A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL
A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL
Christine Joy B.
Catindig*, 2Dustin C.
Licos, 3Jose Marlou D.
Ocaya, 4Janina Caroline M.
Sayseng, 5Geleen S.
Tabaldo, 6Ericka Jade W.
Terrenal 1,2,3,4,5,6 Junior Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers Ae Polytechnic University of the Philippines Ae Sto.
Tomas Branch.
Batangas Society of Industrial Engineering Students.
Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers cjoycatindig@gmail.
com, 2DLicos8012@gmail.
com, 3ocanajosemarlou@gmail.
com, 4jana.
sayseng16@gmail.
com, 5geleentbld@gmail.
terrenal10@gmail.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 01 August 2022 Revised: 17 October 2022 Approved: 13 September 2022 Keywords:
Coal fly ash.
Fuel.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Low-Density Polyethylene Ineptly handled plastic waste has both economic and environmental repercussions.
The country's reliance on single-use plastics such as multilayer sachets and pouches has led to the country becoming a "sachet economy," worsening the region's concerning levels of land and marine plastic pollution.
By most estimates, the Philippines use a massive 163 million sachets every day.
Unfortunately, only the sachets have been counted, not the whole projected number of used plastics throughout the country.
Thus, the researchers have proposed an idea to test the feasibility of converting low-density polyethylene and coal fly ash as catalyst into fuel.
Coal fly ash is a byproduct that can be found most especially in coal-fired power plants.
The plastics will undergo the process of pyrolysis wherein depolymerization takes place in order to produce fuel.
For the Statistical Computation of the Sample Size to be Surveyed, the researchers used the SlovinAos formula wherein the obtained data and decided to use a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error and therefore got 399 respondents.
Forecasted demand was obtained using the Statistical Straight-Line Method with an average annual increase of 5.
The same method was used to forecast the supply which has an average annual increase of 4.
49% for the next five years.
The initial projected net sale is P515, 650,864.
The highest possible quality of the desired product is attainable with 82.
55% plant capacity utilization that operates in 287 possible manufacturing days with one production shift.
The product underwent four different tests, all of which has a positive outcome for the product as an alternative for LPG.
The total project cost is P400, 000,000.
00 and has a 3.
25 years payback period.
Therefore, this project is feasible.
*Corresponding author: 1cjoycatindig@gmail.
INTRODUCTION
Having an LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Ga.
in every household has become a part of the daily lives of Filipinos.
It can be used in different household gas appliances such as gas stove, cooktops, oven, etc.
To produce this fuel, people process raw natural gases present in the environment which are considered as fossil fuels.
Sooner or later, the environment and humans might suffer from exploiting these non-renewable resources.
As inhabitants of this planet, it is part of peopleAos duty to partake in developing innovations and seeking alternative resources to sustain the daily needs.
According to the 2021 market study .
, the Philippines' plastic industry has a lot of impact on our economy contributing more than US $2.
8 billion dollars in 2018 as plastic is more convenient in providing cheaper commodities for the lower and middle-class Filipino However, the reliance on single-use plastics such as multilayer sachets and pouches has led to the country becoming a "sachet economy," worsening the region's worrying levels of land and marine plastic pollution.
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Noticing the increasing demand of single-use plastics, it is estimated that the Philippines utilizes a massive amount of plastic at around 163 million sachets each day .
Unfortunately, these were just the sachets and not the whole estimated count of different kinds of used plastics in the country .
Coal is used to produce 37% of the world's power and more than 70% of the world's steel.
This material is composed of water, minerals, oil, gas, rock fragments, fossils, and most of the elements listed in the Periodic Table .
In the present, there are about a total of 28 coal-fired power plants running throughout the country, and it produces millions of metric tons of coal fly ash.
Despite the immense production of coal combustion products, it is still not fully utilized in the country.
Some of these are used in different construction projects and some ended up in Coal fly ash is ideally used to expand the drive towards environmental-friendly raw construction materials used in the Philippines without neglecting the quality produced .
This can also be used to improve the workability of the product or material.
Therefore, utilizing coal fly ash has several benefits for the environment as the quantity of waste that will be piled up in the landfills will Barometer.
Volume 8 No.
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With all the problems arising in todayAos society, the researchers strove to turn global wastes like Low-Density Polyethylene and coal fly ash into in-demand and sustainable fuels.
Pyrolysis has found a broader scope in defining any chemical changes caused by the application of heat, including the addition of air or other additives .
Pyrolysis of waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is regarded to be a highly efficient and promising treatment technology process .
Hence, with the plastics and fly ashAos properties and composition, it can be converted into fuel using the right With low-cost fuel.
Filipino families would get to use an alternative source for traditional LPG.
This could be a way to help the environment and make a livelihood for the local residents of Calamba City.
Laguna.
II.
Aside from that, researchers used the data gathered from structured survey questionnaire for the average consumption of LPG per household.
The Figure 1 shows the historical annual demand for LPG in Calamba City.
It was obtained by getting the product of number of households, percentage of LPG users, and average annual LPG consumption .
n k.
can be observed that the demand for LPG is increasing.
RESEARCH METHOD
Sources of data Figure 1 Historical annual demand for LPG Research instrument.
Researchers conducted hybrid collection of data through Google Forms and printed standardized survey Mainly, the survey questionnaire is divided into three parts.
The first is the RespondentAos Demographic Profile, it is a multiple choice and fill-up type.
In this type of questionnaire, respondents are guided in their responses.
The possible responses are given, and the respondents will only select their answer.
For the second part, which is LPG Consumption Preferences of the Respondents, and the last is the Product Profile of Polymerized fuel.
it is a multiple response type of questionnaire.
Historical annual data for LPG supply.
The supply of LPG was based on the Department of Energy Comprehensive Report of 2019 and 2020 .
Using the data for the overall population of the Philippines, the refinery production and importation of LPG, the proponents was able to narrow it down to arrive at the historical supply of LPG in Calamba City Laguna.
Sample size to be surveyed.
The total number of households in Calamba City.
Laguna is shown in Table I.
It was obtained from the City Population Management Office of Calamba City, and it shows the number of households per annum from 2017 until Meanwhile, the data for 2020 and 2021 are projected by the City Population Management Office and was used by the researchers to determine the sample size.
Using the SlovinAos formula with 5% margin of error, 389.
91 or 399 respondents was obtained.
TABLE I
NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS IN CALAMBA CITY
YEAR
NO.
OF HOUSEHOLDS
107, 795
111, 014
114, 329
124,401
145, 798
Source: City Population Management Office Figure 2 Historical annual supply for LPG Figure 2 shows the historical supply of LPG in Calamba City.
It was calculated by solving the product of total supply in the Philippines, household percentage of Calamba City from the total households of the Philippines, and supply in thousand barrels.
It was converted into liters and kilograms.
The proponents used the kilogram derived values as historical supply.
Observably, it shows there is inconsistent in supply of LPG.
Historical annual data for LPG demand.
The historical demand for LPG was determined based on the data of the Number of Households in Calamba City and was obtained in the City Population Management Office.
The researchers made a letter of request to the City Population Management Office of Calamba City Hall to be able to know the distribution of households in all barangays DOI: https://doi.
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Data Gathering Procedure A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL of Calamba City Laguna.
The researchers carefully selected their respondents through statistical formula of SlovinAos formula and random sampling to get the total number of target respondents in collecting the necessary data.
Standardized questionnaire was used in conducting the study which was used as a survey guide for the researchers and research instrument to gather first hand data.
The researchers personally approached the selected respondents and explained the nature and scope of the study.
The signed letters to respondents are also presented to show formality and then the researchersAo proceeds.
Where:
OcY OcX a= n Oeb n n Oc XY Oe Oc X Oc Y n Oc X ! Oe (Oc X)A Statistical Treatment of Data The data obtained from the respondents were tallied, tabulated, and interpreted using the various statistical tools such as:
SlovinAos Formula, in computation of sample size to be ycu= ycA 1 ycAyce ! Figure 3 Graph of projected annual demand for LPG Where:
n= sample size N= total number of households 1= constant e = margin of error Average Growth Rate Formula for calculating in between unknown data.
Average Annual growth rate:
Final Value Oe Initial Value Initial Value No.
of years .
Figure 4 Graph of projected annual supply for LPG Figure 3 and 4 shows the projected demand and supply for LPG in the next five years .
For the demand, it has an average increase of 5.
58%, whereas in supply it has an average increase of 4.
Net Present Value.
To get the present value of cash flow from 2021-2026.
Where:
Final value = last year
Initial value = first year
ycAycEycO = O
$&'
Projection methods.
In this study, researchers used four projection methods, which are Arithmetic Straight-Line Method.
Arithmetic Geometric Curve Method.
Statistical Straight-Line Method, and Statistical Parabolic Curve.
In this case, the proponents used the Statistical Straight-Line method as it yields the next smallest derived value of standard deviation, and it will evidently satisfy the inconsistent increase in demand.
Formula: Statistical Straight-Line Method ycU" = yca ycaycu Internal Rate of Return.
To obtain the annual growth rate in which the companyAos investment is expected to generate.
0 = ycAycEycO = O
$&)
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Where:
Rt = Net cash inflow-outflows during a single period, t i = Discount rate or return that could be earned in alternative t = Number of timer periods .
ycIyc .
$ ya$ Oe ya' .
yaycIycI)$ .
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Ct = Net cash inflow during the period t C0 = Total investment costs IRR = The internal rate of return t = The number of time periods Payback Period.
To assess how fast does the initial investment will be recovered to the companyAos funding.
ycEycaycycaycaycayco ycEyceycycnycuycc = yaycuycnycycnycayco yaycuycyceycycycoyceycuyc yaycaycEa yceycoycuyc ycyyceyc ycyceycayc Experimental Procedure Experiments are carried out using a known quantity of LDPE plastic waste and the catalyst at a moderate reactor The reactor vapors are condensed in the coiled condenser, and the condensate, or liquid fuel, is stored in the improvised glass bottle.
Figure 5 shows the experimental set up for production of fuel from LDPE and coal fly ash.
Con pipe Condenser As previously described, the experimental setup employed for this study is depicted in Figure 5.
This setup is composed of Condenser.
Reactor.
Con Pipe.
Heating.
Oneway Valve, and Gas Chamber.
In this sample, the collected LDPE, such as bubble wrap, cling wrap, and plastic pouches, were classified as garbage after being used for their original After collecting.
LDPEs are cleaned by washing them thoroughly with clean water to eliminate contaminants.
After washing, it is sun-dried to remove excess water.
The LDPE plastics are then shred into little pieces to enhance the surface area available for the reaction.
For this experiment, the researchers utilized at least 14 kg of LDPE plastic.
The experiment begins by placing LDPE plastics weighing at least 14 kilograms in the reactor and adding at most 2 kilos of coal fly ash as a catalyst.
Heating is initiated in order to melt and shatter the plastic trash in the reactor.
When the temperature rises over 115oC, the waste LDPE begins to melt.
The vapor generation process began after the temperature reached 160oC.
Temperature rise began gradually by providing more heat from 160oC to 290oC during a 30-minute period.
When the reactor temperature hits 170oC.
the first drop of condensate is noticed.
Nearly 30% of the fuel has been gathered in the temperature range of 170 C to 250 C.
When the temperature rises to 290oC the fuel collection rate increases and obtained an additional 40% of liquid fuel.
When the temperature hits 310oC, the remaining fuel is collected.
The researchers produced a total 56 liters or 11 kg of liquid fuel .
as conversio.
from at least 14 kg of LDPE plastic and no more than 2 kilogram of coal fly ash.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Marketing Aspect Reactor Heating The potential marketability of the company is centered on the product's supply and demand, as well as how it will address unsatisfied demand.
With 385 responses and a percentage of 96.
49%, the Figure 6 demonstrates that the majority of respondents are willing and inclined to buy VERDE Fuel in 11 kg.
This means that there is a market for the product and an existing demand in all of Calamba City Laguna's barangays.
Figure 6 Graph of willingness to buy VERDE fuel in 11 kg Figure 5 Experimental setup for production of fuel from LDPE: (A) Parts of the experimental setup, (B) Condenser and reactor, and (C) Oneway valve and gas chamber DOI: https://doi.
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The proponents analyzed the company's feasibility in entering the market using demand and supply analysis, which acts as a business decision guide.
The yearly rate of increase in unsatisfied demand was calculated using this A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL The Figure 7 below depicts the predicted unsatisfied for LPG demand over the next five years.
It is clear that VERDE Fuel has a higher opportunity of entering into the market.
This indicates that the demand for LPG is continuously increasing and this is an opportunity for VERDE Fuel.
The proponents can potentially market their product to their target market, which is in Calamba City.
Laguna.
The unsatisfied demand has an average annual increase of 6.
Figure 8 Graph of market share Given the computed market share, the projected annual sales is possible.
Table i shows the projected annual sales for VERDE Fuel.
The price is for retail and is assumed to be in a refill basis.
It was obtained by multiplying the proposed production volume at 95% and selling price.
It was divided 12 for the value added tax.
On the other hand, the remaining 5% will be on the companyAos inventory.
Moreover, the company will offer the fuel with LPG tank for wholesale and retail as well.
Figure 7 Graph projected demand-supply analysis .
With this, the Table II below shows the proposed production volume of OCTAVERDE Solutions.
Inc.
obtaining the number of potential customers, the product of the projected unsatisfied demand and percentage of who are willing to avail VERDE Fuel, which is based on the responses on the survey conducted, is solved.
Meanwhile, the proposed production volume was derived by multiplying the potential number of customers and the desired production rate.
The company sets a 47% production rate in the first year of operation since it is in the beginning phase and there is a possibility for Production rate has a 2% increase annually.
TABLE II
PROPOSED PRODUCTION VOLUME
YEAR
PRODUCTION RATE
PROPOSED
PRODUCTION
VOLUME (IN KG)
475,853
531,209
589,430
650,517
714,470
Through this, the Figure 8 below shows the projected market share of the company for the next five years.
It has an average annual increase of 4.
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YEAR
TABLE i PROJECTED ANNUAL SALES
ANNUAL SALES (IN PHP)
306,351,612.
357,307,089.
397,337,230.
438,666,221.
481,905,269.
Technical Aspect OCTAVERDE Solutions.
Inc.
will have a total land area of 5,049 square meters and a manufacturing plant area of 2,880 square meters, with a production area of 579 square meters, or 10.
19 percent of the overall plant size (Figure .
The VERDE Fuel will go through twelve phases in the manufacturing process as illustrated in Figure 10, which is divided across the plant's three primary production areas.
It consists of raw material preparation, plastic segregation, plastic shredding, plastic densifying, pyrolysis processing, condensation, and fuel refining forthe first area.
The obtained and pre-purchased empty LPG tanks were tested and refurbished in the second area.
The gas filling procedure comes last, followed by weight checking scale, air leakage testing, safety cap, and thermos-sleeve setting.
The Densifier machine.
ELIXIR 12-point Electronic Filling Carousel.
Electric Crucible Induction Melting Furnace.
Fuel Treatment Refinery Machine.
LPG Gas Cylinder Air Leakage Testing Machine, and Shredding Recycling Machine, on the other hand, are required for the company to be able to generate fuel.
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The plant capacity of the company is as Working Capacity of the Plant Expected Plant Capacity Utilization :
Production Days per year Number of Production shift Manufacturing Process 2,096.
09 tanks/shift 295 days One Shift .
Product Description Figure 10 Manufacturing process flow chart Plant Layout Figure 9 Different perspectives of product design: (A) front view (B) perspective The product VERDE Fuel as shown in Figure 9, is a sustainable fuel made from Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) with coal fly ash as a catalyst.
It is intended to be used as a fuel for cooking, an alternative to traditional liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
The purpose of OCTAVERDE Solutions.
Inc.
is to develop an affordable and innovative product that can be used by households in Calamba City.
Laguna.
VERDE Fuel is recommended for ovens, furnaces, gas stoves, cooktops, etc.
It is stored, as a liquid, in a cylindrical tank and available in 11 kg.
This clean-burning fuel is also easy to store, provides good flame control, and is environmental-friendly with minimum This product is an attempt towards plastic waste management, as it uses a type of plastic that is usually disposed after single use as well as coal fly ash, which is an industrial byproduct of electricity generation.
The raw ingredients are gradually heated to depolymerize, separating the crude oil and gas.
Figure 11 Different perspectives of plant layout: (A) isometric view (B) front elevation view (C) back elevation view DOI: https://doi.
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A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL
Results of the Laboratory tests and Interpretations resistance on the flow can cause disruption and blockage of hose that can cause pressure on both tank and refilling This is also a test to know if VERDE Fuel can match the current stove design of a regular household.
For the existing fuel which is LPG, its kinematic viscosity range 979603 mm2/s at 40Ac and 7.
079212 mm2/s at 100Ac while VERDE Fuel reach only 1.
71 mm2/s at 40Ac and 0.
mm2/s at 100Ac.
In layman's terms, viscosity defines a fluid's resistance to flow.
The higher the viscosity of a liquid, the thicker it is and the greater the resistance to flow, therefore.
VERDE Fuel is thinner than regular LPG and it can be processed easily with less pressure needed.
Management Aspect The vision, mission, core values, and commitments are all part of this aspect.
It also establishes a clear separation between the duties and responsibilities of all personnel in the company.
This part also includes information on the type of corporate ownership, the hierarchical flow of authority, manpower that satisfies the requirements, hiring and training of staff, and job descriptions and qualifications.
Furthermore, management is responsible for planning the overall operations of the organization to ensure its stability.
OCTAVERDE
Solutions.
Inc.
features a five-tiered organizational chart that is made up of functional and line structure.
Figure 12 Laboratory test report of fuel This test method, as shown in Figure 12, covers the determination of the relative density, or API gravity of crude The process of testing Petroleum products or mixtures of petroleum and nonpetroleum products that are normally handled as liquids and have a Reid vapor pressure 325 kPa .
696 ps.
or less in the laboratory using a glass hydrometer and a series of calculations.
Similarly to the study of .
, aspects of the reactor core have been studied regarding the surface temperature of the fuel and This computation is calculated at current temperatures and corrected to 25 AC where VERDE Fuel is less than one that is considered on international standard table values.
Base on the result of the laboratory.
VERDE Fuel will float on water since it is less dense than water therefore it is easy to detect for any sign of leakage.
The amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity .
t first at 25AC) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150AC, assuming the latent heat of vaporization of water in the reaction products is not This combustion releases a heating value of 17700 BTU/lb.
, whereas liquefied petroleum gas has a heating value of 17673 BTU/lb.
to 19017 BTU/lb.
, therefore it can be concluded that VERDE Fuel has entered the LPG calorific value range.
Kinematic viscosity is a test needed for fuel to know whether it is suitable for LPG hose and regulator.
Too much DOI: https://doi.
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OCTAVERDE Solutions will present two .
types of organizational chart Ae the functional and the line organizational chart.
The company opted to choose the said type of organizational charts to properly depict the structure of the business and to convey the details of the roles, responsibilities, and relationship between employees within the company.
Functional organizational chart In this type of organizational chart as shown in Figure 13, the name and the responsibilities of the companyAos employees from the c-suite or executive positions down to its subordinates are presented.
Here, employees that have similar set of skills and specialization are grouped together.
Since OCTAVERDE Solutions is an incorporated company, it is suited to have a traditional business structure so that the employees can focus on their role and specialization.
Line organizational chart Similar to functional organizational chart, here, it will also show the responsibilities of every position.
However, this is much simpler than the other types of organizational OCTAVERDE Solutions.
Inc.
opted to create a separate organizational chart for Human Resource and Administration.
Finance.
Marketing, as well as Planning & Development Department to show the self-contained or completed department structure and highlight its key As for the partition of shared capital stock subscribed by the stockholders see Table IV in Financial Aspect.
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TABLE IV
AMOUNT OF INITIAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
Amount of capital No.
Name stock subscribed (PHP) Christine Joy B.
Catindig 48,000,000.
Dustin C.
Licos 48,000,000.
Jose Marlou D.
Ocaya 80,000,000.
Janina Caroline M.
Sayseng 48,000,000.
Geleen S.
Tabaldo 48,000,000.
Ericka Jade W.
Terrenal 48,000,000.
Project Cost Figure 13 Functional organizational chart Socio-Economic Aspect Socio-Economic Aspect is a study of how OCTAVERDE Solutions.
Inc.
could prosper in its market The corporation supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals, aiming for Affordable Clean Energy.
Decent Work and Economic Growth.
Industry.
Innovation, and Infrastructure.
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
Responsible Consumption and Production, and Climate Action.
The company also intends to establish and participate in environmental and social projects.
The corporation set aside 1.
5% of its gross profit for such programs as a means of giving back.
Figure 14 Project cost As reflected in the project cost in Figure 14, a total of four hundred million pesos will be needed in venturing this Cash requirements are the total of expected working capital requirements and the total pre-operating A cash contingency is allocated more than the half of cash requirements as it will cover the emergency funds.
Project Appraisal Financial Aspect The six incorporators will provide 80% of the total capital, with the remaining 20% will be covered by a loan as illustrated by Table IV.
The payback period is 3.
years, with an internal rate of return of 38.
70% while the profitability index is 2.
It means that the initial investment is expected to at least double within the five
OCTAVERDE
Solutions.
Incorporation have a gross profit and net margin of 63% and 26.
86% respectively for the first year of The current ratio is expected to be in a healthy level of 5.
11 with a debt ratio of 25.
Figure 15 Graph of payback period DOI: https://doi.
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A PROJECT FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE AND COAL FLY ASH INTO FUEL
process, it is referred to as a zero-discharge process or a green process that avoids emissions allowing the process to conform to its sustainability promise.
Turning global wastes like Low-density polyethylene and coal fly ash into liquid fuel is revolutionary and innovative step in resolving pressing issues in environmental standpoint.
This research is a foreground for further studies which will opens greater opportunity and potentiality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Figure 16 Graph of net present value Given all of this information, the Figure 15 in which the shareholder will be able to receive back their investment on the third and one fourth year of the This time frame is comparable to in investment instruments such as bonds and treasury bills.
converting the future net cash flow into present value as shown in Figure 16, ascertainment is possible on how much the initial investment would cost at present time.
Now, the net present value of investment is estimated to be C 3,974,925,808.
67, which is significantly higher than the initial investment of P320, 000,000.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The conversion of waste plastic into liquid fuel has the potential to alleviate the problem of plastic waste recycling as well as the scarcity of liquid fuel in developing nations such as the Philippines.
Thermal degradation of plastic is a simple and cost-effective process.
The yield of the product may be done and enhanced by adjusting process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and catalyst quantity.
mentioned, catalyst used is the coal fly ash which a byproduct in coal-fired power plants.
It has a significant contribution in the process by solidifying the sustainability of the liquid fuel produced as it provides great factor in the chemical reaction of the product output.
As verified by research and laboratory institution available in the country, the qualities of the liquid fuel created in this feasibility study were determined to be equivalent to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and even better for used in households.
As a result, it may beargued that "VERDE Fuel" may be a future alternative fuel not only for household but to other applications.
Its great potential for usage may immensely contribute to the countryAos gap for LPG demand and allows whole nation to enjoy a safe and environmental- friendly fuel.
In terms of the residue generated throughout the conversion process, it can be employed in the road-building Since no trash is produced throughout the DOI: https://doi.
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First and foremost, praise and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout this project study that led to its successful completion.
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to their project study adviser.
Engr.
Ruel M.
Tuan.
Industrial Engineering Program Professor at Polytechnic University of the Philippines Ae Sto.
Tomas Branch, for allowing the researchers to conduct project feasibility and for providing invaluable guidance throughout this project.
They have been deeply inspired by his dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation.
Working and studying under his supervision was a great privilege and honor.
The proponents want also to acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology Ae Bicutan.
Taguig City for their swift accommodation for the research teamAos prototype sample and testing.
Furthermore, the researchers are grateful to their parents for their love, prayers, care, and sacrifices in educating and preparing them for their They are thankful to their inspirations for their love, understanding, and ongoing support in order to complete this research.
They also express sincere gratitude to their siblings and friends for their encouragement and keen understanding that helped them complete this project study successfully.
Finally, thank you to everyone who helped them complete the research work, whether directly or indirectly.
REFERENCE LIST