to advances in the field of cancer biology and medical physics.
Among all modalities, radiotherapy (RT) alone or with surgery or systemic therapy combined has a unique positioning.
RT can provide treatment of localized disease, can control locally advanced disease, minimize the patient's suffering if a palliative approach is needed, and potentiate the effects of systemic agents.
Moreover, with advances in technology.
RT has become more precise, sparing healthy tissue near tumor volume as much as possible.
Approximately 1 in 6 deaths are due to cancer and are currently a significant healthcare problem due primarily to the limitations of existing treatments and the aging population's predisposition to mutation-driven cancers.
Moreover, the current prevalence of cancer is increasing at a faster rate than the new drugs reaching the market.
Therefore, developing innovative approaches for targeting cancer will require significant investment in the development of new treatment strategies.
The emergence of targeted therapies has significantly changed the landscape of cancer treatment in the past two decades.
Intracellular-based targeted approaches are engaged with primary mutations occurring in the genome.
In contrast, cell surface membrane and extracellular-targeted therapies are involved with the signaling process.
The application of new agents targeting cellular pathways in combination with radiation may increase the antitumor treatment efficacy and tumor cell response.
Nonetheless, the detailed molecular mechanisms for the interaction between targeted agents and RT still need to be further estimated.
Therefore, in the current review, the role of RT in targeted cancer treatment is explored in a given situation, and the associated innovations and challenges are discussed.
This review aims to assess the current situation and the new technologies in RT, underlining ongoing investigations and challenges.
Radiation oncology is currently emerging as a fundamentally innovative discipline in oncology and continues to have considerable growth potential in implementing and refining new revolutionary technologies.
Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy destroys cancer cells by damaging their cellular components, such as DNA, directly or indirectly.
The radiation deposits energy in the tissues it penetrates, and the energy is distributed among different chemical species within a short distance.
Water, being the most abundant constituent of human tissues, is the principal target of ionizing radiation.
In the cell, damaged water produces free radicals, such as the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which may attack cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids directly or indirectly.
American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov The ultimate effect of radiation on individual cells, tissues, and the whole living organism is expressed as its biological effect.
The basic goal of radiation therapy is to administer the necessary amount of radiation to eliminate or arrest the growth of tumor cells while inducing minimal damage to normal tissues.
The effect of radiation depends on the dose and duration of exposure, type and energy of radiation, the sensitivity of irradiated cells, and the environment of cells and tissues.
The spindle-shaped survival curve, representing a sigmoid relationship between the effect or fraction of cells surviving and the dose of radiation, can be plotted for tumor and normal tissue.
A certain quantity of radiation will destroy a certain percentage of cells.
another increment in the dose will eliminate most of the cells that could be treated by that increment, continued with a decline in tumor size.
Thus, in seeking to optimize treatment effectiveness, the prescribed total radiation dose should be adequately distributed over time that corresponds to approximately the cell renewal time of tumor cells.
Basic Principles of Radiation Therapy All radiation treatments are based on the principle of mass-energy equivalence, also called massenergy transfer.
Radiation results in the deposition of energy in cellular structures: electrons of the atom held by binding energies and the more densely ionizing nucleus of cells can be targeted.
Mass-energy transfer leads to the formation of ion pairs with subsequent free radicals that may damage other cellular structures: the cell nucleus or the DNA among them.
Cellular effects can be classified based on the time in which they produce their yield .
rimary: direct DNA damage or secondary: the production of radicals that are distant from their original site of ionizatio.
The dose absorbed is measured in J/kg.
The influence of various radiation types can also be adjusted by a factor called the relative biological effectiveness of the radiation beam.
Based on cellular response to radiation exposure, the gross effect of radiation equals the primed effect, the somatic effect in acute situations, and at any point in generative cells, and the effect per fraction is lower than those described in a superficial location, compared to other tissues or body Moreover, out of a radiation treatment emerge other responses: the tumor, organ toxicity, or fatigue-related effects.
These are probably the most exact definitions that should cause their occurrence to be as close as possible to that suggested by classic radiobiology amidst the complexity in radiation treatments.
When and how much radiation can be given depends on the principle of fractionation, to keep the response between tumor and normal tissues in time Precise delivery of radiation to tumor volumes versus healthy tissue is of the highest importance in order to increase the so-called therapeutic ratio.
This implies not just suitable radiation techniques but also good patient positioning with image-guided radiation therapy.
Types of Radiation Used in Cancer Treatment Radiation is divided into two main types: ionizing and non-ionizing.
Ionizing radiation includes X-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy particles.
It is used as a cancer treatment because it can selectively damage or kill cancerous cells, which are largely unable to repair themselves once the damage has been done.
Non-ionizing radiation, including visible and infrared light, microwaves, radio waves, and ultrasound, does not have sufficient energy for cancer treatment and has not been rigorously assessed for cancer treatment purposes.
Radiation is applied in cancer treatment in four different ways: external beam radiation therapy, internal radiation or brachytherapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, which delivers very high doses of radiation and may require a single treatment, and systemic radiation, with radioactive materials delivered through the bloodstream.
The field has seen rapid technological innovations in recent decades, as technologies such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, image-guided radiation therapy, and the incorporation of positron emission tomography scans into treatment planning have helped to sculpt radiation dose volumes to match the shapes of the tumor and relevant organs as closely as possible.
Remote physiological monitoring systems are also used for motion management in the treatment of moving Although there are different types of radiation, including X-rays, protons, neutrons, negatively charged electrons, heavy charged particles such as carbon ions, and photons of differing American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov energy levels, high-energy photons are used most frequently in radiation therapy, including teletherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
Radionuclide-emitting internal radiation uses different particles and different electromagnetic radiation, but these are aimed differently from teletherapy in that their method of infusion obviates the necessity for surface imaging.
Each of the radiation types has its own physical and biological characteristics, and there are distinct clinical scenarios in which each can be of advantage or disadvantage.
An individualized approach to targeting functional and proliferative tumor cells in the cancer milieuAiand differentially sparing various healthy tissuesAiis the domain of refinements in precision radiation.
Targeted Cancer Treatment The term "targeted" has advanced from an adjective paired with "radiation" to an important descriptor of novel therapeutic strategies in treating cancer.
This is owing to the fact that "targeted" promotional claims can be more specific, more successful, or less costly.
Oncology takes pains to persuade consumers as well as clinical investors that "targeted" is superior to standard therapy.
This section describes some of the background basics and current prospects for targeted oncology in order to help place into the proper context the scientific papers and reviews in this issue.
While the issues to be addressed here include "what are the differences?" and "what is the evidence?", we should definitely not assume that targeted therapy is necessarily "a bad thing" or a "good thing.
The goal is just to provide a solid foundation on which to engage these and similar issues as scientists, clinicians, and people.
The benefit of targeted treatment has often been equated to the anticipated substance or procedure that the target offers.
It's also assumed that drugs that work in at least some true drug-sensitive people also function perfectly all of the time for all people, and in drugs with little to no clear benefits, researchers should therefore conduct trials to illustrate no advantage.
We've presumed that all new targeted treatments are medical equivalents as long as there seem to be no clear advantages for at least some patients.
Meanwhile, we've anticipated that everything which is in an investigation itself, independent of the fact that it may seem stronger than available medications, will have an unprecedented detrimental impact.
Target nanotherapies depend on, include, or are characterized by at least one element or procedure that is constructed to capture a malignant cell marker while preserving normal tissue.
This can be introduced directly into the target or required area, or it may be fabricated specifically to take the descriptor to a targeted tissue.
Definition and Importance The definition of targeted cancer treatment is the use of drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells based on certain genes or proteins found within the cancer cells.
Treatment can achieve selective destruction of tumor cells, selectively inhibit the growth of some tumor cells, or enhance the body's immune system to kill such tumor cells.
It is important to understand that cancer is rarely the result of a single cause.
That is, cancer is a genetically and epigenetically heterogeneous disease.
Therefore, treatment should be based on the differences between individuals and even individual cells, which is the fundamental meaning of precise Targeted therapies are designed to manipulate specific genes and proteins involved in the development and survival of cancer cells.
As we learn more about the molecular changes that cause cancer, cancer treatment will become more personalized.
Clinical studies have shown that targeted therapies can be a better standard of treatment than older therapies, and there are fewer serious side effects, but there is a lack of superiority in terms of Targeted therapy for solid tumors versus traditional chemotherapy has shown more benefits in general than heavy toxicity.
Unlike traditional chemotherapy, targeted treatments often work by blocking growth signals in cancer cells or tissues.
This generally causes fewer side effects because the substance affects mostly cancer cells and not healthy cells.
In most cases, you need to perform a diagnostic test to see if the tumor or the person with cancer can be targeted for therapy.
Diagnostic tests check for specific genes, proteins, or other factors.
There have been substantial advances in diagnostic technologies, and new devices that can perform these tests are continually American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov entering the market.
However, it is very difficult to make a comprehensive summary.
Precision medicine, also called personalized medicine, has been a hot topic in oncology over the past few Concerning the latest scientific research and discoveries, it has emerged as a trend in cancer treatment.
Treatment is no longer just about destroying cancer cells, but more focused on the changes occurring within the cancer cells.
Therefore, it is important to develop a treatment plan that may vary according to the patient's behavior and treatment needs.
In the future, based on comprehensive molecular information, more attention will be paid to exploring different drug therapies and the possible mechanisms of targeted drugs on tumor cells, rather than those we use .
Advantages and Limitations Recent treatment advances, which seek to improve cancer patient outcomes with fewer side effects, center on the emergence of targeted therapies.
Most consider a list of solutions that could provide better localized therapy, reduce unwanted side effects, and increase therapy effectiveness, allowing the standard therapies to improve cancer patient care.
It is believed that a more exclusive attack on cancer could better help patients, limiting the treatment period and offering them a better quality of life until complete remission.
Moreover, these higher-quality treatments may be utilized to provide an eliminating effect, which is completely essential in cancer therapy.
Given the remarkable number of experimental treatments under development, we are confident that personalized, targeted administration will swiftly gain ground.
As mentioned, we must fully appreciate the possible difficulties connected with targeted therapy.
Significantly, this type of therapy carries high economic costs that could be difficult for most healthcare systems to handle.
In addition, the reduction in population-based cancer-associated indicators could increase the ranking of long-term cancer-associated therapy costs in the structure of overall per capita healthcare expenditure, with significant socioeconomic implications.
These costs are obviously a fundamental issue and have to keep the treatment accessible to anyone who can benefit from the most advanced and effective micro- and macropharmacological research.
Furthermore, the phenomenon of resistance has not been described for exclusively targeted therapies, and it is therefore unclear how far a mutation-relapsed carcinoma can maintain its initial therapeutic molecular 'signature.
' Scientific research will soon provide an answer to the endpoint of this intriguing evolutionary path.
Innovations in Radiation Therapy New innovations in radiation therapy can potentially change the treatment protocols of many cancers in the future.
Significant advancements in technology, such as more precise and faster radiation machines, are becoming a standard.
Image-guided radiation therapy, allowing for tumor and organ at risk movement, has also changed.
In addition.
CT treatment planning systems have With the development of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy, multiple highly shaped doses of radiation are delivered within a 360-degree rotation with a single isocenter and are able to treat multiple tumors at the same time.
Another important innovation is four-dimensional CT assimilated to diagnostic biplanar X-rays and close magnetic resonance imaging, allowing the radiation oncologist to accurately plan radiation for moving tumors.
Stereotactic radiation therapy, called stereotactic body radiation therapy for extracranial sites, delivers a large dose of total radiation in a few fractions to the involved volume while maintaining a steep dose gradient with a potential increase in normal tissue tolerance and tumor killing.
The ability to treat extracranial tumors with high fraction doses, regardless of site, is expanding.
SBRT
treatment research is transitioning to randomized controlled trials with a high chance of improved outcomes in select tumors as compared to standard therapy.
Proton therapy is also an evolving technology allowing conformal evolution with minimal normal tissue breakdown and a maximal dose to the tumor.
Completed results show a reduction in normal tissue in the treatment of mediastinal lymphoma and lung cancer.
The potential advantage of proton therapy may reduce American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov complications associated with a decrease in typical normal tissue complications, like reducing the incidence of lymphedema post-radiation in breast cancer.
The last frontier of radiation therapy is the use of immunotherapy with radiation.
The two-day therapy of low-dose pembrolizumab and hypofractionated radiation has shown to act as a vaccine, killing macroscopic and microscopic tumors throughout the body in human trials.
Thus, new advances in radiotherapy will lead to a better understanding of tumor biology, leading to the genesis of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which will help us frame and personalize radiation doses at every stage of the disease for optimal effect.
The new 4-D conformal radiotherapy, with or without tyrosine kinase inhibitors, will also push the envelope with regard to overall survival, not only in locally advanced NSCLC but also in the pivotal node, providing a possible cure for stage i lung cancer.
This may also be true for other locally advanced head and neck complex situations where the modality of alternative chemo-radiotherapy options is yet being The role of radiotherapy as a localized option without systemic therapy is becoming stronger in the management of patients, thus ultimately radiating the body.
Indeed, radiation has come a long way in the field of oncology.
Since the discovery of X-rays, several advancements have been made wherein we have moved from conventional 2-D to conformal 3-D radiation These developments predominantly aim to decrease normal tissue toxicity, improve patient compliance, and have the potential to escalate doses to the primary disease, thus preserving All these advances in the field of radiotherapy result in fewer treatment delays, a greater number of treated patients, thereby improving patient outcomes.
It was also observed that patients who underwent radical radiotherapy in state-of-the-art centers, within 30 minutes of their given appointment slot, had significant survival benefits as compared to those who received treatment after 30 minutes.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a radiation therapy modality that allows a significantly higher radiation dose to be given precisely to the tumor while minimizing the dose to the surrounding normal tissues.
Hyperfractionated low doses of radiation, that is, smaller fraction sizes over a larger number of sessions, have the potential to improve tumoral response.
At the same time.
SBRT offers the ability to treat tumors in fewer treatment sessions with a high fractional The use of advanced imaging such as PET, gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI, and lowradiation dose four-dimensional computerized tomography (CT) is required for treatment The precision of SBRT requires accurate patient positioning and immobilization.
Imageguided radiation therapy (IGRT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CT) is used to ensure precise setup of the patient.
Dynamic tumor imaging over time is crucial to define the lesion that is moving, thus facilitating the implementation of a proper safety expander margin.
All data are transferred into the treatment planning system, which performs treatment planning based on the 4D CT data.
Recent developments in deformable image registration increase the accuracy of treatment planning.
Unique to SBRT is the ability to deliver ablative doses to the tumor situated very close to critical, dose-limiting structures.
This will not only offer better local control of the disease but also will prevent these tumors from evolving into a point where other palliative modalities cannot be Indeed.
SBRT has acquired a prominent role in the treatment of lung cancer, and its use is escalating due to its promising findings.
SBRT was shown to be highly effective in patients with stage I NSCLC who are medically inoperable with low mortality rates.
SBRT has also shown favorable results when used for both primary and secondary liver tumors.
SBRT improves local control of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis, with minimal toxicity.
Preliminary results indicate the potential role of SBRT as a treatment option for pancreatic, renal cell, and prostate cancer with excellent local control of the disease.
Although no definite evidence has established the benefit of SBRT in the management of oligometastatic disease, it does offer an attractive and quick palliative option.
In up to 85% of the treated lesions, effective long-term local control is achieved, and it might be a safe method with minimal toxicity in selected patients.
Few American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov challenges face SBRT, including the need to accurately select patients and perform proper QA Regardless of all challenges.
SBRT is highly expected to have a permanent place in the armamentarium of modern radiation oncology.
SBRT offers a unique way of radiotherapy treatment delivery.
It is known for its SRS attribute but is applicable to extracranial tumors.
terms of postsurgical therapy, it has the potential to improve overall survival and increase local and disease-free survival.
For nonsurgical cases, overall survival can be increased with SBRT due to at least a 90% local control rate of the treated lesions.
That, per se, could improve the quality of life if dyspnea, hemoptysis, bone pain, and other symptoms are alleviated, thus prolonging life In addition, reports show oligometastatic sites managed with SBRT to be effective for extracranial sites.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a sophisticated, specialized form of radiation therapy that enables the creation of precise modulations of radiation dose.
This technique allows the adaptation of radiation beams to the tumor shape in three dimensions.
IMRT is designed to simultaneously deliver a dose to the more proximal healthy organs and tissues while escalating the dose intensity to the volume that contains a high concentration of cancer cells.
IMRT techniques include dose painting, in which selective areas of the outer edge of the tumor are given a more intense dose of radiation, and simultaneous integrated boost, whereby larger fractional doses are given to predetermined areas of the tumor while lower doses are delivered to the subclinical The process of delivering IMRT involves multiple, computer-controlled radiation beams of varying shapes, doses, and angles, evolved from a combination of software, hardware, and digital imaging technology.
Treatment plans for this modality are developed through a sophisticated process called treatment planning, which enables the exact formation of dose distribution inside the tumors according to their three-dimensional shape.
Moreover, through IMRT actual treatment, a patient receives many tiny beams that add up to the final prescribed patient dose.
The versatility of this technique has led to its application with higher accuracy on numerous solid tumor types, including prostate and head and neck cancer, showing improved cancer-specific outcomes and reduced mid- and long-term side effects.
The multiple benefits have led to many cancer centers converting or being in the process of converting their clinical services to deliver radiation using IMRT.
This modern technique, despite its associated challenges, represents an innovation in the domain of targeted radiotherapy care.
Challenges and Future Directions It can be argued that radiotherapy has been an underutilized targeted treatment for cancer.
While the rationale and accumulated knowledge for the optimization of radiation technologies and drugradiotherapy are substantial, several barriers currently limit progress.
First, the accessibility to cancer treatment facilities is a serious public health issue, even in high-income countries.
Second, the variability of clinical practice and, more generally, the relationship between clinicians and patients in different territorial contexts could affect the generalizability of the colocation strategies.
Within this context, new and highly specialized, that is, high-cost equipment is likely to require the concentration of care in a few large, specialized centers.
This issue is further complicated by known and potential economic disparities in the costs and benefits of newer technologies and the patients most likely to access them Ae often at the margins of clinical trial results at the aggregate Moreover, the broader financial and personal implications of cancer care are still significant and, in our opinion, guarantee special attention in the case of new high-cost technologies requiring rigorous preclinical and clinical research, as in the case of the proposed integration in phase with this technology if the tumor microenvironment targeting strategy is adopted.
Third, in the initial preclinical and later clinical phases, patient and professional concerns about American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov patient safety are legitimate, as is the need for near-exhaustive preclinical data on both technology and biophysical and radiobiological drug-radiation interactions.
It is essential that the early phases be conducted in centers with extraordinary capacity for research and care.
Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the regulatory role of national health technology assessment bodies to facilitate the transition from approval to access, to dedicate new resources for comparative effectiveness research and real-world data availability for such complex technologies, and to promote training and interdisciplinary research in biophysics and quality of care.
In the case of radiation therapy, unconventional technologies that integrate and show synergistic effects with conventional therapy, including radiotherapy, are promising.
These may include newer intra-fractional adaptations that use real-time imaging combined with dose delivery mechanisms to immune-modulated therapies such as radiation in combination with immunotherapy.
Despite the many challenges posed by an intricate intersectional approach, the need for continued research is imperative if we want to realize the potential of radiation therapy targeted at the tumor Clearly, the road thus far has been hard won through various challenges but is highly rewardingAiexploring these hurdles and potential available solutions is recommended.
The field is increasingly recognizing the potential role of radiation therapy in targeting the tumor Although numerous clinical trials are currently underway bringing emerging research into the clinic, significant challenges must be addressed to improve effectiveness for Early research should focus on combining standard technologies used in RT delivery, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and this will also be important in bringing consistency to future trials, as many facilities may not have access to more novel RT delivery In the future, the integration of these newer technologies will be required to maximize the potential of advanced tumor microenvironment-targeting radiation therapy due to their superior delivery capabilities and imaging potential for interfractional adaptations.
Conclusion In an era when the focus for cancer treatment has shifted toward more targeted therapies, techniques of radiotherapy have also evolved in order to deliver precise and ablative high-dose radiation in a safe and efficient manner.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy are only two of the many innovations in radiotherapy that exemplify this movement.
As a consequence, highly advanced and patient-specific treatment planning and delivery techniques allow online correction of tumor and organ motion in order to maintain treatment precision and improve treatment outcomes.
These techniques also open up the possibility for integration of radiation therapy within comprehensive, patient-centered examinations and treatment strategies for cancer patients that complement evolving medical, surgical, and other targeted therapies.
There are challenges, however, that remain with using these highly advanced techniques in patient care.
Challenges principally stem from anatomic risks and uncertainties of the tumors and the organs at risk irradiated, patient .
nd physicia.
specific variations, and the tolerance of normal structures and complications to very high single doses of radiation.
Overcoming these challenges is the cornerstone of ongoing investigative pursuits aiming to expand the usage of highly sophisticated and precise radiation therapy in clinical practice.
Overall, the undertaking with current highly sophisticated radiotherapy is in parallel with a changing and dynamic pursuit for improved outcomes in oncology.
Cancer therapies are moving away from traditional homogeneous treatment planning and ideology to more comprehensive .
ut just as individualize.
treatment strategies in which radiation therapy is integratedAirather than just addedAito care.
The current tools provide an excellent start to confronting the complex nature of cancer care.
Continued, intensified, and evolving examination and research in radiation therapy, in collaboration with other health care professions and technologies, will drive this integral component of our war on cancer more Radiation therapy treatments of the future may never be the same as they are todayAi however, without daunting challenges and confronting excellence in care, a future without cancer will not be achieved.
American Journal of Botany and Bioengineering Volume: 1 | Number: 11 .
Nov References: