Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
ISSN 2580-0817
Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Force for Magnetic Turbine Design Eka Pratama*.
Wirawan Wirawan Mechanical Engineering.
State Polytechnic of Malang.
Jl.
Soekarno Hatta 9.
Malang, 65141.
Indonesia *Corresponding author: eka.
pratama65100@gmail.
Article history:
Received: 15 January 2025 / Received in revised form: 23 March 2025 / Accepted: 11 April 2025
Available online 17 July 2025
ABSTRACT
Electric motors play a vital role across various industries.
As their electricity demand grows, improving efficiency has become a priority.
One area of innovation involves the use of magnetic strips for improving This study aims to determine the magnet thickness and the angle of attack position in producing the strongest repulsive force in the magnetic turbine.
The study used a simulation using SOLIDWORKS and EMS software, applying neodymium N52 magnets with varying sizes and angles of The results indicate that the most efficient magnetic turbine configuration utilizes rotor and stator magnets with dimensions of yo10 y 20 mm and an angle of attack of 44A.
Magnet thickness influences the magnetic force: Thicker magnets generate stronger repulsive forces due to higher stored magnetic energy, whereas thinner magnets result in weaker forces due to reduced magnetization volume.
The simulation of two opposing magnets confirmed that the configuration of yo10 y 20 mm at a 44A angle of attack produced the highest magnetic flux density of 2.
277 y 10AA Tesla.
Furthermore, the 44A angle between rotor and stator yielded a more stable magnetic flux distribution, effectively minimizing cogging torque, that a common cause of undesirable fluctuations in rotor motion.
This angle can be recommended for achieving smoother and more efficient turbine operation.
Copyright A 2025.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology.
Keywords: Angle of attack, magnetic force, permanent magnet, rotor, stator.
Introduction Electric motors use about 46% of the electricity produced globally, according to data on electricity usage worldwide .
This percentage is much larger than that of lighting With 64% of industrial sector total energy consumption attributed to electric motor power usage, electric motors are clearly important in modern industrial activities .
This great dependence on electric machinery makes constant research and development necessary to raise the efficiency of electrical systems.
One important trend is the general acceptance of permanent magnet electric motors.
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is especially appealing since it might be more efficient, which would save energy and reduce heat production when the motor is fully loaded.
PMSM motors can be up 2% efficient when they are fully loaded, while induction motors can only be 93.
This higher efficiency not only uses less energy, but it also helps keep energy sources going by relying less on fossil fuels .
The development of permanent magnet technology in electric motors has progressed rapidly, especially with the use of neodymium magnets (NdCCFeCACEB).
Neodymium magnets have superior magnetic properties compared to conventional magnets such as alnico and Neodymium magnets have a tetragonal crystal structure that produces uniaxial DOI: 10.
17977/um016v9i12025p258 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
ISSN 2580-0817
magnetocrystalline anisotropy with a value of up to 7 T, which increases coercivity and resistance to demagnetization .
, .
In addition, neodymium magnets (NdCCFeCACEB) have a fairly high magnetic field strength ranging from 1.
3 T to 1.
6 T, and in magnets of this type, they can store quite a lot of energy, namely 512 kJ/mA .
, .
Several studies have reported that the parameters of magnets, including magnet thickness and angle of attack, can influence the efficiency of an electric motor.
The thickness of the magnet affects the strength of the magnetic field and the distribution of magnetic flux in the gap between the rotor and stator .
, and the angle of attack determines how the magnetic field interacts with the rotor.
However, there are several obstacles such as unwanted magnetic resistance, unstable rotation, and less than maximum torque.
This problem causes uneven flux distribution, so that the energy conversion efficiency value that occurs is automatically not optimal .
This study was carried out using simulation to determine the effect of magnetic field thickness and angle of attack in the rotor and stator design development process on magnetic So, the objective of this study is to improve the efficiency of the magnetic motor performance system and overcome the problem of energy loss caused by unexpected magnetic interactions.
II.
Material and Methods Study Approach The study approach involved a simulation process using SOLIDWORKS 2018 and the Electro-Magnetic Simulation Module (EMS) with variation of the magnet dimensions and the position of the angle of attack.
To ensure consistency in each data collection, researchers control the main design parameters.
The obtained data were analyzed using static data processing to validate the effects that occur on each variable tested to obtain the best parameters in this study.
Experimental Design The flow of this research begins with a literature study to obtain information related to previous research (Figure .
This can be a reference for determining variables in research and for finding phenomena that have been studied by previous researchers.
Subsequently, the experimental design is constructed to conduct a systematic examination of variations in the size of the magnet and the angle of attack, while maintaining the same critical parameters, including the air gap and the configuration of the magnets.
Various magnet configurations are tested under controlled settings using the SOLIDWORKS EMS module for simulation and data collection.
Magnetic force intensity (N), magnetic field strength (A/.
, and magnetic flux density are the main outputs.
Data analysis examines how design elements affect magnetic interactions to optimize magnetic turbine efficiency.
Interpreting simulation data, drawing conclusions, and suggesting practical implementation is the final This study's independent variables are the thickness of the magnets and the angle at which the rotor and stator hit each other.
The magnetic force, namely the strength of the magnetic field and the density of the magnetic flux, is the dependent variable.
These let us understand how the magnetic force is spread out in the simulation.
Figure 2 shows the controlled variables, which include the type of magnet, the distance between the rotor and stator .
ir ga.
, the position of the magnet, the materials used for the rotor and stator, the spacing between aligned magnets, and the simulation parameters in SolidWorks 2018 with EMS.
Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
ISSN: 2580-0817 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
Fig.
Research flow chart Fig.
Research variables Experimental Parameters Magnet Size Variations To evaluate the effect of magnet size on repulsive force, this study tests four neodymium N52 magnet dimensions: yo 10 y 5 mm, yo 10 y 10 mm, yo 10 y 15 mm, and yo 10 y 20 mm.
These sizes were chosen because they might change how magnetic force is spread out.
The study looks at how variations in surface area exposure affect the creation of repulsion force by changing the thickness while keeping the diameter the same.
Angle of Attack Variations In previous studies, it has been found that there is an influence of angle in determining the effectiveness of the repulsion force.
The 3 angles found in previous studies are 42A, 44A, and 55A.
In addition, in this study, to ensure consistent positioning in data collection, the Air gap between the rotor and stator is set at 5 mm, while the magnet spacing remains at 12A and Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
ISSN 2580-0817
the distance between the center points of the magnets on the rotor and stator is maintained at 90 mm, allowing for controlled comparisons across configurations.
Material Selection The rotor and stator are processed using 3D printing.
this process can produce precise products using polyethylene material.
The use of polyethylene is chosen because of its low shrinkage properties so that it can maintain the desired dimensions.
In addition, polyethylene is also an insulator for electricity.
This can prevent unwanted magnetic interference.
Simulation and Data Collection Specifically, this study focuses on the value of the magnetic distribution by controlling the value of the magnetic field strength (A/.
and flux density (T).
Concentration on the magnetic distribution value aims to determine the stable magnetic motor system, in order to produce efficient magnetic motor performance.
The data collection process is carried out using a simulation method assisted by the SOLIDWORKS application and the EMS module.
Furthermore, the simulation data results are analyzed to determine the best variables, namely, variables that produce the most efficient magnetic motor performance.
Interpretation of Simulation Results Figures 3 visualize the magnetic field intensity with an angle between the rotor and stator of 44A.
There are differences in the direction of the magnetic field intensity.
In Figure 3A, the distribution of the magnetic field intensity is more attractive than repulsive.
While in Figure 3B the distribution of the magnetic field intensity is more repulsive.
In contrast.
Figure 3B shows two magnets positioned directly opposite each other, revealing a concentrated repulsive force at the magnet's surface.
This aligns with theoretical expectations, as identical poles generate strong repulsion when facing each other directly.
The force distribution is visualized using color-coded intensity maps, allowing for a comparative analysis of repulsion efficiency across different configurations.
(A)
(B)
Fig.
Position of two adjacent magnets (A).
Two magnets facing each other (B) Figures 4 focus on rotor-stator interactions, where multiple magnets are arranged on the stator while a single magnet is positioned on the rotor.
Figure 4A illustrates a direct alignment between rotor and stator magnets, revealing the intensity of repulsion at varying angles of attack.
Meanwhile.
Figure 4B examines an offset configuration, highlighting how changes in magnet positioning influence repulsive force magnitude.
These results help determine the most effective design parameters for achieving optimal turbine motion.
Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
ISSN: 2580-0817 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
(A)
(B)
Fig.
Rotor and stator magnets: facing each other (A).
Adjacent magnets (B) i.
Results and Discussions The simulation results presented in Tables 1Ae6 indicate that the intensity of the magnetic field and the magnetic flux density vary depending on the thickness of the magnets, the angle of attack, and their relative positioning.
The variations observed in the results can be attributed to the interaction between magnetic fields, which is influenced by both the physical dimensions of the magnets and their spatial arrangement.
Influence of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Field Intensity and Flux Density Results of the thickness variation and adjacent magnet attack angle are depicted in Figure 5.
Tables 1 and 2 show that the magnet with a size of yo 10 x 20 mm at a 42A angle of attack produces the highest magnetic field intensity .
884 y 10AA A/.
and magnetic flux density .
046 y 10AA T) when two magnets are facing each other.
This is because thicker magnets store more magnetic energy, leading to a stronger magnetic field .
On the other hand, the yo 10 x 5 mm magnet at a 44A angle of attack produces the lowest magnetic field intensity and flux density, indicating that thinner magnets generate weaker magnetic fields due to their lower magnetization volume .
Table 1.
Magnetic field intensity on the thickness and angle of attack of facing magnets Magnet size yo 10 x 5 mm yo 10 x 10 mm yo 10 x 15 mm yo 10 x 20 mm Magnetic field intensity (A/.
at angle of attack 366 x105 202 x105 836 x105 884 x105 109 x105 327 x105 529 x105 759 x105 258 x105 296 x105 545 x105 780 x105 Table 2.
Magnetic flux density on the thickness and angle of attack of facing magnets Magnet size yo 10 x 5 mm yo 10 x 10 mm yo 10 x 15 mm yo 10 x 20 mm Magnetic flux density (T) at angle of attack 726 x10Oe1 542 x10Oe1 357 x10Oe1 046 x10Oe1 404 x10Oe1 702 x10Oe1 965 x10Oe1 277 x10Oe1 591 x10Oe1 637 x10Oe1 986 x10Oe1 237 x10Oe1 Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
ISSN 2580-0817
A similar trend is observed in the adjacent magnet configuration (Tables 3 and .
However, in this case, the magnet with yo 10 x 20 mm at 42A still exhibits the highest values for both magnetic field intensity .
777y10AA A/.
and magnetic flux density .
235y10AA T).
This suggests that even when magnets are positioned adjacently rather than facing each other, thickness remains a dominant factor in determining the magnetic field strength .
Table 3.
Magnetic field intensity on the thickness and angle of attack of adjacent magnets Magnet size yo 10 x 5 mm yo 10 x 10 mm yo 10 x 15 mm yo 10 x 20 mm Magnetic field intensity (A/.
at angle of attack 286 x105 483 x105 686 x105 777 x105 371 x105 514 x105 596 x105 741 x105 569 x105 719 x105 585 x105 732 x105 Table 4.
Magnetic flux density on the thickness and angle of attack of adjacent magnets Magnet size yo 10 x 5 mm yo 10 x 10 mm yo 10 x 15 mm yo 10 x 20 mm Magnetic flux density (T) at angle of attack 616 x10Oe1 879 x10Oe1 173 x10Oe1 235 x10Oe1 723 x10Oe1 902 x10Oe1 056 x10Oe1 212 x10Oe1 984 x10Oe1 181 x10Oe1 048 x10Oe1 234 x10Oe1 Fig.
Results of the thickness variation and adjacent magnet attack angle Comparison Between Facing and Adjacent Magnets The results show that the magnetic field intensity and flux density are higher when the magnets are facing each other compared to when they are adjacent.
This can be explained when two magnets face each other.
they exert direct repulsive or attractive forces, resulting in a stronger concentration of the magnetic field between them .
In contrast, adjacent magnets interact through side forces, leading to a more diffused field distribution and a relatively lower intensity .
Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
ISSN: 2580-0817 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
Influence of Magnet Angle and Position in a Magnetic Turbine Arrangement Tables 5 and 6 present data on the influence of angle of attack and rotor rotation on magnetic field intensity and flux density in a magnetic turbine setup.
The results of the variation of magnet angle and position are presented in Figure 6.
The results show that when magnets are aligned at a 42A angle of attack and the rotor is rotated at 3A, the magnetic field intensity peaks at 6.
976 y 10AA A/m.
This high intensity, driven by repulsive forces, aids in rotor movement in the same direction.
These findings confirm that optimal magnet positioning can improve rotational efficiency in a magnetic turbine system .
However, an anomaly is observed at 42A when the rotor is at 3A, where the magnetic flux density spikes irregularly .
112 T).
This indicates cogging torque issues, which may cause undesired fluctuations in rotor movement.
Meanwhile, the 44A configuration exhibits a more stable magnetic flux distribution, suggesting that this angle may be preferable for smoother turbine operation .
Table 5.
Magnetic field intensity (A/.
generated by magnet angle and position data Rotor rotation Information on the position 976 x105 650 x105 734 x105 945 x105 474 x105 855 x105 Face to face Close by 280 x105 710 x105 147 x105 610 x105 619 x105 964 x105 Face to face Close by Angle of Table 6.
Magnetic flux density (T) generated by magnet angle and position data Rotor rotation Information on the position 951 x10Oe1 248 x10Oe1 873 x10Oe1 708 x10Oe1 Face to face Close by 440 x10Oe1 269 x10Oe1 028 x10Oe1 Face to face Close by Angle of Fig.
Results of variation of magnet angle and position Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
ISSN 2580-0817
Discussions To increase the magnetic force, what can be done is to increase the thickness of the The thickness of the magnet has a direct effect on the strength of the magnetic field produced .
When the thickness of the magnet is not greater than the diameter of the magnet, the distribution of force that occurs when the magnets are close together, there is more magnetic force that attracts each other.
Compared with magnets that have a thickness that exceeds the diameter of the magnet, the repulsive force is also greater for magnets that have a thickness that exceeds the diameter of the magnet, with the same distance between the magnets.
Magnetic interactions in materials can vary depending on the structure and thickness of the material.
Thicker magnets can yield a more consistent force distribution, hence improving the efficacy of repulsion when the magnets are in close proximity.
This work proved that magnet thickness substantially affects the intensity of magnetic interaction, with thicker magnets often generating greater repulsion .
Attraction forces occur when two magnets are brought close together.
This force is distributed when the stator is aligned in a row with a distance of 12A between each magnet.
Changes in the angle between the magnets affect the performance of the magnetic motor.
So, in designing a magnetic motor, the distance and angle between the magnets to get the best performance should be considered .
The other consideration is the cogging force, which is a repulsive force that arises from magnets that are arranged close together.
This repulsive force will slow down the rotational momentum of the motor before the motor is finally forced to stop.
To overcome the emergence of this cogging force, it can be done by maximizing the design of the large angle planning and the distance between the magnets.
IV.
Conclusions The study has succeeded in determining the effect of magnetic field thickness and angle of attack in the rotor and stator design development process on magnetic.
The simulation shows that the most efficient magnetic turbine design is a rotor and stator with a magnet size of yo 10 x 20 mm and an angle of attack of 44A.
The thickness of the magnet affects the magnetic force.
the thicker the magnet, the stronger the magnetic force, because it stores more magnetic energy.
The thinner the magnet size, the weaker the magnetic force, because the magnetization volume is lower.
In this simulation, the thickest magnet size that produces the highest magnetic force is UA 10 y 20 mm.
Proving that thickness affects the magnetic force, the thicker the stronger the magnetic force.
From the simulation of two magnets facing each other, the magnet size UA 10 x 20 mm, the angle of attack of 44A gets the highest result 277 x 10Oe1 Tesla.
Meanwhile, the angle of attack between the rotor and stator that is suitable for a magnetic turbine is 44A.
These results can be found in Tables 5 and 6, as well as visualization from Figure 6, showing a more stable magnetic flux distribution.
So it can avoid cogging torque that can cause unwanted fluctuations in rotor movement.
So this angle can produce smoother turbine rotation.
In addition, the position of the Neodymium N52 magnet (UA10 y 20 m.
, which is positioned repelling, can increase the distribution of magnetic force more effectively and can minimize the occurrence of cogging torque.
However, it can be underlined that this study is only a simulation without conducting experiments to test the feasibility of the design.
Further research is expected to be able to make prototypes and conduct experiments to ensure the feasibility of this design and In addition, there are still many important things that can be done in the future to contribute to the development of the use of magnetic motors that are useful as renewable energy in the field of electricity, and are expected to be able to improve efficiency related to world electricity needs.
Pratama and Wirawan (Simulation of Magnet Thickness and Angle of Attack on Magnetic Forc.
ISSN: 2580-0817 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
No.
July 2025, pp.
References