Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 131-137
P a g e | 131

Contents list available at IJRED website

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijred
Research Article

Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics
of Fuel Briquettes Made from Blends of Areca Nut Husk,
Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor
Santhosh Ujjinappaa* and Lingadhalli Krishnamurthy Sreepathib
a
b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMC Engineering college, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT. In order to utilize the agro residues and non-edible oil seed shells for the energy purpose, Areca Nut Husk (ANH) and
Simarouba Seed Shell (SSS) are considered as raw materials and pulp production industry byproduct Black liquor (BL) as a binder for the
production of fuel briquettes. The cylindrical briquettes were produced in four different blending proportions at 3 different pressures
between 60 MPa to 80 MPa and various briquette properties were evaluated. The mathematical regression equations between the
independent variables (blending proportion and compacting pressure) and briquette properties were developed. The R2 values for the
regression equation between independent variables and (Briquette properties) compressed density, relaxed density, relaxation ratio,
shattering index and compressive strength were 0.945, 0.743, 0.646, 0.862 and 0.839 respectively. The results confirmed that briquette
produced with a blending proportion of ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00 at 80 MPa have better properties. Thus, combustion characteristics such as
proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value were estimated for a briquette produced with a blending proportion of
ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00 at 80 MPa; and compared with Barley and Sawdust charcoal briquettes. The overall results conclude that better
quality briquettes can be produced from the blends of ANH and SSS and can be used for several heating applications.
Keywords: fuel; biomass; briquette; agro residue; non-edible oil seed shell
Article History: Received Dec 15th 2017; Received in revised form May 16th 2018; Accepted June 3rd 2018; Available online
How to Cite This Article: Ujjinappa, S. and Sreepathi, L.K. (2018) Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel
Briquettes Made From Blends of Areca Nut Husk, Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2),
131-137.
https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137

1. Introduction
Economy of many developing countries is majorly
affected by importing fossil fuels and hence, biomass plays
a key role to produce quality sustainable renewable energy
fuel to replace fossil fuel (Karin & Rodrigo 2012). The
scope of biomass crop is very high for energy production,
which is producing about 8 times the world energy
consumption per year, but effective utilization is very less.
The biomass is carbon neutral and produces very less NOx,
SOx emissions compared to fossil fuels (Yufu et al. 2011).
Biomass raw materials have received more attention due
to their tremendous diversity, which contain agricultural
residues, food waste, paper, green waste, municipal solid
waste, cardboard and other waste (Demirbas 2009). But
direct combustion of biomass is inefficient because it
produces lot of fly ash which leads to the release of
unburnt carbon into the atmosphere, this difficulty can be
overcome by briquetting (Paul, Rajan & Dasappa 2014).
Antwi & Acheampong (2016) defined that briquetting is a
process of compressing low density biomass residues to
produce high density solid block, which can be used as a
*

substitute for coal in boilers, furnaces and as a heat source
for domestic cooking. Kalyani et al. (2016) concluded that
biomass briquetting shows potential toward cleaner
energy application and can emerge as a beneficial
alternative for rural people and other uses.
Rajaseenivasan et al. (2016) discussed the
performance of the various blends of neem powder and
sawdust briquette, results indicate that strength of the
briquette increased with the increase of neem powder but
a small decrease in burning rate. Antwi & Acheampong
(2016) used assorted sawdust and logging residues to
produce better quality briquettes which helps to meet the
current power requirement and reduces emissions as
compare to fossil fuel.
Shiv et al. (2013) concluded that India has good tropical
condition to grow non-edible seed-bearing trees. Biodiesel
from non-edible seed is a possible substitute to reduce the
usage of petroleum based diesel fuel and deaccelerate the
CO2 emissions. Mishra et al. (2012) stated that at present
biodiesel is one of the most important fuel to replace
petroleum diesel. Simarouba glauca seed is one of the

Corresponding author: santhoshujjinappa1986@gmail.com
© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018 All rights reserved

Citation: Ujjinappa, S and Sreepathi, L.K. (2018) Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettes Made From Blends of Areca Nut Husk,
Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 131-137, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137.

P a g e | 132
potential non-edible resource available in India to produce
biodiesel and it could help to increase the income of poor
people. India produces approximately 7,700 tons of
simarouba glauca seeds per year and residue production
ratio is 1.45 which was calculated in the present study,
generates 11,200 tons of seed shell per year (shiv et al.
2013; Syamasundar & Shantha 2008).
Soumya, Vaibhav & Kaustubha (2012) suggested that
areca nut husk can be used as a source of lignocellulosic
biomass for biofuel production and physicochemical
characterization of these biomasses surely opens
opportunity of selecting future biofuel in north-east region
of India. In India and other developing countries many
villages have no electricity connection for example
Sandeep (2017) stated that as many as 32 villages and
16.88 lakh households in Karnataka are still living
without electricity. India is the number one producer of
areca nut in the world and according to agricultural
statistics, India had produced 7.32 lakh tons of areca nut
during 2014-15 (Sangeeta 2015). Residue production ratio
of areca nut is 0.8 (Moonmoon, Dhiman & Baruah 2014)
which generates 5.856 lakh tons of areca nut husk.
Disposal of areca nut husk is a problem for farmers in
areca nut growing villages and it can be considered as a
potential biomass resource to produce heat.
In the above context, the aim of the study was to utilize
the Simarouba Seed Shell (SSS) and Areca Nut Hush
(ANH) with Black Liquor (BL) as an additive for the
production of fuel briquettes and examine the mixing
proportions on the properties of the briquettes.
2.

The blending proportions of ANH to SSS to BL are
60:40:00(S1), 60:35:05(S2), 60:30:10(S3), 60:25:15(S4) by
mass. The proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and
calorific value of ANH and SSS are shown in Table 1.
2.2. Production of briquettes
Briquettes were produced using a multi briquetting
die with a capacity of four briquettes was fabricated in S.
R. Industries, Peenya II Stage, Bangalore. The
components of the briquetting die are a solid circular block
consisting of 4 cylindrical holes, pistons, horizontal metal
plates and a hollow circular block. Place the briquetting
die in the Universal Testing Machine (Fig. 1) and the force
generated by the UTM drive the pistons through the holes
and compress the raw material in the holes. The ground
raw material to be briquetted is put into the holes, the
upward moving of circular block compresses the raw
material at a pressure of 60 MPa, 70 MPa and 80 MPa
against the top horizontal plate with a dwell time of 60 s.
Once the raw material is compressed in briquetting die,
release the pressure and replace the bottom horizontal
plate by hollow circular block. Again, apply force which
drives the piston through the holes and remove the
briquettes from the briquetting die. Fig. 2 shows some of
the briquettes produced at different pressure.

Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials
The raw materials areca nut husk was collected from
the local village near Chikmangalur, Karnataka, India;
simarouba seed shell was collected from district bioenergy information and demonstration centre, Shimoga,
Karnataka, India; and black liquor was collected form
Harihar polyfibers and grasilene division, Harihar,
Karnataka, India. The raw materials were sundried for
seven days to remove the moisture content and grinded
using a hammer mill. The raw material particle sizes of
areca nut husk and simarouba seed shell used in this
study were 1mm or less.
Table 1.
Combustion characteristics of Areca Nut Husk (ANH) and
Simarouba Seed shell (SSS)
Raw Material
Property
SSSa
ANHb
Proximate analysis (on as received basis, wt. %)
Moisture
6.17
12.50
Volatile matter
77.50
62.97
Fixed carbon
13.36
18.93
Ash
2.97
5.6
Ultimate analysis (on dry and ash-free basis, wt. %)
C
63.68
47.89
H
7.00
5.93
N
0.55
3.08
O
19.47
43.10
Calorific value (MJ/kg)
16.79
17.90
a Present study
b Mythili et al. 2013

Fig. 1 Multi briquetting die loaded in UTM
2.3. Properties of briquettes
The compressed density of the briquettes was
determined immediately after ejection from the die as a
ratio of measured mass over calculated volume (Obi,
Akubuo & Okonkwo 2013). Relaxed density (RD) of the
briquettes was determined 30 days after removal from the
press in accordance to ISO 3131 (1975). Relaxation ratio is
the ratio of compressed density to relaxed density of
briquettes.
Shattering index of briquettes was measured
according to ASTM D440-86 (1998) of drop shatter
developed for coal. The test was conducted after two weeks
of briquettes samples formation. Compressive strength of
briquettes was determined in accordance to ASTM D216685 (2008) using an instron universal strength testing
machine with a load cell capacity of 500 kg and a crosshead speed was 0.305 mm/min. All the briquetting
properties were evaluated for three times and values
represent averages of the results obtained from three
independent experiments. The mathematical regression

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 201 All rights reserved

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 131-137
P a g e | 133
equations for briquetting properties were developed using
IBM-SPSS statistics software.
2.4. Combustion characteristics of briquettes
Combustion characteristics such as the proximate
analysis were estimated according to IS:1350, Part-I
(1984), the ultimate analysis were estimated according to
Indian Standard (Determination of Sulphur, IS:1350,

Part-III,1969; Determination of Carbon and Hydrogen,
IS:1350, Part-IV/Sec1,1974; Determination of Nitrogen,
IS:1350, Part–IV/Sec 2,1975) and the calorific value was
estimated according to IS:1350, Part-II (1970) which
identifies the quality of fuel.

Fig. 2 Briquettes produced at different pressures.

3.

Results and discussions

3.1. Effect of pressure and binder level on the properties of
briquettes
Fig. 3 describes the compressed density of briquettes
produced in different blending proportions and at different
compacting pressures with linear equations. The
compressed density of the briquette increases as the
binder level increases at all pressures with increased
compressive density, 1001 to 1040 kg/m3 for S1, 1012 to
1066 kg/m3 for S2, 1022 to 1088 kg/m3 for S3, while 1035
to 1113 kg/m3 for S4. The lowest compressed density 1001
kg/m3 was obtained for S1 at 60 MPa and the highest 1113
kg/m3 was obtained for S4 at 80 MPa. Similar results were
obtained for briquettes produced using blends of sawdust
and palm kernel shell (Okey 2015), rice husk and palm oil
mill sludge (Okey & Kingsley 2016). The mathematical
regression equation for compressed density (CD) depends
on blending proportion (BP) and compacting pressure (CP)
with the R2 and probability values of 0.945 and 0.000
respectively, is represented in Eq. (1).
Compressed density (kg/m3) = 795.458 + 16.6BP +
2.963CP
(1)
The theoretical and experimental values of compressed
densities are shown in the Table 2.

Fig. 3 Briquette compressed density as a function of compacting
pressure and binder level.

Fig. 4 describes the relaxed density of briquettes
produced in different blending proportions and at different
compacting pressures with linear equations. Due to
dilation the relaxed density of briquettes are lower than
the compressed density of same briquettes at all pressures
and all binder levels. The relaxed density varies from 890

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018 All rights reserved

Citation: Ujjinappa, S and Sreepathi, L.K. (2018) Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettes Made From Blends of Areca Nut Husk,
Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 131-137, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137.

P a g e | 134
to 962 kg/m3 for S1, 884 to 920 kg/m3 for S2, 895 to 930
kg/m3 for S3, while 898 to 938 kg/m3 for S4. The lowest
relaxed density 884 kg/m3 was obtained at S2 at 60 MPa
and highest 962 kg/m3 was obtained for S1 at 80 MPa. The
results obtained in this study is consistent with the
research findings by (Okey 2015; Okey & Kingsley 2016;
Davies & Davies 2014). The mathematical regression
equation for relaxed density (RD) depends on blending
proportion (BP) and compacting pressure (CP) with the R2
and probability values of 0.743 and 0.000 respectively, is
represented in Eq. (2).

briquettes decreases as the pressure increases at 0%
binder level (S1) and for other samples (S2, S3 and S4)
increases as the pressure increases.

Relaxed density (kg/m3) = 752.542 – 0.762BP + 2.288CP
(2)
The theoretical and experimental values of relaxed
densities are shown in the Table 2

Fig. 5 Briquette relaxation ratio as a function of compacting
pressure and binder level.

Fig. 4 Briquette relaxed density as a function of compacting
pressure and binder level.

The stability of briquettes with respect to density can be
identified by the relaxation ratio and stability of
briquettes varies inversely proportional to the relaxation
ratio (Okey & Kingsley 2016). Fig. 5 describes the
relaxation ratio of briquettes produced in different
blending proportions and at different compacting
pressures with linear equations. The relaxation ratio of

The highest relaxation ratio 1.1865 was obtained for S4 at
80 MPa and lowest 1.0810 was obtained for S1 at 80 MPa.
As the stability of briquettes varies inversely proportional
the briquettes produced with 0% binder level at 80 MPa
has better quality as compared to all briquettes produced
at other binder levels and pressures. The results obtained
in this study are consistent with the research findings by
(Okey 2015; Okey & Kingsley 2016; Davies & Davies
2014). The mathematical regression equation for
relaxation ratio (RR) depends on blending proportion (BP)
and compacting pressure (CP) with the R2 and probability
values of 0.646 and 0.000 respectively, is represented in
Eq. (3).
Relaxed ratio = 1.072 + 0.019BP + 0.000403CP

(3)

The theoretical and experimental values of relaxed
densities are shown in the Table 2.

Fig. 6 Briquette shattering index as a function of compacting pressure and binder level.

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Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 131-137
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Experimental

Theoretical

Experimental

Theoretical

Experimental

Comressive
strength
(N/mm)

Theoretical

S4
(60:25:15)

Shattering
Index (%)

Experimental

S3
(60:30:10)

Relaxation ratio

Theoretical

S2
(60:35:05)

60
70
80
60
70
80
60
70
80
60
70
80

Relaxed
density
(kg/m3)

Experimental

S1
(60:40:00)

Compressed
Density
(kg/m3)
Theoretical

Raw material
blending
proportion
(AH:SSS:NL)

Pressure (MPa)

Table 2.
Comparison of theoretical and experimental values of properties of briquettes.

990
1019
1049
1006
1036
1066
1023
1053
1082
1040
1069
1098

1001
1018
1040
1012
1030
1066
1022
1046
1088
1035
1061
1113

889
912
935
888
911
934
887
910
933
887
909
933

890
905
962
884
899
920
895
903
930
898
905
938

1.1151
1.1192
1.1232
1.1341
1.1382
1.1422
1.1531
1.1572
1.1612
1.1721
1.1762
1.1802

1.1247
1.1248
1.0810
1.1447
1.1457
1.1586
1.1418
1.1583
1.1698
1.1525
1.1723
1.1865

81.06
85.93
90.80
84.71
89.58
94.45
88.36
93.23
98.10
92.01
96.88
101.7

78.93
88.25
93.01
80.09
88.97
94.02
91.70
93.84
98.15
94.17
97.00
98.66

20.09
23.59
27.09
19.33
22.83
26.33
18.56
22.06
25.56
17.80
21.30
24.80

18.98
25.14
29.15
19.12
20.25
25.55
19.47
20.93
25.21
20.41
20.81
25.11

The resistance to become few finer particles of briquettes
during storing and transportation can be identified by
shattering index. Fig. 6 describes the shattering index of
briquettes produced in different blending proportions and
at different compacting pressures with linear equations.
The shattering index of briquettes increases as the binder
level increases at all pressures. The lowest shattering
index 78.93% was obtained for S1 at 60 MPa and highest
shattering index 98.66% was obtained for S4 at 80 MPa.
According to Antwi & Acheampong (2016), if the briquette
shattering index reaches a value higher than 90% is
acceptable and will be having stability during
manipulation. The shattering index of briquette samples
S1 and S2 produced at 60 MPa and 70 MPa are less than
90% and all other samples at all pressures are more than
90%. The shattering index is a function of applied
pressure, binder level, raw material particle size and ash
content. Higher the applied pressure, higher the binder
level enhances the shattering index; and lower the raw
material particle size, lower the ash content also enhances
the shattering index of briquettes. The results obtained in
this study are consistent with the research findings by
(Okey 2015; Okey & Kingsley 2016; Davies & Davies
2014). The mathematical regression equation for
shattering index (SI) depends on blending proportion (BP)
and compacting pressure (CP) with the R2 and probability
values are 0.862 and 0.000 respectively, is represented in
Eq. (4).
Shattering index (%) = 48.19 + 3.651BP + 0.487CP

(4)

The theoretical and experimental values of shattering
index are shown in the Table 2.

Fig. 7 Briquette compressive strength as a function of compacting
pressure and binder level.

The maximum load withstanding capacity of a
briquette before cracking is the compressive strength of a
briquette which identifies the maximum weight a
briquette can withstand during storage (Yank, Ngadi &
Kok 2016). Fig. 7 describes the compressive strength of
briquettes produced in different blending proportions and
at different compacting pressures. The compressive
strength of briquette increases as the pressure increases
and there is no significant change in compressive strength
of briquettes at 5%, 10% and 15% binder level at all
pressures except briquettes produced without binder (S1).
The lowest compressive strength 18.98 N/mm was
obtained for S1 at 60 MPa and the highest compressive
strength 29.15 N/mm was obtained for S1 at 80 MPa.
Stephen et al. (2013a) stated that if the briquette
compressive strength is more than 19.6 N/mm is

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018 All rights reserved

Citation: Ujjinappa, S and Sreepathi, L.K. (2018) Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettes Made From Blends of Areca Nut Husk,
Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 131-137, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137.

P a g e | 136
reasonably suitable to use as a fuel for commercial
purposes. The compressive strength of briquette samples
S1, S2, S3 produced at 60 MPa are less than 19.6 N/mm
and all other samples at all pressures are more than 19.6
N/mm. The results obtained in this study are consistent
with the research findings by (Stephen et al. 2013a;
Stephen et al. 2014; Stephen, Kwasi & Nicholas 2013b).
The mathematical regression equation for compressive
strength (CS) which depends on blending proportion (BP)
and compacting pressure (CP) with the R2 and probability
values are 0.839 and 0.000 respectively, is represented in
Eq. (5).
Compressive strength (N/mm) = – 0.138 – 0.765BP +
0.350CP
(5)
The theoretical and experimental values of compressive
strength are shown in the Table 2.
High relaxed density, low relaxation ratio, high
shattering index and high compressive strength are the
indications of the better-quality briquette. The briquettes
produced without binder i.e. S1 (0% binder level) at 80
MPa have better properties compared to all other samples
at all pressures except shattering index. Even though
shattering index 93.6% of S1 at 80 MPa is less than that
of shattering index 98.6% of S4 at 80 MPa is meeting the
acceptable value more than 90%. Thus, Briquette S1 (0%
binder level) at 80 MPa is considered as a better property
briquette and combustion characteristics were estimated
for this sample.
3.2. Combustion characteristics
The combustion characteristics such as the proximate
analysis, the ultimate analysis and the calorific value of
ANH-SSS (60:40) briquette produced at 80 MPa were
estimated and compared with other briquettes.
It is reported that, as the moisture content and the
ash content increases, it leads to many disadvantages like
poor ignition, reduces the calorific value, generates more
smoke, clinker formation in the combustion chamber

(Nayara et al. 2016). The results in Table 3 indicate that
moisture content and ash content of ANH-SSS briquette
are 5.75% and 2.48% respectively which are less than that
of barley briquette and similar values were obtained for
sawdust charcoal briquette. The volatile matter is an
index of gaseous fuel and it is the responsible for
ignitability, flame length in the combustion chamber. The
volatile matter of most lignocelluloses materials vary from
70-86% (Okey & Kingsley 2016) and ANH-SSS briquette
volatile matter 73.71% comes in the limit. Similar values
were obtained for sawdust charcoal briquette (71.00%) and
barley briquette (73.48%). Fixed carbon helps to generate
heat during combustion and also helps to estimate the
approximate calorific value of the fuel (Joseph, Francis &
Stephen 2012). The fixed carbon of ANH-SSS briquette is
18.19%, similar results 20.7% and 21.07% were obtained
for sawdust charcoal briquette and barley briquette
respectively.
The ultimate analysis indicates the elemental
chemical composition of fuel such as carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, etc,. The carbon and hydrogen
elements in the fuel contribute positively for the energy
content in the fuel. The oxygen creates adverse effect on
the energy release because oxygen combines with
hydrogen leads to the formation of water vapour and
reduces the availability of hydrogen for combustion
(Nayara et al. 2016). Thus, high carbon content, high
hydrogen content and low oxygen content are the desirable
constituents of a good fuel. The amount of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen for ANH-SSS briquette are 65.86%,
6.86% and 15.25% respectively which are better than that
of sawdust charcoal briquette and barley briquette. It is
reported that nitrogen and sulphur content in the fuel are
less than 1% is a welcome sign which minimizes the
emitting of pollutant gases like oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere (Joseph, Francis &
Stephen 2012). The nitrogen and sulphur content of ANHSSS briquette are 0.63% and 0.18% respectively; and
similar results were obtained for sawdust charcoal
briquette and barley briquette.

Table 3.
Combustion characteristics of sawdust charcoal briquette, barley briquette and ANH-SSS briquette
Sawdust Charcoal
Barley
ANH-SSS Briquettee
Property
Briquettec
Briquetted
(ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00)
Proximate analysis (on as received basis, wt. %)
Moisture
5.70
9.55
5.75
Volatile matter
71.00
73.48
73.71
Fixed carbon
20.70
21.07
18.19
Ash
2.60
5.46
2.48
Ultimate analysis (on dry and ash-free basis, wt. %)
C
53.07
44.98
65.86
H
4.10
6.15
6.86
N
0.28
0.68
0.63
O
39.60
48.30
15.21
S
0.302
0.30
0.18
Calorific value (MJ/kg)
20.16
18.54
18.81
c Joseph, Francis & Stephen (2012), d Prabahar & Kenneth (2014), e Present Study

5.

Conclusion

This study concludes that ANH and SSS can be
utilized for the production of good quality briquettes and
use of black liquor with ANH and SSS as binder for the

production of briquettes is not recommended. The
briquette produced with a blending proportion of
ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00 at 80 MPa has compressed
density; 1040 kg/m3, relaxed density; 962 kg/m3,
relaxation ratio; 1.0810, shattering index; 93.01% and

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 201 All rights reserved

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 131-137
P a g e | 137
compressive strength; 29.15 N/mm. These property values
are within the acceptable range. The ANH-SSS briquette
have good combustion characteristics with low moisture
content; 5.75%, low ash content; 2.48%, low nitrogen
content; 0.63%, low sulphur content; 0.18% and high
volatile matter; 73.71%, high fixed carbon; 18.19%, high
carbon content; 65.86%, high hydrogen content; 6.86% and
better calorific value; 18.81 MJ/kg.

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