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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY
ACT IN THE MOVIE MALEFICENT
Sang Ade Satria Pratama1.
I Wayan Juniartha2 English study program faculty of foreign languages Mahasaraswati Denpasar University.
Indonesia pratamasatria790@gmail.
com1, jjuniartha@gmail.
ABSTRACT
Language is said to be something that is obligatory in communicating for humans.
Without a proper communication, relationship between human beings would never run The area of this phenomenon is commonly called pragmatics and one major theory that has been effective for analysis is Speech Act Theory.
This study is aimed to answer the research problems, which comprise: .
to find out types of directive illocutionary act are used by the main characters in the Maleficent movie and .
to identify function of directive illocutionary act used by the main characters in the Maleficent movie.
The data in this research was the Maleficent movie and analyzed by applying illocutionary acts theory proposed by Searle .
and Leech .
theory of illocutionary functions to analyze the goal.
This study used descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data and quantitative method to find out about the frequency of type that implied in the Maleficent The finding shows that there are four types of directive illocutionary act which used by the main characters in the Maleficent movie, they are: asking act .
%), commanding act .
%), requiring act .
%) and telling act .
%) Keywords: speech act, illocutionary act, maleficent movie INTRODUCTION People believe that communication is important in our life as a human being.
Communication actually refers to social interaction (Lestari.
It cannot be separated with language that we used because language used to make people able to have more interaction with others to convey their ideas, feelings, or thoughts clearly.
One major theory that has been effective for analysis is speech act theory.
Austin .
defined speech act as what action the speaker performs when producing utterances.
When the speaker produces an utterance, it means the speaker is performing a certain kind of act such as giving order, asking question or request something.
According to Austin .
speech act divided into 3 types, there are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
Illocutionary act is the core of any theory of 3 speech acts.
It is considered quite complex because the utterance that the speaker said to have an intention or hidden meaning contained in it.
Illocutionary act also learns about the type of action the speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing utterance.
In other hands, according to Searle .
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Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics Vol 02 No 01, 2021: 23-31 https://dx.
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illocutionary act can be divided into five general classifications.
There are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration.
According to Searle .
directive act is the illocutionary point that the utterance of the speaker is to make the hearer do something.
In other words, directive act is used to make the hearer to do something in the future.
Those types of speech acts usually found in the literary works or mostly in the movie.
Movie is one media that reflects the social life of human.
In a movie, usually, there is a subtitle to make it easier for the hearer and the watcher to understand what the speaker says.
One of the most important aspect of a movie is there is conversation between the characters.
The characters will have a dialogue and, in every dialogue, there will be illocutionary act.
this research, the writer used a movie as the data source.
Movie gives an example about interaction or communication among the people through the movie characters.
Through the dialogue in the movie, there can be found the use of language and how the characters deliver the message about what they intend to say.
This study used a movie entitled Maleficent as the data source, a 2014 drama fantasy movie by Robert Stromberg.
The data in this research were taken from the utterances produced by the characters in the Maleficent Maleficent tells about a fairy namely Maleficent who has large wings and lives in a mystical kingdom called Moors.
She lived happily in her kingdom before the human kingdom want to occupy the resources that overflow in the Moors.
Maleficent has a foster child who is the princess of the human kingdom.
The princess has a curse from Maleficent because previously the king tried to kill Maleficent and as time goes by.
Maleficent tried to cure her own curse that stuck in the princess.
There are two main characters (Maleficent and Princess Auror.
in the movie.
The writer takes the utterances that uttered by the main characters because the utterances consist of many illocutionary acts that are necessary for this study.
The writer interested in analyzing Maleficent movie because this movie deals with the study of illocutionary acts and also this movie has many illocutionary acts especially directive act which expressed in many Based on the background of the study above, there are two problems that are formulated: .
what types of directive illocutionary act are used by the main characters in the maleficent movie? And .
what is the function of directive illocutionary act used by the main characters in the maleficent movie? Based on the problem, the objectives of the study were focused on:
to find out types of directive illocutionary act used by the main characters in the maleficent movie and .
to identify function of directive illocutionary act used by the main characters in the maleficent movie.
METHODS
This study used a movie entitled Maleficent as the data source, a 2014 drama fantasy movie by Robert Stromberg.
The data in this research were https://traverse.
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Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics Vol 02 No 01, 2021: 23-31 https://dx.
org/10.
22334/traverse.
taken from the utterances produced by the characters in the Maleficent Maleficent tells about a fairy namely Maleficent who has large wings and lives in a mystical kingdom called Moors.
She lived happily in her kingdom before the human kingdom want to occupy the resources that overflow in the Moors.
There are two main characters (Maleficent and Princess Auror.
in the movie.
The writer takes the utterances that uttered by the main characters because the utterances consist of many directive illocutionary acts that are necessary for this study.
In collecting the data, observation method was used to collect the data from the Maleficent movie.
Several steps were conducted as follows:
Downloading the movie and also the script from the internet.
Watching and listening to the movie to identify the utterances which contains illocutionary acts.
Selecting the utterances which contain types of directive illocutionary acts.
Classifying data based on types of directive illocutionary acts.
This study used descriptive qualitative method to analyse the data and quantitative method to find out the frequency of directive act that implied in the Maleficent movie.
This study used descriptive qualitative to describe the types of directive illocutionary acts and the function of directive illocutionary acts used in the movie.
The first problem analysed using the theory of types of illocutionary act by Searle .
and the second problem analysed by using the theory of illocutionary act function by Leech .
The finding presentation used formal and informal method.
The formal method is a method that presents the result of directive illocutionary acts analysis by using the percentage of the data that found in the Maleficent movie and the informal method is a method that presents the result of analysis by using description.
The analysis is presented descriptively based on the main theories which relates to the problems.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULT
Table 1.
Finding of Directive Illocutionary Act Found in the Maleficent Movie Boo Types of Directive Act Asking Frequencies WhatAos all the fuss Are you fully grown? Who are you? Where do you live So, how is life with the humans? https://traverse.
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Percentages Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics Vol 02 No 01, 2021: 23-31 https://dx.
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Commandin Requiring Telling Total Would you rather I let them beat you to What do I call? Well? Do all the fair people have wings? My father? When were you going to tell me that IAom cursed? Go no further! Arise and stand with Stop complaining.
saved your life.
I like you begging.
Do it again.
Bring her to me! Find the boy! Aurora! Come here Wings.
I need you to be my wings I need to talk to you about something ItAos that way, the You are no king to Based on the data above, the writer found 22 utterances containing types of directive illocutionary, such as: asking, commanding, requesting and telling.
Asking act is the most utterances deliver by the main characters in the maleficent movie.
The frequency of asking act are 11 utterances or .
%).
It is followed by commanding act with 7 utterances or .
%), requiring act with 2 utterances or .
%) and telling act with 2 utterances or .
%).
DISCUSSION
In this part, the analysis of data was presented by showing the utterance of the main characters.
Maleficent and Princess Aurora, in the Maleficent movie.
The data classified based on the types of illocutionary acts contain in the utterance.
Below the data which contain the illocutionary acts was presented in bold style in the form of dialogue.
Each data has its analysis directly after the dialogue to make it easier to be understood the https://traverse.
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purpose of its utterance.
The analysis of the data was explained with description to explain the types of illocutionary acts and the function of illocutionary acts found in the Maleficent movie.
Types and Function of Directive Illocutionary Act Found in the Maleficent Movie Directive is an illocutionary act that makes the addressee doing something and helps the addresser to change the situation.
Searle .
said that directives are intended to produce some effect through action by the hearer.
Here are the types of directive illocutionary acts that have been found in the Maleficent movie and the reasons of each utterance expressed by the characters that expressed by the characters in the movie 1 Asking Act Asking a question is to request the hearer to perform a future speech act that would give the original speaker a correct answer to his question.
(Searle and Vanderveken: 1985:.
The researcher found 11 utterances of asking act spoken by the characters in Maleficent movie.
Here, 1 of 11 data were explained.
Data 1:
Diaval : AuWhat have you done to my beautiful self?Ay Maleficent : AuWould you rather I let them beat you to death?Ay Diaval : AuIAom not certainAy Maleficent : AuStop complaining.
I saved your lifeAy Diaval : AuForgive meAy Maleficent : AuWhat do I call?Ay .
Diaval : AuDiaval, and in return for saving my life.
I am your servantAy The utterance above happened when Maleficent met Diaval for the first time in the yard and saved his life.
Diaval was a crow and he trapped by a human that mean to kill him.
Maleficent turned Diaval into a human to save his life but Diaval seems to be unhappy with his condition after turned into a human.
He complained because he lost his beautiful self as a Maleficent who got complained then asked Diaval that he would rather kill by human or turned into a human to save his life.
Then.
Diaval asked an apology to Maleficent for complaining.
From that time.
Diaval became MaleficentAos servant because he felt that he has a debt of gratitude to Maleficent and he would do anything she asked as his master.
In this context.
MaleficentAos utterance is classified as asking act.
can be seen from the utterance that delivered by Maleficent that she clearly asked a question to Diaval.
She asked about what she should call him because it is the first time both of them were met.
This utterance has competitive function because the utterance above has function to reduce disharmony by delivering a question to the hearer.
Therefore, the illocutionary goal intended in the utterance is to make the hearer states his https://traverse.
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It means the illocutionary goal is compete with the social goal because the social goal is to make the speaker knows about the hearerAos 2 Commanding Act Commanding is an act where the speaker gives exertion authority over the hearers to do something as the speaker wants them to do with the intention to make the hearer do something with some force, resulting in the imposition of certain obligations on the hearer.
(Searle and Vanderveken:
The researcher found 7 utterances containing commanding act spoken by the characters in the Maleficent movie.
Here, 1 of 7 data were Data 2:
Maleficent King Henry Maleficent King Henry Soldier Maleficent : AuGo no further!Ay : AuA king does not take orders from a winged elf!Ay : AuYou are no king to me!Ay : AuBring me her headAy : AuBattalion, attack!Ay : AuArise and stand with me!Ay .
The bold utterance happened when King Henry and his battalion attacked the Moors.
Maleficent blocked King Henry in the border of the Moors and told him to retreat, but King Henry insisted to attack because the Moors have a lot of resources and he wanted to take it all.
Maleficent who is the queen of the Moors fight back and called the border guardian.
Instantly, the ground was shaking and creatures made from roots and plants emerged from the ground.
The fight was inevitable.
Maleficent and her soldier dominated the battle and force King Henry to retreat.
The utterance above classified as commanding act because the speaker commands the hearer to do something in order to fulfill the speakerAos desire.
Maleficent ordered the guardian of the Moors to arise and fight with her against King Henry.
Maleficent commands the guardian of the Moors to protect the border from King Henry and his soldier.
As the response from the hearer, the guardian of the Moors came up from the ground and ready to fight back.
The utterance has collaborative function.
It is because the intention of the utterance above is to order the hearer to arise and fight with the speaker.
The illocutionary goal of the utterance above is the speaker wants to protect her homeland from King Henry who wanted to take all the resources.
Therefore, the social goal intended in the utterance is to make the hearer fight back and help the speaker.
It means the illocutionary goal was collaborate with the social goal because the hearer accepts the order to fight and defend their homeland.
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3 Requiring Act Requiring or demanding of someone is telling him to do something and has an additional preparatory condition of need that it be done.
Normally there must be a specific reason for requiring the act.
(Searle and Vanderveken: 1985:.
The researcher found one utterance of requiring act spoken by the characters in Pride and Prejudice movie.
Here 1 of 2 data Data 3:
Maleficent : AuWhat do I call you?Ay Diaval : AuDiaval, and in return for saving my life.
I am your servant.
Whatever you need.
Ay Maleficent : AuWings.
I need you to be my wings.
Ay .
The utterance above happened when Maleficent saved Diaval from the human who wanted to kill Diaval.
Diaval is a crow and Maleficent transformed him into a human to save his life.
After Maleficent saved his life.
Diaval owe his life to Maleficent as her servant.
Maleficent asked Diaval to be her wings because MaleficentAos wings has stolen by Stefan in order to reduce MaleficentAos power.
Maleficent asked Diaval to help her doing stuff because Maleficent has disadvantages in mobility because her wings were stolen by Stefan.
And after that.
Diaval becomes MaleficentAos one and only In this context.
MaleficentAos utterance was classified as requiring act because the speaker clearly need the hearer in order to fulfill the speakerAos It can be seen from the utterance that delivered by Maleficent which she clearly asked Diaval to be her wings.
Moreover, this utterance has competitive function because the utterance above has function to make the hearer accept the speakerAos desire.
The illocutionary goal intended in the utterance is the speaker wants the hearer to be her wings.
In this context, it means the speaker wants the hearer to help the speaker because the hearer has ability to travel anywhere easily.
It means the illocutionary goal was compete with the social goal because in this context, the social goal is to make Diaval accept MaleficentAos desire.
Diaval owe his live to Maleficent and decided to be her servant because Maleficent saved his life.
4 Telling Act Telling a hearer to do something is to direct him in a manner which does not give him the option of refusal.
Tell .
different from AurequestAy and AuaskAy in that it is more peremptory and less polite, and this difference derives from the fact that AurequestAy and AuaskAy allow the possibility of refusal while Autell .
Ay does not allow such a possibility.
(Searle and Vanderveken: 1985:.
Then, here are 1 of 2 examples of utterances containing telling act:
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Data 4:
Phillip : AuHello.
IAom sorry to bother you.
But.
IAom on my way to King StefanAos castle and IAove become hopelessly lost.
Can you help me? IAom sorry, that was my fault.
I rushed Forgive meAy Aurora : AuItAos that way, the castle.
WhatAos your name?Ay .
Philip : AuItAos PhillipAy Aurora : AuHello PhillipAy Phillip : AuWhatAos yours?Ay Auror : AuAuroraAy Phillip : AuHello.
AuroraAy The utterance above happened when Princess Aurora met Prince Phillip for the first time in the middle of the jungle.
Prince Phillip was lost when he wanted to find King StefanAos castle and ended in the jungle near the Moors.
Prince Phillip saw Princess Aurora stands on the edge of a lake talking by herself because she wants to tell her foster-mother that she wanted to live in the Moors with Maleficent.
Prince Phillip approached and asked the direction to King StefanAos castle and Princess Aurora tell him the They finally got acquainted and promised to meet at the same place later on.
In this context.
Princess AuroraAos utterance is classified as telling act.
It is because the speaker tells the hearer about something and the utterance does not allow such a kind of refusal.
Princess Aurora tells the direction to King StefanAos castle because Prince Phillip is lost and ended in the jungle.
Moreover, this utterance has collaborative function because the intention of the utterance above is to tell the hearer about something.
The illocutionary goal of the utterance above is the speaker wants to tell the hearer the direction to King StefanAos castle.
Therefore, the social goal intended in the utterance is to make the hearer donAot get lost on his way.
means the illocutionary goal was collaborate with the social goal.
CONCLUSION
This research concerned with directive illocutionary act analysis in the movie Maleficent.
According to the result of data analysis based on the main characters utterances, there were some types of directive illocutionary act found in their utterances, namely asking act, commanding act, requiring act and telling act.
Asking act are the most utterances used by the main characters in the Maleficent movie with occurrence 11 utterances or 50%.
Next, commanding act with occurrence 7 utterances or 30%.
Then, requiring act with occurrence 2 utterances or 10% and the last is telling act with occurrence 2 utterances or 10%.
Each types of directive illocutionary act have different function based on the illocutionary goal that the utterances aim to achieve.
In this research, the writer found there were 2 functions of directive illocutionary act found in the utterances of the main characters in https://traverse.
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the Maleficent movie.
The first function is competitive.
Competitive is the function of utterance which contain an illocutionary goal competed with social goal.
The second function is collaborative function.
Collaborative function is the function of utterance which the illocutionary goal is collaborate or connected with the social goal.
REFERENCES