Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 12.
: 12-20.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Suitability of mangrove ecotourism in Payo Village.
West Halmahera Regency Riyadi Subur.
Salim Abubakar.
Adi Noman Susanto Aquatic Resources and Management Study Program.
Faculty of Marine and Fisheries.
Khairun University.
Ternate, 97719.
Indonesia [ 62 8124465.
Article Info:
Received: 23 - 04 - 2021 Accepted: 03 - 02 - 2022 Keywords:
Ecotourism, mangrove.
Corresponding Author:
Riyadi Subur Aquatic Resources and Management Study Program.
Faculty of Marine and Fisheries.
Khairun University.
Tel.
Email:
riyadisubur58@gmail.
Abstract.
The uniqueness of the mangrove ecosystem is a potential that can be developed as an ecotourism destination.
Ecotourism activities are alternatives to overcome environmental problems in the mangrove ecosystem.
The research objective was to assess the suitability of mangroves as an ecosystem for the ecotourism area of Payo Halmahera Barat Village.
The research used a survey method to measure mangroves' biophysical conditions The results showed that the suitability value of the mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism was 73.
86%, categorized as Suitable (S.
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Subur R.
Abubakar S.
Susanto AN.
Suitability of mangrove ecotourism in Payo Village.
West Halmahera Regency.
JPSL 12.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
INTRODUCTION
Community activities that use mangrove forests destructively by cutting down as building materials, firewood, and household needs caused degradation that continues to increase all the time.
Therefore, alternative sustainable use of mangrove forests is needed not only to meet the community's needs from economic aspects, but, also maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem.
Scientists suggest mangroves are vital ecosystems that play an important role in providing various ecosystem services and providing benefits to many humans (Bosire et al.
, 2008.
Ewel et al.
, 2013.
Santos et al.
, 2.
It was also explained that mangroves play an important role for humans because they can be used as building materials, such as, firewood, alcohol, medicinal ingredients, food ingredients, and as a substitute for other local needs that provide high economic benefits (Spalding, 1998.
Hogarth, 1999.
Atheull et al.
, 2009.
Barbier et al.
, 2.
West Halmahera Regency is one of the areas with high earthquake intensity.
Some of them have the potential for a tsunami, however, helping to increase public awareness about the importance of "natural fortresses" that can reduce tsunamis.
The existence of mangroves as an ecosystem plays an important role in coastal areas as a protector of coastal communities from natural disasters such as hurricanes, storms, shoreline erosion and can reduce tsunami waves (Saenger, 2002.
Dahdouh-Guebas et al.
, 2005.
Feagin et al.
, 2010.
Aheto et al.
, 2016.
Bandeira et al.
, 2.
Payo is a village in West Halmahera with various coastal potentials that can be exploited, and mangrove is one of them.
If this potential is appropriately developed, it can provide direct benefits to humans and the environment so that the mangrove ecosystem's physical, ecological, and economic functions can be achieved.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 12-20 One of the efforts of the West Halmahera government to support the awareness of the Payo village community in utilizing mangrove forests in a sustainable manner is through the development of mangrove Ecotourism is a way of utilizing natural resources to fulfill the human desire for pleasure.
Ecotourism is responsible for travel to unspoiled places by conserving nature and supporting prosperity for the community (TIES, 1.
Mangrove ecotourism study in West Halmahera Regency had previously been carried out in Tuada Village by Abubakar et al.
, who stated the suitability of mangrove ecotourism in Tuada Village was "Very Suitable".
Meanwhile, in North Maluku Province, a previous study on the suitability of mangrove ecotourism was conducted by Subur .
, revealed that the mangrove ecosystem in the Guraici Island Cluster categorized as "Suitable".
In contrast to the development of the mangrove ecotourism area in Payo Village, one of its unique features is having a natural hot spring in the middle of the ecosystem so that it becomes a special attraction for visitors, but so far, no scientific study has been carried out to assess the suitability of mangrove forests in the area as an ecotourism area.
Based on the descriptions above, this research aims to assess the suitability of the mangrove forest ecosystem area in Payo Village as an ecotourism area.
METHODS
Study Area Field survey began in December 2019 in Payo Village, respectively at coordinates N 01A2'57.
93" and E 127A25'11.
22" (Station .
N 01A2'57.
41" and E 127A25'20.
59" (Station .
and N 01A3'3.
91" and E 127A25'35.
03" (Station .
(Figure .
Figure 1 The research site is located in the western part of Halmahera Island, about 5 km from Jailolo City, the capital of West Halmahera Regency Subur R.
Abubakar S.
Susanto AN Data Collection Mangrove Vegetation Mangrove vegetation data was retrieved using the "spot check" method (Abubakar and Ahmad, 2.
Mangrove thickness was measured at three .
observation stations using GPS (Global Positioning Syste.
by taking two coordinate points at the front zone's end and the back zone's beginning.
The coordinates for the front zone were taken with the help of canoes because even when the seawater receded, the front zone was still one meter deep in water, and it was more efficient to use a canoe than walking on muddy bottoms.
Coordinate point data obtained from GPS then processed and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.
1 software to obtain mangrove thickness data in Payo Village.
At each station, three transects are placed vertically .
owards the se.
Vegetation data were collected by placing 5 square plots of 100 m2 .
, 25 m2 .
, and 4 m2 .
Biological samples taken for identification purposes were leaves, flowers, and fruit of each mangrove species.
The trunk circumference of each tree was measured at a height equivalent to an adult's chest.
Species identification is based on Noor et al.
Fish Data collection of fish species is taken using gill nets measuring 2.
5-inch mesh.
The net operation is carried out at low tide by placing the nets at the front of the mangrove ecosystem, stretching horizontally .
arallel to the coastlin.
When fish leave the mangrove forest area into slightly deeper waters, they will be entangled by the nets that have been placed.
Furthermore, the fish caught were determined by the species based on Peristiwady .
Molluscs Mollusc species were collected using the quadratic transect method, following the transect line in the observation of mangrove vegetation, using a square measuring 1 m 2, which was placed in a square of 100 m2.
Based on Dharma .
, all mollusks found in squares were determined.
Crab and Reptile Observations of crabs and reptiles were carried out directly in the field, along with collecting data on mangrove vegetation (Alfira, 2.
Bird Birds were observed from 07.
00 in the morning until the evening at 17.
30 East Indonesian Time, through observation of the canopy and the air space above it, using binoculars, the observations were carried out in all mangrove areas, from where birds usually look for food, places to rest and sleep, as well as other information obtained from the local community (Alfira, 2.
Tidal Tidal data is taken from secondary data available at PPN (National Fishery Por.
in Bastiong-Ternate, with data from December, 1-31st 2018.
Area Characteristics The characteristics of the area are assessed based on 4 .
considerations, namely: .
There are interesting objects, including plants, animals and physical aspects.
There is a certain beauty that is attractive, .
There is a beautiful view.
Endangered Flora and Fauna/conserved (Murni, 2.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 12-20 Accessibility Accessibility is assessed for four reasons: .
Good road conditions leading to the area.
there are other alternatives in reaching the area.
There are many means of transportation/modes of transportation to the .
The existence of supporting facilities for docks and terminals (Murni, 2.
Data Analysis Mangrove species density was calculated by the following formula (Bengen, 2.
Di A ni Information:
Di = Density of mangrove species-i ni = Total individual of mangrove species-i A = Total sampling area The category is obtained from the results of the multiplication between the weights and scores of each To assess the suitability, there are seven parameters that are taken into account (Table .
The weighting is based on the priority level of a parameter.
However, the score value is based on the quality of each parameter.
Table 1 Land suitability matrix for mangrove ecotourism development (Yulianda, 2.
No.
Parameter Weight Thickness .
Density .
nd/100 m.
Mangrove species Biota species 5 Tidal .
6 Characteristics of the 7 Accessibility Category Score
Score
Score
Score
>500
>200-500
<50
>15-25
>10-15
Fish, shrimp, 4 Fish, shrimp, 3
Fish, 2 One of water 1
crab, mollusk
Biota
>2-5
requirements 4 requirements 3 requirements 2 requirements 1 requirements 4 requirements 3 requirements 2 requirements 1 The analysis of land suitability for mangrove ecotourism is calculated using the following formula (Yulianda, ycAycn yaycIya = Oc [ ] ycu 100% ycAycoycaycu Condition:
ESI : Ecotourism suitability index : Parameter value .
eight x scor.
Nmaks : Maximum value (Nmax = .
Has the following criteria:
S1 : Very suitable .
-100%).
S2 : Suitable .
O80%).
S3 : Conditional Suitable .
O60%).
N : Not Suitable (<35%).
Subur R.
Abubakar S.
Susanto AN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mangrove Thickness The results of measuring the thickness of mangroves using GPS, which were then obtained using ArcGIS 2 software, showed that the thickness of the mangroves at Station 1 was 197 meters thick.
Station 2 was 181 meters thick, and Station 3 was 61 meters thick, with an average thickness of 146 meters and an area of 69 ha (Figure .
Based on the results of the thickness measurement, it shows that the mangroves in Payo Village are categorized as "poor condition" with an average thickness of 146 meters.
This is in accordance with Yulianda's opinion .
that mangroves with a thickness of between 50-200 meters are "bad enough" for mangrove ecotourism.
However, because West Halmahera Regency is an area with high earthquake activity and the potential for a tsunami, public awareness has arisen to protect and make mangrove forests a "natural Mangrove forest existence in a coastal area can act as a natural protector from the Tsunami 16.
69 ha (Hiraishi and Harada, 2003.
Mazda et al.
, 2.
Figure 2 Map of mangrove distribution Mangrove Density The results show that the density of mangrove species obtained a value of 6 individuals/100 m 2, in which Rhizophora apiculata had the highest density value at all stations.
It indicates that the mangrove density is categorized as "poor condition" in ecotourism areas.
The mangrove density range between 5-10 ind/100 m2 is classified as "poor condition" for mangrove tourism (Yulianda, 2.
This condition occurs because the mangrove forest in Payo Village grows directly adjacent to residential areas, so excessive use of these resources Algar et al.
state that resources that are closer to the center of community activities or residential areas will be more vulnerable to these resources.
On the other hand, humans' resources that are far and difficult to reach, tend to be protected, and their authenticity is maintained.
According to Mazda et al.
Hiraishi and Harada .
, mangroves with high density can protect the mainland and act as a natural protector from tsunamis.
Mangrove Species Composition Mangrove species in Payo Village had found as many as eight species (Table .
Based on the parameters of species composition, the mangrove forest of Payo Village is in a good category to be used as an ecotourism Yulianda .
stated that the number of mangrove species composition is more than (>.
species Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 12-20 categorized as "good" to be used as a mangrove ecotourism area.
The results also showed that the Rhizophoraceae Family was the family that had the most species of all species found.
This was due to the substrate conditions that strongly supported its growth: sand, a mixture of sand and coral rubble, mud, and Castro and Huber .
, stated that mangroves thrive on muddy or sandy beaches in areas protected from waves.
Furthermore.
Abubakar and Ahmad .
said that Rhizophora sp.
can grow well on muddy substrates and tolerate mud mixed with sand on slightly choppy beaches.
Rhizophora stylose can be planted on a sandy substrate mixed with coral rubble.
Sonneratia sp.
can grow well in mud or mud mixed with sand In areas with slightly hard substrate.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza can grow well.
According to Nybakken .
Rhizophora is one of the most dominant genus.
Rhizophoraceae of the genus Rhizophora is the dominant plant group in mangrove forest (Odum, 1.
Furthermore.
Khairijon .
stated that in general the largest mangrove structure in Indonesia is filled by Rhizophora sp.
Famili Rhizophoraceae Meliaceae.
Sterculiaceae Sonneratiaceae Table 2 Species composition Latin Name Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Ceriops tagal Xylocarpus.
Heritiera littoralis Soneratia alba Local Name Soki-soki Soki-soki Soki-soki Dau Ting Kira - kira Kolot kambing Posi-posi Biota The results of observations of terrestrial .
biota in the mangrove ecosystem of Payo Village, found as many as 7 bird species and 2 reptile species.
The aquatic biota found were 5 species of fish, 1 species of shrimp.
4 species of crab.
4 mollusk species (Table .
Table 3 Biota species composition No.
Biota Fish Latin Name Local Name Biji nangka Upeneus tragula Roi Pelates quidrimaculatus Bobara Leiognathus fasciatus Goruo Chelon subviridis Bandeng Chanos-chanos Shrimp Penaeus monodon Udang soki Crab Arcuata uca Gatang Gatang Coarctata-coarctata Gatang Episesarma versicolor Kepiting bakau Scylla serrate No.
Biota Latin Name Local Name Molluscs Terebralia sulcata Popaco Popaco Telecopium telescopium Bekel Nerita lineata Bia Polymesoda expansa Reptile Crocodylus porosus Buaya Soa-soa Varanus salvator Bird Elang Haliastur indus Kuntul Karang Egretta sacra Kuntul Kecil Egretta garzetta Idhi-Idhi.
Aplonis minor Kum-Kum Duculata bicolor Uling Todiramphus chloris Calaibi Nectarinia jugularis Based on the number of biota objects found .
, the category for the parameters of the Payo Village mangrove tourism object is "good" (S1 Categor.
According to Yulianda .
the "S1" category is very good as an ecotourism area if there are 6 biota objects .
irds, fish crabs, mollusks, shrimp, reptile.
Mangrove Subur R.
Abubakar S.
Susanto AN forest fauna community according to Bengen .
is a combination of land fauna that generally inhabit land and tree tops, as well as aquatic fauna that generally live in waters.
Tide .
Based on the tidal data obtained from the Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN) Bastiong-Ternate analyzed, it is known that the tidal type in the waters around Payo Village is included in the "Mixed Semi Diurnal" tidal type .
ixed double dominanc.
with a value of F= 0.
50, and high the average tide is 111.
34 cm.
Based on the value of F= 0.
50 it means that the research location is categorized as "good" to be used as a mangrove ecotourism area.
This condition is in accordance with Yulianda's opinion .
which an area that has a tidal range between 0-1 meters is a range with "good" for use as an ecotourism area for mangrove forests.
The zoning of plant and animal communities in mangrove forests is largely determined by tides (Saru, 2.
Inundation due to tidal influence on salinity fluctuations in the mangrove area also affects the distribution of mucronata always grows in areas that are flooded all the time.
We recommend that both Xylocarpus and Bruguieria spp.
do not like areas that are always flooded by seawater.
In addition, the distribution of organisms that live in mangrove areas is much influenced by the movement between seawater and freshwater Area Characteristics The results show that Payo Village has a mangrove ecosystem with stunning objects, including plants, animals, and other physical aspects, to be used as photography objects.
In addition, it also has a wide stretch of beach.
There is a sunset and a diverse range of mangrove forest fauna.
The area characteristic scored with 3, with the category "good enough" (S.
, because there are only 3 provisions contained in the Payo Village mangrove forest ecosystem, namely interesting plant and animal objects, have attractive beauty or panoramas and beautiful landscapes.
According to Murni .
a mangrove forest area is said to be good if it meets four criteria which include: .
the presence of flora and fauna as well as attractive physical aspects.
Beautiful and interesting panorama.
The beauty of the landscape.
There are protected plants and animals.
Accessibility Accessibility assessment is based on the availability of infrastructure and facilities and access to reach the mangrove ecosystem area.
Currently, to get to Payo Village, visitors can use a car or motorcycle taxi or public transportation between villages, between sub-districts with excellent road conditions.
In addition to other available alternatives, namely by sea using a longboat/speed boat from the port of Jailolo.
Based on the accessibility data obtained in this study, the mangrove forest of Payo Village is classified into 4 provisions at a score of 4 with the "good" category (S.
According to Murni .
, accessibility is assessed based on 4 considerations which include: .
good public roads to get to the location.
availability of alternatives to the location.
variety of transportation modes to the location.
availability of supporting facilities in docks and terminals.
Mangrove Ecotourism Suitability The results of the analysis of all parameters of the suitability of mangrove ecotourism in Payo Village are shown in Table 4.
The Mangrove ecotourism area in Payo Village has an Ecotourism Suitability Index (ESI) 86%, which is classified as "Suitable" or S2 category.
Scientific evaluation of ecotourism suitability is very important for ecological protection and future development.
Mangrove ecosystems with a suitability category of "Suitable" (S.
generally have a relatively narrow distribution with a relatively low number of species (Chen et al.
, 2020.
Subur, 2.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 12.
: 12-20 Table 4 Land suitability analysis Station No.
Parameter Weight i Mangrove thickness .
Mangrove thickness .
m ) Mangrove species Biota species Tidal .
Area Characteristics Accessibility Total Ecotourism Suitability Index (ESI) % Category Average Score Suitable (S.
CONCLUSION Based on the results of the analysis of all parameters to assess the suitability of the mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism in Payo Village, it is concluded that the mangrove ecosystem in Payo Village is classified as "Suitable" as an ecotourism area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the Government and the Payo Village Community for accepting and facilitating us while conducting research in Payo Village.
REFERENCES